Baháʼí Faith in Panama

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Baháʼí House of Worship, Panama City, Panama

The history of the Baháʼí Faith in Panama begins with a mention by

San Miguelito and Chiriquí regions of Panama with schools and a radio station.[8] The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 41,000 Baháʼís in 2005[9] while another source places it closer to 60,000.[10]

Reference in ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan

Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[11]
After mentioning the need for the message of the religion to visit the Latin American countries ʻAbdu'l-Bahá continues:

All the above countries have importance, but especially the Republic of Panama, wherein the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans come together through the Panama Canal. It is a center for travel and passage from America to other continents of the world, and in the future it will gain most great importance.....[12]

Martha Root's first trip was from July to November 1919, and included Panama on the return leg of the trip up the west coast of South America.[1]

Following the Tablets and about the time of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's passing in 1921, a few other Baháʼís began moving to, or at least visiting, Latin America.[3]

Early phase

Part of a series on the
Baháʼí Faith
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Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, wrote a cable on May 1, 1936, to the Baháʼí Annual Convention of the United States and Canada, and asked for the systematic implementation of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's vision to begin.[3] In his cable he wrote:

Appeal to assembled delegates ponder historic appeal voiced by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan. Urge earnest deliberation with incoming National Assembly to insure its complete fulfillment. First century of Baháʼí Era drawing to a close. Humanity entering outer fringes most perilous stage its existence. Opportunities of present hour unimaginably precious. Would to God every State within American Republic and every Republic in American continent might ere termination of this glorious century embrace the light of the Faith of Baháʼu'lláh and establish structural basis of His World Order.[13]

Following the May 1 cable, another cable from Shoghi Effendi came on May 19 calling for permanent

Local Spiritual Assemblies
began to form in 1938 across the rest of Latin America.

It was in 1939

Kuna from Playa Chico.[14]

In January 1947 Panama City hosted the first congress of the northern Latin Americas to build a new consciousness of unity among the Baháʼís of Central America, Mexico and the West Indies to focus energies for the election of a regional national assembly.[16] Its members were Josi Antonio Bonilla, Marcia Steward, Natalia Chávez, Gerardo Vega, and Oscar Castro.[17] Retrospectively a stated purpose for the committee was to facilitate a shift in the balance of roles from North American guidance and Latin cooperation to Latin guidance and North American cooperation.[18] The process was well underway by 1950 and was to be enforced about 1953.

Shoghi Effendi then called for two international conventions to be held at April 1951; one was held in Panama City for the purpose of electing a regional National Spiritual Assembly

Horace Holly.[19] Circa 1953, Baháʼí Local Assemblies in Panama City and Colón had a community center.[20]

One notable Baháʼí from this early phase was Cecilia King Blake, who on October 20, 1957, converted to the Baháʼí Faith and

pioneered to Nicaragua and Costa Rica.[15]

Development

Ruth (née Yancey)

Kuna.[24]

Six conferences held in October 1967 around the world presented a viewing of a copy of the photograph of

Ruhiyyih Khanum conveyed this photograph to the Conference for Latin America at Panama. During this event the foundation stone of the forthcoming Baháʼí House of Worship for Latin America was laid.[26]

Modern community

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in

Ngöbe-Buglé
districts as well as among indigenous peoples.

Baháʼí House of Worship

The Baháʼí temple in

Dhikru'llah Khadem representing[5] the Universal House of Justice, head of the religion after the death of Shoghi Effendi. It serves as the mother temple of Latin America. It is perched on a high hill, la montaña del Dulce Canto ("the mountain of Beautiful Singing"),[30] overlooking the city, and is constructed of local stone laid in a pattern reminiscent of Native American fabric designs. Readings in Spanish and English are available for visitors.[31] However the mountain is being denuded by the extraction of rocks and soil to be used in the other construction.[32]

Efforts among the Guaymí

The first

Guajira Baháʼís through the Venezuelan states of Bolívar, Amazonas and Zulia sharing their religion.[33] The Baháʼí Guaymí Cultural Centre was built in the Chiriquí district (which was split in 1997 to create the Ngöbe-Buglé district) and used as a seat for the Panamanian Ministry of Education's literacy efforts in the 1980s.[34] A two-day seminar on literacy was held by the Baháʼí Community in collaboration with the Panamanian Ministry of Education in Panama City over two days beginning on April 23, 1990. The Baháʼís were specifically asked to speak on "spiritual qualities" and on "Universal Elements Essential in Education." The Minister of Education requested that the Baháʼís present their literacy projects to the Ministry of Education, in support of International Literacy Year - 1990.[35]
The Baháʼís developed many formal and village schools throughout the region and a community radio project.

Baháʼí Radio

The Baháʼí Radio is an

Ngabere, leading to maintaining the usefulness of the language and in the telling of stories and coverage of issues to the support of Guaymí traditions and culture.[8]

Schools

In Panama's remote indigenous villages (some requiring three hours by bus, three hours by boat, and then three hours on foot, a trip made twice a week) Baháʼí volunteers run ten primary schools where the government does not provide access to a school. Later a FUNDESCU[37] stipend of $50 per month was made available for 13 teachers and the Ministry of Education added funds for a 14th. As subsistence farmers, the villagers have no money or food to offer. Instead they take turns providing firewood for an outdoor kitchen or build small wood-framed shelters with corrugated zinc panels and a narrow wooden platform for a bed. The teachers and administrators do not seek to convert the students. Some of the villagers are Baháʼís, some are Catholics, some Evangelicals, and some follow the native Mama Tata religion. In all, about half the students are Baháʼís (about 150). Nevertheless, there is a strong moral component to the program including a weekly class on "Virtues and Values." Over the years, some training for the teachers has been provided but many have not finished the twelfth grade including some women who have faced difficulties getting even that much education.[38][39]

Among the formal schools established there are:

Efforts among the Kuna and Emberá

In the Panamá district the Baháʼís established a

San Miguelito,[46] a city with widespread poverty, and a native population of Embera and Kuna peoples.[47]

K-12 School

The Badí School was founded in 1993 and began as a kindergarten with 12 students. In 2007 there were 290 students serving K-12, with a waiting list of 1,500, and six of the first seven graduates earned the highest grade on the Panama University entrance exam and were accepted with full four-year scholarships. Badí School also developed a two-story community library, and added a classroom and computer lab in 2006.[48]

University program development

Badi School is attempting to extend its services with college-level degrees. Some level of registration was completed in June 2007.[49] Further accreditation is being sought as a university program in 2008[50] but already has had students taking college work, among them commercial artist Jessica Mizrachi Diaz.[51]

Demographics

The World Council of Churches estimates the Baháʼí population at 2.00%, or about 60,000 in 2006.[10] The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 41000 Baháʼís in 2005.[9] It is the largest religious minority in Panama.[52] There is an estimate of some 8,000 Guaymi Baháʼís,[8] about 10% of the population of Guaymi in Panama.[citation needed]

See also

Further reading

  • Holly Hanson; Janet A. Khan. "Design of Evolutionary Education Systems by Indigenous Peoples: Three Case Studies in the Baha'i Community". In Wojciech W. Gasparski; Marek Krzysztof Mlicki; Bela H. Banathy (eds.). Social Agency: Dilemmas and Education Praxiology. Praxiology Series. Vol. 4. Transaction Publishers. pp. 251–262.
    ISBN 978-1-4128-3420-9
    .

References

  1. ^ a b Yang, Jiling (January 2007). In Search of Martha Root: An American Baháʼí Feminist and Peace Advocate in the early Twentieth Century (pdf) (Thesis). Georgia State University. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  2. ^ a b "Comunidad Baháʼí de Panamá". Official Website of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Panama. Comunidad Nacional Baháʼí de Panamá. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Baháʼí Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. West Linn, Oregon: M L VanOrman Enterprises.
  4. ^ a b Hassall, Graham; Universal House of Justice. "National Spiritual Assemblies statistics 1923–1999". Assorted Resource Tools. Baháʼí Academics Resource Library. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-87743-239-2
    .
  6. ^ a b maintained by Tooraj, Enayat. "Baháʼí Stamps". Baháʼí Philately. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  7. ^ a b maintained by Tooraj, Enayat. "Baháʼí Stamps". Baháʼí Philately. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  8. ^ a b c d International Community, Baháʼí (October–December 1994). "In Panama, some Guaymis blaze a new path". One Country. 1994 (October–December). Archived from the original on 2014-08-02. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  9. ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  10. ^ a b "Panama". WCC > Member churches > Regions > Latin America > Panama. World Council of Churches. 2006-01-01. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  11. ^ ʻAbbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).
  12. ISBN 0-87743-233-3
    .
  13. OCLC 5806374
    .
  14. ^ a b Rhodenbaugh, Molly Marie (August 1999). "The Ngöbe Baha'is of Panama" (PDF). MA Thesis in Anthropology. Texas Tech University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^
    ISBN 0-85398-234-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  16. ^ "Panama Conference Demonstrates Unity". Baháʼí News. No. 192. March 1947. pp. 1–2.
  17. ^ "Latin America has Arisen with a Will". Baháʼí News. No. 186. June 1947. pp. 14–15.
  18. ^ "Historical Background of the Panama Temple". Baháʼí News. No. 493. April 1972. p. 2.
  19. ^ Jackson Armstrong-Ingram, R. "Horace Hotchkiss Holley". Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith". Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  20. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1950). Baháʼí Faith, The: 1844–1950. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Committee.
  21. ^ International Community, Baháʼí (2003-08-22). "Standing up for the oneness of humanity". Baháʼí World News Service.
  22. ^ "In Memoriam - Ruth Pringle, Costa Rica" (PDF). Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 20 (5). Jan–Feb 2004.
  23. ISBN 0-85398-350-X
    .
  24. ^ "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. p. 19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ISBN 0-87743-020-9
    .
  26. ISBN 0-87743-032-2
    .
  27. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  28. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baháʼí Studies Review. 7 (1).
  29. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8
    .
  30. ^ Karanicolas, Mike (2009-04-16). "Baha'i Temple". Viva Travel Guides.
  31. ISBN 1-74104-029-9
    .
  32. ^ Asamblea Espiritual Nacional de los Baháʼís de la República de Panamá. "Alarma Ecologica". Casa Baháʼí de Adoración, Panamá. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  33. ^ "Historia de la Fe Baháʼí en Venezuela". La Fe Baháʼí en Venezuela. National Spiritual Assembly of Venezuela. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  34. ^ "Report on the Status of Women in the Baha'i Community". Vienna, Austria: Baháʼí International Community. May 1990. BIC-Document Number: 90-0501.
  35. ^ "Activities in Support of International Literacy Year - 1990". Bonn, Germany: Baháʼí International Community. 2001-02-08. 91-0204.
  36. ^ E. Escoffery, Carlos (2007-04-28). "Radiodifusión AM, Provincia de Chiriquí, República de Panamá". Radiodifusión en la República de Panamá. Carlos E. Escoffery, Ingeniero Electrónico. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  37. ^ FUNDESCU is different from FUNDAEC though there are many similarities. FUNDAEC is the Colombian NGO based on Baháʼí consultations with Colombians starting in the 1970s and developed a number of projects like a secondary curriculum centered on skill development for living in the countryside and minimized urbanization for example. FUNDESCU is an older (from the 1950s) NGO in Panama based on Baháʼí consultations with Panamanian Indians and developed a system of schools serving largely remote areas. An agricultural project was attempted in the 1990s and was in fact based on cooperation between the Panamanian and Colombian NGOs but it failed from differences. Rhodenbaugh, Molly Marie (August 1999). "The Ngöbe Baha'is of Panama" (PDF). MA Thesis in Anthropology. Texas Tech University: 119–123. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ Gottlieb, Randie (2003-01-03). "In Panama's remote indigenous villages, Baha'i volunteers provide much needed educational services". Baháʼí World News Service.
  39. ^ Gottlieb, Randie (Nov–Dec 2002). "Victorino's Story - The establishment and rise of the first indigenous academic schools in the Ngäbe-Buglé Region of Chiriquí, Panama" (PDF). Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 19 (6).
  40. ^ a b "Regional de Chiriquí" (PDF). Centros educativos particulares. Ministry of Education, Panama. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  41. ^ "Ngobe-Bugle Schools - Ngobe-Bugle Area, Chiriquí Province, Republic of Panama". Our Projects. Mona Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  42. ^ "Soloy Community Technology & Learning Center Ngobe-Bugle Area, Chiriquí Province, Republic of Panama". Our Projects. Mona Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  43. ^ "Ngabe-Bukle Universidad - Ngabe-Bukle Area, Chiriquí Province, Republic of Panama". Our Projects. Mona Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  44. ^ López Dubois, Roberto; E. Espinoza, S., Eduardo (2006-09-21). "Educarse en la comarca no es tarea fácil de completar". Comarca Ngöbe Buglé. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  45. ^ "Mona Leaves First Footprints in an Immovable Ngobe-Bugle Vision" (PDF). Mona Foundation Quarterly Newsletter. March 2006. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  46. ^ "PANAMA, Category 3. Badi". Proyectos de Desarrollo Económico y Social. Oficina de Información - Comunidad Baháʼí de España. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  47. ^ "Panama: Poverty Assessment: Priorities and Strategies for Poverty Reduction". Poverty Assessment Summaries — Latin America & Caribbean. The World Bank Group. 1999. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  48. ^ "Badí School & University, San Miguelito, Panama". Our Projects. Mona Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  49. ^ "Listing of Colleges" (PDF). Regional de San Miguelito. Ministry of Education, Panama. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  50. ^ "Badi University in the Making". Our Projects. Mona Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
  51. ^ "Biography and History". Jessica Mizrach. 2006. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
  52. ^ "Panama". National Profiles > > Regions > Central America >. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  • Kazemipour (née White), Whitney Lyn. 'Binding Together: Guaymi Resistance and Construction of Religious Identity through the Baha'i Faith', M.A. Thesis, UCLA, 1993, vii, 71 leaves. On the Guaymi Indians of Panama.

External links

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