Baháʼí Faith in Colombia

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The Baháʼí Faith in Colombia begins with references to the country in Baháʼí literature as early as 1916,

National Spiritual Assembly in 1961.[5] By 1963 there were eleven local assemblies.[6] In the 1980s institutions were developed in Colombia that have influenced activities inside and independent of the religion in other countries: FUNDAEC[7][8] and the Ruhi Institute.[9] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying mostly on the World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 70,000 Baháʼís (0.2% of the population) in 2005,[10] and about the same in 2010.[11]

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan

Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[12]

"His Holiness

Watling Island...Haiti and Santo Domingo...the islands of Bermuda... the republics of the continent of South America—Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, The Guianas, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela; also the islands to the north, east and west of South America, such as Falkland Islands, the Galapagòs, Juan Fernandez, Tobago and Trinidad...."[1]

Following the release of these tablets and then ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's death in 1921, a few Baháʼís began moving to or at least visiting Latin America. In 1927 Leonora Armstrong was the first Baháʼí to visit and give lectures about the religion in Colombia as part of her plan to complement and complete Martha Root's unfulfilled intention of visiting all the Latin American countries for the purpose of presenting the religion to an audience.[2] Aura Sanchez of Bogotá is credited as the first Colombian Baháʼí. She joined the religion in 1929 after hearing of the religion from an American who was in that country.[3]

Early phase

Shoghi Effendi, who was named ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's successor, wrote a cable on May 1, 1936, to the Baháʼí Annual Convention of the United States and Canada, and asked for the systematic implementation of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's vision to begin.[5] In his cable he wrote:

"Appeal to assembled delegates ponder historic appeal voiced by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Tablets of the Divine Plan. Urge earnest deliberation with incoming National Assembly to insure its complete fulfillment. First century of Baháʼí Era drawing to a close. Humanity entering outer fringes most perilous stage its existence. Opportunities of present hour unimaginably precious. Would to God every State within American Republic and every Republic in American continent might ere termination of this glorious century embrace the light of the Faith of Baháʼu'lláh and establish structural basis of His World Order."[13]

Following the May 1st cable, another cable from Shoghi Effendi came on May 19 calling for permanent

Local Spiritual Assemblies began to form in 1938 across Latin America.[5]

The permanent Colombian Baháʼí community dates from the arrival of Gerard Sluter in 1940.[5][14] The next pioneer to arrive was Ruth Shoock who arrived in November–December 1942.[15] followed closely by Winifred Louise Baker in later January 1943.[15] Carlos Nieto is credited with being the first convert - he was from Barranquilla.[16]

Contratacion[21] and individuals in Cartagena and Medellín and interested responses from several other cities.[22] Around October 1946 Gayle Woolson took an extended trip through several towns of Colombia including Cali, Medellín, Cartagena and Barranquilla as well as some towns in Ecuador.[23]

Growth

As 1947 opened assemblies were added in Cali, Medellín, Cartagena and Contratacion.[24] Gayle Woolson was again touring several cities of Colombia - Medellín, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and Mogotes. The members of the Medellín assembly were Francisco Onego R., Bernarda Yepes, Margarita Caicedo, Hernando Jaramillo A., William Gomez M., Dario Echavarria, John Carder, Augusto Mora, Jose Ramos.[25] By July 1947 a regional committee for South America Central American was organizing developments across the continent.[26] Retrospectively a stated purpose for the committee was to facilitate a shift in the balance of roles from North American guidance and Latin cooperation to Latin guidance and North American cooperation.[27] The process was well underway by 1950 and was to be enforced about 1953. Meanwhile, a regional committee oversaw Colombian activities headed by Dr. Saul Hernández out of Bogotá[28] and Woolson's travels were covered by newspaper and radio press.[29]

The second South American Baháʼí Congress was celebrated in

Santiago, Chile, in January, 1948. Though Colombia had had more new assemblies form,[30] it was too remote for general logistics. Colombia focused its efforts on welcoming Baháʼís who attended the Pan-American Conference instead.[31] In October 1949 Colombia hosted a conference for Colombian, Ecuadoran and Venezuelan Baháʼís on the progress of the religion in their areas;[32] however, all the participants save two teachers came from the Colombian cities of Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali and Medellín.[33] Then came the prospect of decision making coming from the Latino communities and North Americans supporting their choices. Assemblies across South America failed to reform on their own but several were able to be "activated" during 1950–1.[34] Pioneers listed for Colombia in 1950 were Gayle Woolson, Elise Schreiber, and Dorothy Campbell.[35] In 1950, the South American Baháʼís formed a regional Spiritual Assembly for South America whose first members were Edmund Miessler of Brazil, Margot Worley of Brazil, Eve Nicklin of Peru, Gayle Woolson of Colombia, Esteban Canales of Paraguay, Mercedes Sanchez of Peru, Dr. Alexander Reid of Chile, Rangvald Taetz of Uruguay, and Manuel Vera of Peru.[36] Of the 25 delegates for the 1951 election, 4 were from Colombia.[37]

class=notpageimage|
Developing communities of Baháʼís by the early 1960s

From 1951 youth groups were being organized for Baháʼís in Barranquilla and Cali.[38] In November 1953 pioneers listed for Colombia were Meredith W. Smith and Elton M. Smith,[39] In 1954 Gayle Woolson[40] and in 1955 Katherine McLaughlin was touring Colombia and nearby countries.[41] Mr. and Mrs. Donald Barrett arrived in Bogota, Colombia, in January, 1955.[42] In 1956 Woolson went on pilgrimage and toured sharing her experience[43] and the national center of Colombia was dedicated.[44]

The next restructuring of the regional assembly came in 1957 when it was split into two - basically northern/eastern South America with the Republics of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, in Lima, Peru and one of the western/southern South America with the Republics of Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Horace Holley as the representative of Shoghi Effendi.[45] A small book on the Buddha was produced in 1957 by the national assembly.[46] The Colombian Baháʼí community held its first summer school during a national conference in Medellín in January 1958.[47] In 1960 the first assemblies were elected at Manizales,[48] Pereira,[49] and Cartagena.[50] The Baháʼís of Cali hosted the 4th convention of the regional assembly.[51] In 1960 a three-day conference of the World Association of World Federalists was held in Germany and was attended by Colombian delegates and Baháʼís associated with the Baháʼí International Community. A Colombian delegate responded positively to the suggestion of a relationship between spirituality and the World Federalist Movement.[52]

There were 19 delegates to the convention to elect the first

Revista Semana of the May 15, 1961 issue in a full-page article.[57] In short order the national assembly began publishing its Noticias Baháʼís de Colombia as its official publication.[58] The March–April 1961 issue of Cronicos-Israel y America Latina, published in Colombia, carried an article on the religion.[59] It was also in 1961 that the religion was brought to the region of the Guajira department.[60] In 1962 four new assemblies were elected -one of them all-Indian[61] and the national assembly was legally incorporated as well.[62]

In 1963 the members of the national assemblies of the world were the delegates to elect the first

Wayuu in the La Guajira Department.[6]

Nine Year Plan and the organization of Colombian Baháʼís

The Baháʼís of Colombia were given 10 goals for the Nine Year Plan designated by the

Motilones.[64][75]
In late 1967 into 1968 Vicente Montezuma, a Panamanian
Plaintain grove. There she promulgated the religion indirectly, by being known as a Baháʼí who was interested in their craft work even among avowed Baháʼís. From there she and her group ascended into a more remote region and a machete wounded foot of a Baháʼí was tended. Later she offered that though she was raised largely in "city life" she had served an example of travel in the remote regions.[77] From there she visited the Baháʼís in Barranquilla and Bogotá where she also gave talks. Upon reaching Bogotá several newspapers covered her work - El Espectador, carried a featured story "El Baháʼí Busca la Unidad Humana" by Margarita Vidal Garcia. While in the area she met Leonora Armstrong.[77] Meanwhile, in May one of the first Baháʼís in San Andrés insisted on a Baháʼí funeral which in turn was covered by local radio and attended by some 500 people including civic and religious leaders and resulted in a large venue for the observance of the Baháʼí Holy Day, the Declaration of the Báb.[78]

Cross border activity in La Guajira continued in 1969 with Venezuelan Guajiro Baháʼís traveling in Colombia and Colombian Guajiro Baháʼís attending activities in Venezuela.[79] At the 1969 national convention a number of Yukon/Yukpa delegates attended.[80] The October summer school was held in Cali.[81] And a training institute was established in the Chocó region.[82]

In May 1970 an all-Guajiro Baháʼí conference brought together some 200 Baháʼís from the region for talks and lessons offered in Spanish and Guajira languages including a history of the religion in the region including noting 110 local assemblies being elected that year: 57 in Colombia: 53 in Venezuela, as well as the dedication of a local Baháʼí House of Worship.

Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga took a trip through Colombia[84] and in July a continental conference of Baháʼís was held in Bolivia at which several delegates from Colombia attended[85] while others from Colombia worked in Brazil.[86] In September new pioneer Baháʼís reached Santa Lucía, Atlántico - by 1971 there were over 400 Baháʼís including the mayor, three classes begun, a regional convention on the progress of the religion, and an institute were operating.[87] In 1970 about fifteen people accounted as the active core of the community in Cali.[88] They began what would turn into - in about two decades - the Ruhi Institute
(see below.)

An informal summary of the community in 1971 showed about 1000 Baháʼís and expectations of doubling the number of assemblies among the Guajiro Baháʼís.[89] In 1972 Guajiro Baháʼís attended the dedication of the Panamanian Baháʼí House of Worship[90] and the Baháʼí population of Santa Lucía was reported at 1200 and had reached neighboring villages during a follow-up conference in at Manaure.[91] In 1973 Luis Montenegro, former long-term member of the National Assembly of Colombia died while climbing the mountains of the Yukpa(Yuko), or Motilon, Indians.[92] At the close of the Nine Year Plan changes had indeed been wrought in Colombia.

Projects and developments, wider growth

In 1974 a conference was held in Cali with Baháʼís from Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia attending and now appointed

Pasto hosted the first Colombian-Ecuadorian Baháʼí Frontier Conference on the promulgation of the religion in the area with about 120 participants. Under the cooperation of the two national assemblies a commission was appointed to coordinate efforts in the area. Among the initiatives reviewed was the Ecuadorian Baháʼí Radio station whose broadcast covers some of Ecuador and Colombia.[105] In addition to more Baháʼís the goal's included the responsibility for children's classes, women's activities, and assembly development programs and was centered from the Puerta Tejada Ruhi Institute and graduation was the act of explaining each completed course satisfactorily to at least five other Baháʼís. Attendees at the conference also reviewed the events surrounding the death of Enoch Olinga, his wife, and three of their children, as well as the life of service of Rahmatu'lláh Muhájir
who had died in Ecuador the year before.

In 1982 some 1,300 Baha'is from 42 countries gathered August in Quito, the second of five such gatherings. 13 Continental Counsellors, representatives of 24 of the 29 National Spiritual Assemblies in Latin America and the Caribbean, and members of 21 Indian tribes from Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, United States and Venezuela attended. The Conferences were dedicated to the memory of Bahíyyih Khánum.[106]

The idea for a Trail of Light occurred during preparations for the first Baháʼí Native Council (see

Yukpa
(Yuko) tribe. With the Yuko the group was able to hold a unity feast and shared dances and stayed for three days before heading home.

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in

socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[110] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[111] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[110]
Since the 1970s the Colombian Baháʼís have developed a pair of important institutions - FUNDAEC, and the Ruhi Institute.

FUNDAEC

Main article: FUNDAEC

Against a backdrop of serious social disruption and violence across Colombia Baháʼís turned to service to the people living in the countryside. In 1974 FUNDAEC[112] was founded by group of professors at the University of Valle.[113] According to Gustav Correa, director of FUNDAEC, it was originally inspired by a quotation from Baháʼu'lláh - "Baha'u'llah talks about man as 'a mine rich in gems of inestimable value.' He says that 'education can, alone, cause it to reveal its treasures, and enable mankind to benefit therefrom'.[113] In 1983 Gustavo Correa presented on the FUNDAEC project to Association for Baháʼí Studies 8th annual Conference.[8] In 1985 an advisor of a development committee assisting the Anís Zunúzí Baháʼí School visited the FUNDAEC project in Cali to look for insights in development work.[8]

One of the authors was

Farzam Arbab and president of FUNDAEC from 1974 to 1988,[114] would also serve in several capacities for the religion including being a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Colombia, a Continental Counsellor, appointed to the International Teaching Centre and eventually elected to the Universal House of Justice in 1993.[115]

FUNDAEC has instituted a number of development projects: the Centro Universitario de Bienestar Rural,

micro-finance initiative as well.[119]

Ruhi Institute

Main article: Ruhi Institute

In Colombia the

Colombian people. Although its center is in the town of Puerto Tejada in the department of Cauca, its area of influence extends throughout the entire country. Especially in recent years, its educational programs have been adopted by an increasing number of agencies worldwide.[128]

If individuals developed interests in contributing to society beyond those of the formal Ruhi courses they were introduced to the opportunities provided by FUNDAEC.[129]

Recent situation

Demographics

In 2000 the

Wolfram Alpha estimated 0.1531% of Colombians or almost 69,000 people were Baháʼís in 2010.[131]

First local House of Worship

In 2012 the Universal House of Justice announced that it had determined that the first ever local

Baháʼí Houses of Worship would be built, in five locations around the globe. One of these was specified in Cauca Department, Colombia.[132] The design for this local House of Worship, to be situated in the Agua Azul vereda of the municipality of Villa Rica, was unveiled on 14 September 2014.[133] The groundbreaking ceremony was held in May 2016,[134] and the opening dedication ceremony was held in July 2018.[135]

See also

References

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    ISBN 0-87743-233-3
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  2. ^
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  4. ^ a b "South America". Baháʼí News. No. 169. July 1944. p. 7.
  5. ^ a b c d e Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Baháʼí Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. West Linn, OR: M L VanOrman Enterprises.
  6. ^
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  7. ^ a b CRECE: Centro de Estudios Regionales, Cafeteros y Empresariales (August 2001). "Successful Alternatives for Rural Education: Tutorial Learning System (TLS) and New School Methodology Rural Post-Primary". Regional Policy Dialogue on Education and Human Resources Training Network, Second Meeting: Secondary Education. Manizales, Colombia: Inter-American Development Bank. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
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  10. ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
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  12. ^ ʻAbbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).
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  63. ^ The list according to the Baháʼí News differs. This may have been a bi-election or error between the sources. The list according to Baháʼí News was: Habib Rezvani, Luis Montenegro (chairman), Gloria Fritzschel (recording secretary), Betty Toomes (secretary), Stewart Waddell (treasurer), Charles Hornby, Ellen Sims, Elahi Kalantar (vice-chairman), Leonor Porras."Annual Convention of Colombia Emphasizes Indian Teaching". Baháʼí News. No. 390. September 1963. p. 5.
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  100. ^ "Around the World; Ecuador; Children's conference nets 17 declarations". Baháʼí News. No. 545. July 1976. p. 8.
  101. ^ "Around the World; Colombia; Children's classes part of teaching project". Baháʼí News. No. 551. February 1977. p. 14.
  102. ^ "Around the World; Venezuela; Fifth All-Guajira Conference held at Los Mochos, Zulia". Baháʼí News. No. 559. October 1977. p. 8.
  103. ^ a b "Around the World; New Amazon Committee notes teaching success". Baháʼí News. No. 560. November 1977. p. 16.
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  110. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  111. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baháʼí Studies Review. 7 (1).
  112. ^ FUNDAEC is different from FUNDESCU though there are many similarities. FUNDAEC is the Colombian NGO based on Baháʼí consultations with Colombians starting in the 1970s and developed a number of projects like a secondary curriculum centered on skill development for living in the countryside and minimized urbanization for example. FUNDESCU is an older (from the 1950s) NGO in Panama based on Baháʼí consultations with Panamanian Indians and developed a system of schools serving largely remote areas. An agricultural project was attempted in the 1990s and was in fact based on cooperation between the Panamanian and Colombian NGOs but it failed from differences.Rhodenbaugh, Molly Marie (August 1999), "The Ngöbe Baha'is of Panama" (PDF), MA Thesis in Anthropology, Texas Tech University, pp. 119–123, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15
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  114. ^ "Methodologies and Development Strategies - Farzam Aarbab". Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved Oct 9, 2017.
  115. ^ Baháʼí International Community (2010-03-20). "Two new members elected to Universal House of Justice". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  116. ^ Arbab, Farzam; Correa, Gustavo; de Valcarcel, Francia (1988). "FUNDAEC: Its Principles and its Activities". CELATER, Cali, Colombia. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  117. ^ "FUNDAEC, Colombia: Gustavo Correa Development Schools are Teaching Self Reliance". Change the World -- Best Practice Award. Club of Budapest. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  118. ^ Two Baháʼí International Community Projects: Cameroon and Zambia[permanent dead link]
  119. ^ "In Colombia, a microcredit project aims to re-awaken community solidarity". One Country. 1996 (April–June). La Arrobleda, Cauca, Colombia: Baháʼí International Community. 1996. Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  120. ^ a b (The Ruhi Institute 1991, pp. 46–7)
  121. ^ MacEoin, Denis; Collins, William. "Life after death". The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies. p. 1 (# 14). Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  122. ^ Bahaʼi Faith and Peace Education Archived 2012-04-27 at the Wayback Machine by Marie Gervais, University of Alberta Canada
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  128. ^ a b (The Ruhi Institute 1991, p. 55)
  129. ^ (The Ruhi Institute 1991, pp. 49–50)
  130. ^ The Largest Baha'i Communities; Top 20 Largest National Baha'i Populations Adherents.com
  131. ^ "Colombia: population, capital, cities, GDP, map, flag, currency, languages, ...". Wolfram Alpha. Vol. Online. Wolfram - Alpha (curated data). March 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
  132. ^ "Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced". Baháʼí World News Service. Baháʼí International Community. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
  133. ^ "Design of Colombian House of Worship unveiled". Baháʼí World News Service. Baháʼí International Community. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  134. ^ "Ground broken for the Colombia House of Worship". Baháʼí World News Service. Baháʼí International Community. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  135. ^ "Colombia Temple dedicated in joyful ceremony". Baháʼí World News Service. Baháʼí International Community. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 2021-01-20.

External links
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