Battle of Borghetto

Battle of Borghetto
	Part of French Revolutionary Wars
	; Battle of Borghetto by Nicolas-Antoine Taunay, between 1802 and 1814
Date	30 May 1796
Location	Near Valeggio sul Mincio, Italy45°21′00″N 10°44′00″E / 45.3500°N 10.7333°E
Result	French victory
Belligerents
France	Austria
Commanders and leaders
Napoleon Bonaparte; Charles-Pierre Augereau; André Masséna; Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier; Charles Edward Jennings	Johann Beaulieu; Michael von Melas
Strength
28,000	19,000
Casualties and losses
500	572, 4 guns

War of the First Coalition:
Italian Campaign

100km
62miles

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Lodi

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current battle

Napoleon as subordinate

Napoleon in command

The Battle of Borghetto, near

Adige valley to Trento, leaving the fortress of Mantua

to be besieged by the French.

Background

In early May, Bonaparte's French army won the battles of Fombio and Lodi and overran the Austrian province of Lombardy. Beaulieu evacuated Milan except for a 2,000-man garrison that he left in the citadel.^[5] In mid-May, the French occupied Milan and Brescia. At this time, the army had to pause to put down a revolt in Pavia. At the village of Binasco, the French atrociously massacred the adult male population.^[6] Beaulieu pulled his army back behind the Mincio, with strong patrols west of the river. He urgently tried to put the fortress of Mantua into a state where it could sustain a siege.

Geography

The Mincio River exits

moraines that form ridges, which can conceal troop movements. In the area of Goito and Mantua, the terrain is flat. To the north, Lake Garda extends about 50 km (31.1 mi) to its northern tip at Riva del Garda.^[7] Other noteworthy locations are the towns of Castelnuovo del Garda 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Peschiera, Valeggio sul Mincio on a hill 1 km (0.6 mi) east of Borghetto, Salionze 6 km (3.7 mi) north of Valeggio, Campagnola 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Valeggio, and Villafranca di Verona

8 km (5.0 mi) east of Valeggio.

Forces

The death of

Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine. General of Division Hyacinthe François Joseph Despinoy with 5,278 blockaded the citadel of Milan and 5,500 more garrisoned different places in northwest Italy.^[8]

To bring Mantua's large fortress up to a defensible level, Beaulieu assigned the brigades of

Montenotte Campaign and the Lodi campaign.^[9]

Beaulieu posted General-major Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud with 3,049 infantry and 779 cavalry at Peschiera. Feldmarschall-Leutnant Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi held the crossing at Goito with a 3,558-man division consisting of Rukavina's 2,583 infantry plus Austrian and Neapolitan cavalry. Canto d'Irles and his large garrison covered the Rivalta bridge. In the center, Feldmarschall-Leutnants Michael von Melas and Karl Philipp Sebottendorf jointly commanded 8,169 infantry and 2,086 cavalry to defend the Mincio near Valeggio.^[10]

Sparring

Bonaparte determined to use the bridge at Borghetto for his crossing. To misdirect the Austrians, he ordered a

General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca to Salò

on the west shore of Lake Garda, where the French began to collect boats. To hide his true intentions, Bonaparte held his three combat divisions well to the west of the Mincio.

Beaulieu reacted as the French commander hoped. Instead of concentrating his forces at the bridges, the Austrian commander attempted to set up a cordon defense on the river between Peschiera and Goito. In the center, Beaulieu deployed 4,500 soldiers in the brigades of General-major Peter Gummer and Oberst Ernst Beust at Salionze and Oliosi, General-major Franz Nicoletti's 2,600-man brigade at Campagnola and Pozzolo, and General-major Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld's 3,100-strong brigade in and around Valeggio.^[12]

In the midst of this movement, Beaulieu became ill. On 29 May, a series of confusing orders emanated from Austrian headquarters, throwing the army into disarray. This proved to be a lucky break for Bonaparte because the French advance began early in the morning of 30 May. The French commander ordered Kilmaine to advance from Castiglione delle Stiviere to Borghetto via Solferino, with Masséna's division in support. Augereau covered the left flank while Sérurier moved up on the right flank.^[13]

Battle

Kilmaine's troops pushed back the Austrian hussar outposts and reached the bridge about 9 am. When the retreating horsemen reached the bridge, there was a jam on the narrow span. A number of Austrians left the roadway and crossed the river, betraying the fordable points to the French. Only single battalions of the Strassoldo Infantry Regiment Nr. 27 and Jordis Infantry Regiment Nr. 59 were available to defend the span. Under the direction of Pittoni, the badly outnumbered Austrians put up a spirited fight. But, with Beaulieu's army in some disorder, few reserves arrived to help the defenders and soon French troops led by Chef de Brigade Gaspard Amédée Gardanne forded the river and pushed the defenders uphill toward Valeggio.^[14]

After some fighting, the French cleared Valeggio but the Austrian cavalry prevented them from advancing beyond the town. Meanwhile, General-major

Chasseurs à Cheval of the Imperial Guard.^[16]

The Austrians reacted slowly to the crisis. At nearby Campagnola, Sebottendorf's gaze remained riveted on some French troops in his front and he failed to send reinforcements to Valeggio. Farther north at Salionze, aggressive French patrols also distracted Melas from Bonaparte's true purpose. From distant Goito, Colli alertly marched his entire force to the north to help the center, but he arrived too late to help. Beaulieu ordered the army to retreat to the north.[17]

Sebottendorf tried to recapture Valeggio, was repulsed, and retreated to Villafranca. Colli sent Rukavina's brigade back to rejoin the Mantua garrison and took his cavalry to Villafranca. Melas gathered up the troops of the right center and fell back to Castelnuovo. He was soon joined by Hohenzollern's force. Lipthay soon abandoned Peschiera, pursued by the French. When one of Augereau's units got too close, Lipthay's cavalry cut it to pieces, inflicting 100 casualties for a loss of only nine Austrians.^[18]

Results

That night, Beaulieu's units marched north from Castelnuovo and Villafranca. By the next morning, most units reached safety at

Feldmarschall Dagobert von Wurmser replaced Beaulieu as army commander. From June 1796 until February 1797, all the major engagements in northern Italy would revolve around the Siege of Mantua

. [21]

Commentary

One authority wrote, "Beaulieu had fallen into the error of trying to guard all possible crossings over the Mincio, and in consequence his over-extended army was without a reserve."^[22]

Notes

^ Chandler, Dictionary, p 64. Boycott-Brown's total is 31,000
^ Chandler, Dictionary, p 64. Apparently, this figure does not include the Mantua garrison.
^ Smith, p 113
^ Boycott-Brown, p 356
^ Fiebeger, p 14
^ Chandler, Campaigns, p 86
^ Boycott-Brown, p 346-347
^ Boycott-Brown, p 338. Strengths are from 30 May returns.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 333
^ Boycott-Brown, p 350-351
^ Chandler, Campaigns, p 86
^ Boycott-Brown, p 348 and 350-351. These are estimates, based on the author's information.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 351.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 352-353.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 354.
^ Chandler, Campaigns, p 87
^ Boycott-Brown, p 353-354.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 355.
^ Boycott-Brown, p 356
^ Smith, p 113
^ Boycott-Brown, p 361
^ Chandler, Campaigns, p 86