Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
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Benjamin "Pap" Singleton | |
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Born | 1809 |
Died | February 17, 1900 (aged 90–91) |
Resting place | Union Cemetery Kansas City, Missouri |
Movement | Abolitionist |
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton (1809 – February 17, 1900) was an American activist and businessman best known for his role in establishing
Singleton returned to Tennessee during the
Early life and education
Although it is known that Benjamin Singleton was born in 1809 into slavery in Davidson County near Nashville, Tennessee, details of his early life remain scant. He was the son of a white father and an enslaved black mother. As a youth, he was trained as a carpenter but regretted never learning to read and write. Reportedly Singleton made several attempts to run away but was unsuccessful.
In 1846, Singleton managed to escape to freedom. He made his way north along the Underground Railroad to Windsor, Ontario, and remained there a year before relocating to Detroit, Michigan. In Detroit, he lived as a scavenger and used what resources he could to help other escaped slaves find their way to freedom in Canada. Singleton lived in Detroit until after the Civil War was underway. During this time, he worked as a carpenter.
Separatism
After the Union Army occupied
In 1874, Singleton and Johnson founded the Edgefield Real Estate Association, with the goal of helping African Americans acquire land in the Nashville area. White landowners were unwilling to bargain with them and wanted too high prices for their land. Convinced that freedmen must leave
Singleton colonies
In the summer of 1877, Singleton led approximately seventy-three black settlers to Cherokee County near the town of
He searched for government land which his settlers could acquire through the 1862
Exodusters, 1879–80
By 1879 of the "
In 1880, Singleton was requested to appear before the
Final years
During 1881, Singleton was 72 years old, and most people referred to him affectionately as "old Pap". He was still a formidable figure and used his reputation to bring together blacks into an organization called the Colored United Links (CUL). The goal of the CUL, which he created in Topeka, was to combine the financial resources of all black people to build black-owned businesses, factories, and trade schools. The group held several conventions and was successful enough locally that Republican Party officials in Kansas became interested in its potential political strength. Presidential candidate James B. Weaver of the Greenback Party met with CUL leaders, to discuss fusion between the two groups. After 1881, CUL membership faltered, however, and the organization soon fell apart.
After the failure of the CUL, Singleton became convinced that blacks would never be allowed to succeed in the United States. In 1883, he briefly joined with Joseph Ware a
In 1885, Singleton moved to
The UTS lasted until 1887 but never sent anyone to Africa. In poor health, Singleton retired from his life of activism. He raised his voice one final time in 1889 to call for a portion of the newly opening Oklahoma Territory to be reserved as an all-black state.
Benjamin Singleton died on February 17, 1900, in Kansas City, Missouri.[3][4][5] He was buried in Union Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri on February 26, 1900.[6][7]
Family
Benjamin Singleton married and was the father of several children. Two of his children – Emily, born about 1840 in Tennessee, and Sarah, born about 1858 in Michigan – wrote letters to their father from East Nashville, Tennessee, during the mid-1880s.[8] An undated note regarding Singleton's testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee in 1880 quoted Singleton as saying: "I have been a slave fled to Canada when my children were small and nineteen years after when I returned they were grown."[9]
His son, Joshua W. Singleton, eventually settled in
As young adults, they started singing together in the Bay Area as the Williams Quartette. In 1928 they started touring as the Williams Four. In 1933, they had a successful tour in
Legacy and honors
In 2002, American scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed "Pap" Singleton as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.[11]
History of colonies
Singleton did not establish his Real Estate Association prior to 1874 and did not make his first scouting trip to Kansas until 1876; the Singleton Colony in Cherokee County failed almost immediately after being settled. Nicodemus, Kansas was founded independently in 1877 by black settlers from Kentucky, one year before Singleton founded his successful colony at Dunlap.[2]
References
- ^ a b Bobby L. Lovett, Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, Tennessee State University Library.
- ^ a b c Entz, "Image and Reality on the Kansas Prairie", Kansas History 19 (Summer 1996): 138–139.
- ^ Kansas City Star, February 18, 1900, p. 2.
- ^ "He Was Once A Slave, KansasMemory blog,
- ^ Benj. Singleton Death Record, Missouri Birth & Death Records Database
- ^ Union Cemetery Historical Society, Kansas City, MO, Union Cemetery Record book, p. 25.
- ^ Hendricks, Mike. “Mystery of Ol’ Pap leads to a KC Grave,” Kansas City Star, January 25, 2013.
- ^ Letters, Material Relating to Benjamin Singleton, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, KS. Item 225712, pp. 34 & 37.
- ^ Letters, Material Relating to Benjamin Singleton, Kansas Memory, KSHS, WoW Item 225712, p. 54, nd.
- ^ "Midge Williams" Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, African American Museum and Library, Oakland, CA. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
Sources
- Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.
- Entz, Gary R. "Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton: Father of the Kansas Exodus", in Nina Mjagkij (ed.), Portraits of African-American Life Since 1865, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 2003.
- Entz, Gary R. "Image and Reality on the Kansas Prairie: 'Pap' Singleton's Cherokee County Colony." Kansas History 19 (summer 1996): 124–139.
- Fleming, Walter P. "'Pap' Singleton: The Moses of the Colored Exodus," American Journal of Sociology. 15 (July 1909): 61–82.
- Garvin, Roy. "Benjamin, or 'Pap,' Singleton and his Followers", Journal of Negro History 33 (January 1948): 7–23.
- Hickey, Joseph V. "'Pap' Singleton's Dunlap Colony: Relief Agencies and the Failure of a Black Settlement in Eastern Kansas", Great Plains Quarterly 11 (winter 1991): 23–36.
- Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986.
- Sharp, Jim. Black Settlers on the Kaw Indian Reservation. Ag Press, 2008.
External links
- "Benjamin 'Pap' Singleton", The West, PBS.
- Benjamin Singleton's Congressional testimony; April 17, 1880, PBS
- "Benjamin "Pap" Singleton", Kansas State Historical Society,
- "Father of the Exodus", from Portraits of African American Life since 1865
- Material Relating to Benjamin Singleton, KansasMemory, Kansas State Historical Society
- "Mystery of Ol’ Pap leads to a KC Grave", Kansas City Star, January 25, 2013
- KansasMemory Blog: "“He was Once a Slave"