Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party | |
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Abbreviation | GOP |
Chairperson | Michael Whatley |
Governing body | Republican National Committee |
U.S. President | Donald Trump |
U.S. Vice President | JD Vance |
Senate Majority Leader | John Thune |
Speaker of the House | Mike Johnson |
House Majority Leader | Steve Scalise |
Founders | Alvan E. Bovay[1] Henry J. Raymond[2] |
Founded | March 20, 1854 Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S. |
Merger of | Whig Party[3][4][5][6] Free Soil Party[7] Anti-Nebraska movement[8] |
Headquarters | 310 First Street SE, Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Student wing | College Republicans High School Republican National Federation |
Youth wing | |
Women's wing | National Federation of Republican Women |
Overseas wing | Republicans Overseas |
Ideology | Factions: |
Political position | Center-right[16] to right-wing[17] |
International affiliation | |
Elections |
The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is one of the
The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by
After the war, the party largely dominated national politics until the Great Depression in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' New Deal programs proved popular. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election in 1952 was a rare break between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after World War II. Following the 1960s era of civil rights legislation, enacted by Democrats, the South became more reliably Republican, and Richard Nixon carried 49 states in the 1972 election, with what he touted as his "silent majority". The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner.[22] Since 2009,[23] the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks and shifted towards right-wing populism,[c] ultimately becoming its dominant faction.[a] Following the 2016 presidential election of Donald Trump, the party has pivoted towards Trumpism.[10][11][12][33]
In the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from
Following the 2024 elections, the party currently holds a federal government trifecta, controlling the presidency, as well as majorities in the Senate and House of Representatives.
History
19th century
Founding and U.S. Civil War

In 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the
At the first public meeting of the anti-Nebraska movement on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, the name "Republican" was proposed as the name of the party.[44] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[45] The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.[46]
The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing
At the Republican Party's

The Republicans were eager for
Reconstruction

Following the
Grant was a Radical Republican, which created some division within the party.
The 1876 presidential election saw a contentious conclusion as both parties claimed victory despite three southern states not officially declaring a winner at the end of election day. Voter suppression in the South gave Republican-controlled returning officers enough of a reason to declare that fraud, intimidation and violence had soiled the states' results. They proceeded to throw out enough Democratic votes for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be declared the winner.[65] Democrats refused to accept the results and the Electoral Commission made up of members of Congress was established to decide who would be awarded the states' electors. After the Commission voted along party lines in Hayes' favor, Democrats threatened to delay the counting of electoral votes indefinitely so no president would be inaugurated on March 4. This resulted in the Compromise of 1877 and Hayes finally became president.[66]
Gilded Age
Hayes doubled down on the gold standard, which had been signed into law by Grant with the Coinage Act of 1873, as a solution to the depressed American economy in the aftermath of that year's panic.[67] Ahead of the 1880 presidential election, both James G. Blaine and opponent John Sherman failed to win the Republican nomination; each then backed James A. Garfield for president.[68][69] Garfield won the 1880 presidential election, but was assassinated early in his term. His death helped create support for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was passed in 1883;[70] the bill was signed into law by Republican president Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield.
In 1884, Blaine won the Republican presidential nomination, but lost the general election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was the first Democrat to be elected president since James Buchanan. Dissident Republicans, known as Mugwumps, had defected from Blaine due to the corruption which had plagued his political career.[71][72]

Republican Benjamin Harrison defeated Cleveland in the 1888 election. During his presidency, Harrison signed the Dependent and Disability Pension Act, which established pensions for all veterans of the Union who had served for more than 90 days and were unable to perform manual labor.[73] Following his loss to Cleveland in the 1892 presidential election, Harrison unsuccessfully attempted to pass a treaty annexing Hawaii before Cleveland could be inaugurated. Most Republicans supported the proposed annexation,[74] but Cleveland opposed it.[75]
In the 1896 presidential election, Republican William McKinley's platform supported the gold standard and high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Though having been divided on the issue prior to that year's National Convention, McKinley decided to heavily favor the gold standard over free silver in his campaign messaging, but promised to continue bimetallism to ward off continued skepticism over the gold standard, which had lingered since the Panic of 1893.[76][77] Democrat William Jennings Bryan proved to be a devoted adherent to the free silver movement, which cost Bryan the support of Democratic institutions such as Tammany Hall, the New York World and a large majority of the Democratic Party's upper and middle-class support.[78] McKinley defeated Bryan[79] and returned the presidency to Republican control until the 1912 presidential election.[80]
20th century
Progressives vs. Standpatters

The Republicans returned to the presidency in the 1920s, winning on
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal era
The New Deal coalition forged by Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1950s. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. The 1934 elections left the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.[86]
The Republican Party factionalized into
Historian
After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman's Cold War foreign policy, funded the Marshall Plan and supported NATO, despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.[90]
Eisenhower era

Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader senator
From Goldwater to Reagan
Historians cite the 1964 presidential election and its respective National Convention as a significant shift, which saw the conservative wing, helmed by Arizona senator Barry Goldwater, battle liberal New York governor Nelson Rockefeller and his eponymous Rockefeller Republican faction for the nomination. With Goldwater poised to win, Rockefeller, urged to mobilize his liberal faction, retorted, "You're looking at it, buddy. I'm all that's left."[92][93]
Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, the southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.
The GOP went on to control the White House from 1969 to 1977 under 37th president Richard Nixon, and when he resigned in 1974 due to the Watergate scandal, Gerald Ford became the 38th president, serving until 1977. Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 United States presidential election.[94]
Reagan era
The
Reagan's vice president, George H. W. Bush, won the presidency in a landslide in the 1988 election. However, his term was characterized by division within the Republican Party. Bush's vision of economic liberalization and international cooperation with foreign nations saw the negotiation and, during the presidency of Democrat Bill Clinton in the 1990s, the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the conceptual beginnings of the World Trade Organization.[101]
Bush lost his re-election bid in 1992. While there is debate about whether Perot's candidacy cost Bush re-election, Charlie Cook asserted that Perot's messaging carried weight with Republican and conservative voters.[102]
Gingrich Revolution
In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party, led by House minority whip Newt Gingrich, who campaigned on the "Contract with America", won majorities in both chambers of Congress, gained 12 governorships, and regained control of 20 state legislatures. The Republican Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years, and won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction.[103][104]
However, most voters had not heard of the Contract and the Republican victory was attributed to traditional mid-term anti-incumbent voting and Republicans becoming the majority party in the South for the first time since Reconstruction, winning many former Southern Democrats.[105] Gingrich was made speaker, and within the first 100 days of the Republican majority, every proposition featured in the Contract was passed, with the exception of term limits for members of Congress.[105][106] One key to Gingrich's success in 1994 was nationalizing the election,[104] which in turn led to his becoming a national figure during the 1996 House elections, with many Democratic leaders proclaiming Gingrich was a zealous radical.[107][108] Gingrich's strategy of "constitutional hardball" resulted in increasing political polarization driven primarily by Republicans.[109][110][111][112][113] The Republicans maintained their majority for the first time since 1928 despite Bob Dole losing handily to Clinton in the presidential election. However, Gingrich's national profile proved a detriment to the Republican Congress, which enjoyed majority approval among voters in spite of Gingrich's relative unpopularity.[107]
After Gingrich and the Republicans struck a deal with Clinton on the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which included tax cuts, the Republican House majority had difficulty convening on a new agenda ahead of the 1998 elections.[114] During the ongoing impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, Gingrich decided to make Clinton's misconduct the party message heading into the elections, believing it would add to their majority. The strategy proved mistaken and the Republicans lost five seats, though whether it was due to poor messaging or Clinton's popularity providing a coattail effect is debated.[115] Gingrich was ousted from party power due to the performance, ultimately deciding to resign from Congress altogether. For a short time afterward, it appeared Louisiana representative Bob Livingston would become his successor; Livingston, however, stepped down from consideration and resigned from Congress after damaging reports of affairs threatened the Republican House's legislative agenda if he were to serve as speaker.[116] Illinois representative Dennis Hastert was promoted to speaker in Livingston's place, serving in that position until 2007.[117]
21st century
George W. Bush

Republican
The Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s, as both strong
Democrats gained control of the Senate on June 6, 2001. The Republicans regained the Senate majority in the 2002 elections, helped by Bush's surge in popularity following the September 11 attacks, and Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control of both chambers in the 2006 elections, largely due to increasing opposition to the Iraq War.[127][128][129]
In the 2008 presidential election, Arizona Republican senator John McCain was defeated by Illinois Democratic senator Barack Obama.[130]
Tea Party movement
The Republicans experienced electoral success in
The Tea Party movement's electoral success began with Scott Brown's upset win in the January Senate special election in Massachusetts; the seat had been held for decades by Democrat Ted Kennedy.[142] In November, Republicans recaptured control of the House, increased their number of seats in the Senate, and gained a majority of governorships.[143] The Tea Party would go on to strongly influence the Republican Party, in part due to the replacement of establishment Republicans with Tea Party-style Republicans.[135]
When Obama was re-elected president in 2012, defeating Republican Mitt Romney,[144] the Republican Party lost seven seats in the House, but still retained control of that chamber.[145] However, Republicans were unable to gain control of the Senate.[146] In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party.[147][148][149] A 2012 election post-mortem by the Republican Party concluded that the party needed to do more on the national level to attract votes from minorities and young voters.[150] In March 2013, Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus issued a report on the party's electoral failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He proposed 219 reforms, including a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities, and gay people; the setting of a shorter, more controlled primary season; and the creation of better data collection facilities.[151]
Following the 2014 elections, the Republican Party took control of the Senate by gaining nine seats.[152] With 247 seats in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the Congress since the 71st Congress in 1929.[153]
Trump era

In
After the 2016 elections, Republicans maintained their majority in the Senate, the House, and governorships, and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history.[158] The Party also held 33 governorships,[159] the most it had held since 1922.[160] The party had total control of government in 25 states,[161][162] the most since 1952.[163] The opposing Democratic Party held full control of only five states in 2017.[164] In the 2018 elections, Republicans lost control of the House, but strengthened their hold on the Senate.[165]
Over the course of his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to
Trump lost
In 2022 and 2023, Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump proved decisive in landmark decisions on gun rights, abortion, and affirmative action.[190][191] The party went into the 2022 elections confident and with analysts predicting a red wave, but it ultimately underperformed expectations, with voters in swing states and competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates who had been endorsed by Trump or who had denied the results of the 2020 election.[192][193][194] The party won control of the House with a narrow majority,[195] but lost the Senate and several state legislative majorities and governorships.[196][197][198] The results led to a number of Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party's main figurehead and leader.[199][200]
Despite the 2022 midterm disappointments, Trump
Current status
As of 2025, the GOP holds the presidency, and majorities in both the
Name and symbols
The Republican Party's founding members chose its name as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Democratic-Republican Party, which its founder, Thomas Jefferson, called the "Republican Party".[204] The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".[205] The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[206] "Republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[127][207]
The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the
The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[209] An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[210][211] In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party.[212]
Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.[213][214][215] After the 2000 presidential election, the color red became associated with Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue. Due to the weeks-long dispute over the election results, these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.[216]
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An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[217]
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The red, white and blue elephant
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The GOP banner logo, c. 2013
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A GOP banner logo, c. 2017
Factions
Civil War and Reconstruction era

The
Moderate Republicans were known for their loyal support of President Abraham Lincoln's war policies and expressed antipathy towards the more militant stances advocated by the Radical Republicans. In contrast to Radicals, Moderate Republicans were less enthusiastic on the issue of Black suffrage even while embracing civil equality and the expansive federal authority observed throughout the American Civil War. They were also skeptical of the lenient, conciliatory Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson. Members of the Moderate Republicans comprised in part of previous Radical Republicans who became disenchanted with the alleged corruption of the latter faction. They generally opposed efforts by Radical Republicans to rebuild the Southern U.S. under an economically mobile, free-market system.[219]
20th century

The 20th century saw the Republican party split into an
The rise of the Reagan coalition in the 1980s began what has been called the Reagan era. Reagan's rise displaced the liberal-moderate faction of the GOP and established Reagan-style conservatism as the prevailing ideological faction of the Party for the next thirty years, until the rise of the right-wing populist faction.[9][222] Reagan conservatives generally supported policies that favored limited government, individualism, traditionalism, republicanism, and limited federal governmental power in relation to the states.[223]
21st century
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in the United States |
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Republicans began the 21st century with the election of
Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election of Donald Trump in 2016.[156] Starting in the 1970s and accelerating in the 2000s, American right-wing interest groups invested heavily in external mobilization vehicles that led to the organizational weakening of the GOP establishment. The outsize role of conservative media, in particular Fox News, led to it being followed and trusted more by the Republican base over traditional party elites. The depletion of organizational capacity partly led to Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.[228]: 27–28 Trump's election exacerbated internal schisms within the GOP,[228]: 18 and saw the GOP move from a center coalition of moderates and conservatives to a solidly right-wing party hostile to liberal views and any deviations from the party line.[229]
The Party has since faced intense factionalism.[230][231] These factions are particularly apparent in the U.S. House of Representatives, where three Republican House leaders (Eric Cantor, John Boehner, and Kevin McCarthy) have been ousted since 2009.[23][232][233][234][235][236]
The victory of Trump in the 2024 presidential election saw the party increasingly shift towards Trumpism,[237][10] and party criticism of Trump was described as being muted to non-existent. The New York Times described it as a "hostile takeover",[238] and a victory of right-wing populism over the old conservative establishment.[237][32] Polling found that 53% of Republican voters saw loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and what it means to be a Republican.[239]
Conservatives

Ronald Reagan's presidential election in 1980 established Reagan-style American conservatism as the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.[26][9][241][222][242][243][244][38] Trump's 2016 election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement into Trumpist and anti-Trump factions.[245][246] Demographically, the party has lost majority support from white voters with college degrees, while continuing to gain among voters without college degrees.[247][34][35]
The party's establishment conservative faction has since lost its influence.[241][26][242] Many conservatives critical of the Trumpist faction have also lost influence within the party.[248][249] Former Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives as retaliation for her criticism of Trump in 2021,[250] and was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022.[251] Mitt Romney, the Republican presidential nominee in 2012, chose not to run for re-election in the 2024 U.S. Senate election in Utah.[252][253] Trump's first vice president Mike Pence has since distanced himself from Trump, and chose not to endorse Trump in the 2024 presidential election. Likewise, Trump decided not to have Pence as his Vice President again, instead choosing JD Vance.[254][255]
The party still maintains long-time ideologically conservative positions on many issues.[256] Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies with social conservatism and a hawkish approach to foreign policy.[22] Other parts of the conservative movement are composed of fiscal conservatives and deficit hawks.[257]
In foreign policy,
Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the elections of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.[37] These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for national conservatism,[260] protectionism,[261] cultural conservatism, a more realist foreign policy, a conspiracist sub-culture, a repudiation of neoconservatism, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.[37][262] There are significant divisions within the party on the issues of abortion and same-sex marriage.[263][264]
Conservative caucuses include the Republican Study Committee and Freedom Caucus.[265][266]
Right-wing populists
Right-wing populism is the dominant political faction of the GOP.[a] Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,[271][272] Republican populists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,[156][273][274] national conservatism,[275] neo-nationalism,[276] and Trumpism.[10][277][278][279][280][281]
The Republican Party's right-wing populist movements emerged in concurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,[225][227] coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010.[282] This included the rise of the Tea Party movement, which has also been described as far-right.[283]
Businessman
According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the Republican Party's gains among white voters without college degrees and corresponding losses among white voters with college degrees contributed to the rise of right-wing populism.[35] Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group, but have since become a Democratic-leaning group.[296][297] In the 2020 presidential election, Joe Biden became the first Democratic president to win a majority of white voters with college degrees (51–48%) since 1964, while Trump won white voters without college degrees 67–32%.[298][299][34]
According to historian Gary Gerstle, Trumpism gained support in opposition to neoliberalism, including opposition to free trade,[39] immigration, globalization, and internationalism.[38][227] Trump won the 2016 and 2024 presidential elections by winning states in the Rust Belt that had suffered from population decline and deindustrialization, specifically Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.[300][226] Compared to other Republicans, the populist faction is more likely to oppose legal immigration,[301] free trade,[302] neoconservatism,[303] and environmental protection laws.[304] It has been described as featuring anti-intellectualism and overtly racial appeals.[24][305]
In international relations, populists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[306][307] are generally supportive of improving relations with Russia,[308][309][310] and favor an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[311][312][313][263]
The party's far-right faction includes members of the Freedom Caucus.[314][315][316][317] Former representative Matt Gaetz, who is affiliated with the populist faction, led the 2023 rebellion against then-Speaker of the House Kevin McCarthy.[318][319][320] Former Democratic Representative Tulsi Gabbard, who joined the Republican Party in 2024, has also been described as embracing populist policies.[321][322] They generally reject compromise within the party and with the Democrats,[323][324] and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.[325][326] According to sociologist Joe Feagin, political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.[327][328]
Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at Marquette University, noted that not all populist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans such as Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.[329][330] The continued dominance of Trump within the GOP has limited the success of this strategy.[331][332][333] In 2024, Trump led a takeover of the Republican National Committee, installing Lara Trump as its new co-chair.[334]
A FiveThirtyEight analysis found that of the 293 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2017 (52 Senators and 241 Representatives), just 121 (41%) were left on January 20, 2025. There were many reasons for the turnover, including retirements and deaths, losing general and primary elections, seeking other office, etc., but the extent of the change is still stark. There were 273 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2025 (53 Senators and 220 Representatives). Trump also changed his vice president, from Mike Pence to JD Vance, and both houses of Congress had changed their top leadership, from Paul Ryan to Mike Johnson in the House and Mitch McConnell to John Thune in the Senate.[33]
Christian right

Since the rise of the
The Christian right is strongest in the Bible Belt, which covers most of the Southern United States.[351] Mike Pence, Donald Trump's vice president from 2017 to 2021, was a member of the Christian right.[352] In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, Louisiana representative Mike Johnson, was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.[353][354]
Libertarians
The Republican Party has a
During the
Moderates
Moderates in the Republican Party are an ideologically centrist group that predominantly come from the
Notable moderate Republicans include Senators Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine,[379][380][381][382] Nevada governor Joe Lombardo, Vermont governor Phil Scott,[383] New Hampshire governor Kelly Ayotte, and former Maryland governor Larry Hogan.[384][385]
Political positions
Economic policies
Republicans believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.[386] Reduction in income taxes is a core component of Republicans' fiscal agenda.[387]
Taxes
Tax cuts have been at the core of Republican economic policy since 1980.
As per a 2021 study that measured Republicans' congressional votes, the modern Republican Party's economic policy positions tend to align with business interests and the affluent.[392][393][394][395][396]
Spending
Republicans advocate in favor of fiscal conservatism. Republican administrations have, since the late 1960s, supported underfunded sectors like national defense, veterans affairs, and infrastructure.[397][398][399]
Entitlements
Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They also believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor through charity than the government is through welfare programs and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency.[400] As of November 2022, all 11 states that had not expanded Medicaid had Republican-controlled state legislatures.[401]
Labor unions and the minimum wage
The Republican Party is generally opposed to labor unions.
Most Republicans also oppose increases in the minimum wage.
Trade

The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on international trade throughout its history, but has usually been in favor of protectionism. The official Republican Party platform adopted in 2024 opposes free trade and supports enacting tariffs on imports.[406]
In both of his terms as president, Trump enacted tariffs on imports to the United States. In particular, Trump imposed 25% tariffs on Canada and Mexico and 10% tariffs on China in February 2025.[407] Trump has expressed his admiration for Republican William McKinley's trade policies. McKinley was the author of the Tariff Act of 1890, and both Trump and McKinley nicknamed themselves as a "Tariff Man".[408]
At its inception, the Republican Party supported
The 2016 election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning with
Trump also blocked appointments to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, rendering it unable to enforce and punish violators of WTO rules.[421][422] Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.[423] The Biden administration has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.[422]
Environmental policies
Historically,
In 2006, then-
The Republican Party rejects
Many Republicans during the presidency of Barack Obama opposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building the Keystone Pipeline; this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.[449][450][451]
According to the
From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.[456] In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.[457]
Health care
The party opposes a
Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establish
By 2020, Republican officials have increasingly adopted anti-vaccine activism and policy.[467]
Foreign policy
The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to multilateralism in American foreign policy.[468] Neoconservatism, which supports unilateralism and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.[469] Some, including paleoconservatives,[470] call for non-interventionism and an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[37][258][259] This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previous interventionist foreign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.[471]
Israel
During the 1940s, Republicans predominantly opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence of conservatives of the Old Right.[472] In 1948, Democratic President Harry Truman became the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel,[473] though Truman's pro-Israel stance had the notable support of Robert A. Taft, a leading Senate Republican and an early advocate for military support to Israel.[474]
The rise of
Taiwan
In the party's 2016 platform,[482] its stance on Taiwan is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself".
War on terror
Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, while other prominent Republicans, such as Ted Cruz, strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.[483] In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such as Matt Gaetz supported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and ending intervention in countries such as Somalia.[484]
Europe, Russia and Ukraine
The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons to
Amid the
In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of the
Foreign relations and aid
In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[499]
Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[500][501][502]
A survey by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs shows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".[503]
Social issues
The Republican Party is generally associated with
Abortion and embryonic stem cell research
The Republican position on abortion has changed significantly over time.[336][509] During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics — which tended to vote for the Democratic Party — opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.[509]
During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,[510][511] although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.[512] Leading Republican political figures, including Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.[510] However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies.
In the 21st century, both George W. Bush[513] and Donald Trump described themselves as "pro-life" during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.[514]
Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:[336]
...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under Governor Nelson Rockefeller, a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved...
Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party among traditionalist Catholics and conservative Protestant evangelicals.[336][512][515] Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that was sectarian and Catholic.[515] Historian Randall Balmer notes that Billy Graham's Christianity Today published in 1968 a statement by theologian Bruce Waltke that:[516] "God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed. The Law plainly exacts: "If a man kills any human life he will be put to death" (Lev. 24:17). But according to Exodus 21:22–24, the destruction of the fetus is not a capital offense. ... Clearly, then, in contrast to the mother, the fetus is not reckoned as a soul." Typical of the time, Christianity Today "refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."[517] Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in the Southern Baptist Convention, including W. A. Criswell, who is partially credited with starting the "conservative resurgence" within the organization, who stated: "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.[517][518] After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.[515]
Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,
Until its dissolution in 2018, Republican Majority for Choice, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[524]
The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.[525][526]
After the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled states passed near-total bans on abortion, rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.[527][528]
Affirmative action
Republicans generally oppose
The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms...Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."[530][531][532][533]
Gun ownership

Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns. According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[535]
The
In contrast, George H. W. Bush, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the Oklahoma City bombing authored by CEO Wayne LaPierre, and publicly resigned in protest.[540]
Drug legalization
Republican elected officials have historically supported the
Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.[544][545] A 2021 Quinnipiac poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.[541] Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.[546]
Immigration
The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history.[9] In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as the Know-Nothings. In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); during this period, the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers with which to compete). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.[547]
In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passed
In 2016, Donald Trump proposed to build a wall along the southern border of the United States. Trump immigration policies during his administration included a travel ban from multiple Muslim-majority countries, a Remain in Mexico policy for asylum-seekers, a controversial family separation policy, and attempting to end DACA.[301][553] During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,[554] although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.[551] The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.[40] A 2024 Pew Research Center poll found that 88% of Donald Trump's supporters favored mass deportation of all illegal immigrants, compared to 27% of Kamala Harris supporters.[555]
LGBT issues
Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on
From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed same-sex marriage, while being divided on the issue of civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex couples.[560] During the 2004 election, George W. Bush campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.[561][562] In both 2004[563] and 2006,[564] President Bush, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and House Majority Leader John Boehner promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples.[565][566][567] In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[568] As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[569] The 2016 GOP Platform defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling legalizing same-sex marriages.[570][571] The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.[572][573][574]
Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in
The Republican Party platform previously opposed the
On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair Ronna McDaniel announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with the Log Cabin Republicans, to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.[596] However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.[597]
As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters support same-sex marriage.[556][598][599] According to FiveThirtyEight, as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.[600][601] The party platform approved at the 2024 Republican National Convention no longer states that marriage should be between "one man and one woman", though it did oppose the inclusion of transgender women in women's sports and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.[40] According to a 2023 YouGov poll, Republicans are slightly more likely to oppose intersex medical alterations than Democrats.[602][603]
In November 2024, Trump nominated Scott Bessent for United States secretary of the treasury.[604] If confirmed by the United States Senate, he will be the second openly gay man to serve in the Cabinet of the United States (after Pete Buttigieg) and the fourth openly gay man to serve in a cabinet-level office (after Demetrios Marantis, Richard Grenell and Buttigieg).[605] As the secretary of the treasury is fifth in the United States presidential line of succession, he will become the highest-ranking openly LGBT person in American history.[606]
Voting rights
Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of
In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,[610][611][612][613] and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[612][613]
After the Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder rolled back aspects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[614] The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[615]
After Donald Trump and his
Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,[g] as justification.[627][628][629] Political analysts say that the efforts amount to voter suppression, are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect minority voters.[630][631][632][633]
Composition
According to a 2025
The Republican party's core voting demographics are White voters without college degrees and White Southerners. Racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States, with White Southerners almost entirely voting for the Republican Party and Black Southerners almost entirely voting for the Democratic Party.[636]
As of 2024, the Republican Party has support from a majority of Arab,[637] Native,[638] and White[638] voters, and increasingly among Hispanics[639] and Asians.[640]
A majority of working-class,[639] rural,[227] men,[638] individuals without college degrees,[638] and lower income voters vote for the party.[641] Traditionalist religious voters,[642] including Evangelicals[638] Latter-Day Saints, Muslims,[637] and Catholic[638] voters lean towards the Republicans.[34][35] The party has made gained significantly among the white working class,[639] Asians,[640] Arabs,[637] Hispanics,[638] Native Americans,[638] and Orthodox Jews,[643][644] but lost support among upper middle class and college-educated whites.[297][296][641][645]
Demographics
Income
Until 2016, higher income was strongly correlated to voting for the Republican Party among the general electorate. However, in all three of Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, the previous correlation between higher incomes and voting for the Republican Party was largely eliminated among the electorate as a whole.[646] For White voters, instead higher educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for the Democratic Party.[297]
In the 2024 presidential election, Trump did better among lower-income voters than high-income voters, the first time ever for the Republican nominee in modern American political history.
Among White voters in 2024, income was negatively correlated with support for Donald Trump. Specifically, Trump won White voters making less than $30,000 (63-34%), those making between $30,000 to $49,999 (62-37%), and those making $50,000 to $99,999 (56-42%). Trump only narrowly won White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (50-49%) and those making more than $200,000 (51-48%).
Gender

Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat John Kerry than for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.[649] In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[650] In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[651][652] Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[653] Although women supported Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[654] Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[655]
However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[656][657]
Education
In all three of Donald Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, for White voters lower educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for Trump.[296][297] When controlling for educational attainment among White voters, as depicted in the two maps in this section, there still remain large variations by state and region. In particular, college-educated White Southerners remain strongly Republican.[658]
The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, while the educational attainment of the United States has steadily increased.[35] White voters without college degrees are more likely to live in rural areas.[659][660] According to a 2023 Gallup poll, confidence in higher education among Republicans declined sharply from 56% in 2015 to 19% in 2023. Among Democrats, confidence in higher education decreased from 68% in 2015 to 59% in 2023.[36]
Voters with college degrees as a whole were a Republican-voting group until the 1990s. Despite losing in a landslide, Republican nominee Barry Goldwater nearly won a majority of voters with college degrees 48–52% in 1964.[661] Republican president Gerald Ford won voters with college degrees 55-43% in 1976, while narrowly losing to Jimmy Carter.[662] Since the 1990s, a majority of voters with graduate degrees have consistently voted for the Democratic Party. For example, George W. Bush won voters with just a bachelor's degree 52-46% while losing voters with a graduate degree 44–55%, while winning re-election in 2004.[663]
Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.[34] Despite Obama's decisive 2008 victory, Republican nominee John McCain won a majority of white voters with college degrees 51-47% and white voters without college degrees 58-40%.[664] In 2012, Republican nominee Mitt Romney won white voters with college degrees 56-42%, though Obama won voters with college degrees as a whole 50-48% while winning re-election.[665] Since the 2010s,[34] white voters with college degrees have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.[666][667] Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[668]
In the 2020 United States presidential election, Donald Trump won white voters without college degrees 67-32%, while losing white voters with a college degree 48–51%.[666][667][669] In the 2024 United States presidential election, Trump maintained his margins among white voters without college degrees 66-32% and lost white voters with a college degree 45-52%. In 2024, Trump won 56% of voters without a college degree, compared to 42% of voters with a college degree.[670]
Ethnicity
Republicans have consistently won the White vote in every presidential election after the
Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery under
In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans,
Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.[683][684][685][686][687][688] According to John Avlon, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and African-American U.S. senator Tim Scott of South Carolina.[689]
In the 2008 presidential election, Republican presidential candidate John McCain won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[690] In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.[691] In the 2024 presidential election, Trump won 57% of White voters, 46% of Hispanic voters, 39% of Asian voters, and 13% of African American voters.[692]
Donald Trump won the popular vote in the 2024 United States presidential election as White voters without college degrees still strongly backed him, in addition to the gains made with Asian and Latino voters in comparison to the 2020 United States presidential election. As a whole, 84% of Trump voters were White.[693]
Religious communities
Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before
Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in 2016 and 56% of them supporting his presidency in 2018, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the Access Hollywood controversy.[695] In the 2020 United States presidential election in Utah, Trump won the state by about 21.5%, by a margin more than 20% lower compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in 2012 and George W. Bush in 2004. Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[696] Similarly, while Trump again won majority-Mormon Utah in 2024, the state had one of the smallest swings to the right and Trump's 22% margin was well below that of prior Republican presidential nominees.[697]
Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority of
Although once strongly Democratic, American Catholic voters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in 2016 and 52% voting for Biden in 2020. While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.[702]
Members of the business community
The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries. Republicans are 24 percent more likely to be business owners than Democrats.
Republican presidents
As of 2025, there have been 19 Republican presidents.
Recent electoral history
In congressional elections: 1950–present
House Election year | No. of overall House seats won |
+/– | Presidency | No. of overall Senate seats won |
+/–[j] | Senate Election year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 199 / 435
|
![]() |
Harry S. Truman | 47 / 96
|
![]() |
1950 |
1952 | 221 / 435
|
![]() |
Dwight D. Eisenhower | 49 / 96
|
![]() |
1952 |
1954 | 203 / 435
|
![]() |
47 / 96
|
![]() |
1954 | |
1956 | 201 / 435
|
![]() |
47 / 96
|
![]() |
1956 | |
1958 | 153 / 435
|
![]() |
34 / 98
|
![]() |
1958 | |
1960 | 175 / 437
|
![]() |
John F. Kennedy | 35 / 100
|
![]() |
1960 |
1962 | 176 / 435
|
![]() |
34 / 100
|
![]() |
1962 | |
1964 | 140 / 435
|
![]() |
Lyndon B. Johnson | 32 / 100
|
![]() |
1964 |
1966 | 187 / 435
|
![]() |
38 / 100
|
![]() |
1966 | |
1968 | 192 / 435
|
![]() |
Richard Nixon | 42 / 100
|
![]() |
1968 |
1970 | 180 / 435
|
![]() |
44 / 100
|
![]() |
1970 | |
1972 | 192 / 435
|
![]() |
41 / 100
|
![]() |
1972 | |
1974 | 144 / 435
|
![]() |
Gerald Ford | 38 / 100
|
![]() |
1974 |
1976 | 143 / 435
|
![]() |
Jimmy Carter | 38 / 100
|
![]() |
1976 |
1978 | 158 / 435
|
![]() |
41 / 100
|
![]() |
1978 | |
1980 | 192 / 435
|
![]() |
Ronald Reagan | 53 / 100
|
![]() |
1980 |
1982 | 166 / 435
|
![]() |
54 / 100
|
![]() |
1982 | |
1984 | 182 / 435
|
![]() |
53 / 100
|
![]() |
1984 | |
1986 | 177 / 435
|
![]() |
45 / 100
|
![]() |
1986 | |
1988 | 175 / 435
|
![]() |
George H. W. Bush | 45 / 100
|
![]() |
1988 |
1990 | 167 / 435
|
![]() |
44 / 100
|
![]() |
1990 | |
1992 | 176 / 435
|
![]() |
Bill Clinton | 43 / 100
|
![]() |
1992 |
1994 | 230 / 435
|
![]() |
53 / 100
|
![]() |
1994 | |
1996 | 227 / 435
|
![]() |
55 / 100
|
![]() |
1996 | |
1998 | 223 / 435
|
![]() |
55 / 100
|
![]() |
1998 | |
2000 | 221 / 435
|
![]() |
George W. Bush | 50 / 100
|
![]() |
2000[k] |
2002 | 229 / 435
|
![]() |
51 / 100
|
![]() |
2002 | |
2004 | 232 / 435
|
![]() |
55 / 100
|
![]() |
2004 | |
2006 | 202 / 435
|
![]() |
49 / 100
|
![]() |
2006 | |
2008 | 178 / 435
|
![]() |
Barack Obama | 41 / 100
|
![]() |
2008 |
2010 | 242 / 435
|
![]() |
47 / 100
|
![]() |
2010 | |
2012 | 234 / 435
|
![]() |
45 / 100
|
![]() |
2012 | |
2014 | 247 / 435
|
![]() |
54 / 100
|
![]() |
2014 | |
2016 | 241 / 435
|
![]() |
Donald Trump | 52 / 100
|
![]() |
2016 |
2018 | 200 / 435
|
![]() |
53 / 100
|
![]() |
2018 | |
2020 | 213 / 435
|
![]() |
Joe Biden | 50 / 100
|
![]() |
2020[l] |
2022 | 222 / 435
|
![]() |
49 / 100
|
![]() |
2022 | |
2024 | 220 / 435
|
![]() |
Donald Trump | 53 / 100
|
![]() |
2024 |
In presidential elections: 1856–present
Election | Presidential ticket | Votes | Vote % | Electoral votes | +/– | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1856 | John C. Frémont William L. Dayton |
1,342,345 | 33.1 | 114 / 296
|
New party | Lost |
1860 | Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin |
1,865,908 | 39.8 | 180 / 303
|
![]() |
Won |
1864 | Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson |
2,218,388 | 55.0 | 212 / 233
|
![]() |
Won |
1868 | Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax |
3,013,421 | 52.7 | 214 / 294
|
![]() |
Won |
1872 | Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson |
3,598,235 | 55.6 | 286 / 352
|
![]() |
Won |
1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler |
4,034,311 | 47.9 | 185 / 369
|
![]() |
Won[A] |
1880 | James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur |
4,446,158 | 48.3 | 214 / 369
|
![]() |
Won |
1884 | James G. Blaine John A. Logan |
4,856,905 | 48.3 | 182 / 401
|
![]() |
Lost |
1888 | Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton |
5,443,892 | 47.8 | 233 / 401
|
![]() |
Won[B] |
1892 | Benjamin Harrison Whitelaw Reid |
5,176,108 | 43.0 | 145 / 444
|
![]() |
Lost |
1896 | William McKinley Garret Hobart |
7,111,607 | 51.0 | 271 / 447
|
![]() |
Won |
1900 | William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt |
7,228,864 | 51.6 | 292 / 447
|
![]() |
Won |
1904 | Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks |
7,630,457 | 56.4 | 336 / 476
|
![]() |
Won |
1908 | William Howard Taft James S. Sherman |
7,678,395 | 51.6 | 321 / 483
|
![]() |
Won |
1912 | Nicholas M. Butler[m]
|
3,486,242 | 23.2 | 8 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost[C] |
1916 | Charles E. Hughes Charles W. Fairbanks |
8,548,728 | 46.1 | 254 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1920 | Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge |
16,144,093 | 60.3 | 404 / 531
|
![]() |
Won |
1924 | Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes |
15,723,789 | 54.0 | 382 / 531
|
![]() |
Won |
1928 | Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis |
21,427,123 | 58.2 | 444 / 531
|
![]() |
Won |
1932 | Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis |
15,761,254 | 39.7 | 59 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1936 | Alf Landon Frank Knox |
16,679,543 | 36.5 | 8 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1940 | Wendell Willkie Charles L. McNary |
22,347,744 | 44.8 | 82 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1944 | Thomas E. Dewey John W. Bricker |
22,017,929 | 45.9 | 99 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1948 | Thomas E. Dewey Earl Warren |
21,991,292 | 45.1 | 189 / 531
|
![]() |
Lost |
1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon |
34,075,529 | 55.2 | 442 / 531
|
![]() |
Won |
1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon |
35,579,180 | 57.4 | 457 / 531
|
![]() |
Won |
1960 | Richard Nixon Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. |
34,108,157 | 49.6 | 219 / 537
|
![]() |
Lost |
1964 | Barry Goldwater William E. Miller |
27,175,754 | 38.5 | 52 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
1968 | Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew |
31,783,783 | 43.4 | 301 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
1972 | Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew |
47,168,710 | 60.7 | 520 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
1976 | Gerald Ford Bob Dole |
38,148,634 | 48.0 | 240 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
1980 | Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush |
43,903,230 | 50.7 | 489 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
1984 | Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush |
54,455,472 | 58.8 | 525 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
1988 | George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle |
48,886,097 | 53.4 | 426 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
1992 | George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle |
39,104,550 | 37.4 | 168 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
1996 | Bob Dole Jack Kemp |
39,197,469 | 40.7 | 159 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
2000 | George W. Bush Dick Cheney |
50,456,002 | 47.9 | 271 / 538
|
![]() |
Won[D] |
2004 | George W. Bush Dick Cheney |
62,040,610 | 50.7 | 286 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
2008 | John McCain Sarah Palin |
59,948,323 | 45.7 | 173 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
2012 | Mitt Romney Paul Ryan |
60,933,504 | 47.2 | 206 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
2016 | Donald Trump Mike Pence |
62,984,828 | 46.1 | 304 / 538
|
![]() |
Won[E] |
2020 | Donald Trump Mike Pence |
74,223,975 | 46.8 | 232 / 538
|
![]() |
Lost |
2024 | Donald Trump JD Vance |
77,302,580 | 49.8 | 312 / 538
|
![]() |
Won |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Attributed to multiple sources.[26][268][269][270]
- ^ Includes Trumpism.[10][11][12]
- ^ a b Attributed to multiple sources:[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
- ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188]
- ^ Attributed to multiple references.[337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348]
- ^ Right-to-work laws ban union security agreements, which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.[404]
- ^ According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.[625] According to a poll by Quinnipiac, 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.[626]
- ^ a b c d Died in office.
- ^ Resigned from office.
- ^ Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.
- ^ Republican Vice President Dick Cheney provided a tie-breaking vote, initially giving Republicans a majority from Inauguration Day until Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.
- 117th Congress.
- ^ Incumbent vice-president James S. Sherman was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.
- ^ Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won a majority of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Grover Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote.
- Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.
- ^ Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Hillary Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote.
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In the 1980s and 1990s, as white Christian conservatives forged an alliance with the Republican Party, Christianity itself started to become a partisan symbol. Identifying as a Christian was no longer just about theology, community or family history — to many Americans, the label became uncomfortably tangled with the Christian Right's political agenda, which was itself becoming increasingly hard to separate from the GOP's political agenda.
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While right-libertarianism has been equated with libertarianism in general in the United States, left-libertarianism has become a more predominant aspect of politics in western European democracies over the past three decades. ... Since the 1950s, libertarianism in the United States has been associated almost exclusively with right-libertarianism ... As such, right-libertarianism in the United States remains a fruitful discourse with which to articulate conservative claims, even as it lacks political efficacy as a separate ideology. However, even without its own movement, libertarian sensibility informs numerous social movements in the United States, including the U.S. patriot movement, the gun-rights movement, and the incipient Tea Party movement.
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By comparison, the U.S. Republican Party (Gould 2014) is something of an outlier. This is principally a product of the uniqueness of the U.S. party system. Indeed, major shifts in the party's ideological focus can only in part be explained by its longevity (founded in 1854). Unlike its Liberal/Conservative counterparts in the Anglosphere and Europe, the Republican party machine is considerably weaker than any of its counterparts and the frequency of elections has profoundly shaped the way political elites relate to their party and develop policy ideas. Historically, the electoral system has buttressed a true two-party system, which meant building broad coalitions. Today that instinct is countermanded by growing electoral boundary manipu- lation which sees the party aim to disenfranchise ideological opponents, while narrowcasting to its own ideological base. These features are either unique or extreme by comparison to other centre-right parties discussed here. Given this, it is not surprising that where comparisons between parties have occurred, they have focused on ideological dimensions, policy ideas and the exchange of campaign techniques (see Wineinger and Nugent 2020). A primary driver of comparisons between the USA and other Anglosphere centre-right parties appears to be cultural and language affinities, and if anything, this highlights the relative lack of comparison between centre-right parties in the Anglosphere (such as Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada and Ireland) which share greater institutional similarities.
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In the late 20th century the Republican Party already looked a bit less liberal and more populist than most mainstream European parties. But according to the V-Dem Institute's analysis, it only really started to deviate to "illiberalism" when it embraced religious values under Mr Bush after his election in 2000. The party then veered into populism in 2010 with the rise of the Tea Party movement, which vowed to curb what it saw as the unjustifiable expansion of the federal government under Barack Obama. However, the greatest shift, especially towards illiberalism, came with the election of Mr Trump.
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Despite the appearance of being consolidated, the American political system is institutionally vulnerable to backsliding—from an electoral system fraught with so many deficiencies that election experts deem it archaic and undemocratic; to an imperial presidency that sits at the center of federal power and towers over the legislature and the judiciary; to the recent transformation of the Republican Party into an illiberal force more interested in acquiring power than in governing. ... The Republican Party's pivotal role in enabling backsliding in the Trump era mirrors the post-Communist experience. In recent years, the Republican party has fashioned itself after the Fidesz Party in Hungary (Europe's most sobering example of backsliding), from embracing the ideology of Christian Nationalism to using the state to fight culture wars to cynically rejecting the idea of democracy. In connection to the last point, a popular argument among Republican election deniers is that the United States is not a democracy but a republic. As noted by the New York Times, "There is more at stake than the health of the Republican Party when its core activists, as well as a growing number of officials and those campaigning for governmental positions, openly espouse hostility not just to democratic principles, but, increasingly, to the word 'democracy' itself." Indeed, this illiberal behavior puts American democracy in peril.
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A sharp repudiation at the polls would have checked the vogue for illiberal and identitarian ideologies and driven the Republican party back within the bounds of the liberal democratic political spectrum.
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Classical conservatives—such as the Christian Democrats in Europe or the Republican Party in the US before Donald Trump—are/were fervent supporters of political rights and constitutionalism, while illiberalism challenges them ... The struggle of the European People's Party to win concessions from Orbán's Fidesz or the Polish PiS, as well as the subjugation of the Republican Party by Donald Trump, have revealed how attractive illiberal leaders may be to the more mainstream right. As Marc Plattner has stated, the future of liberal democracy will largely depend on how successful or unsuccessful the classical conservative right is at resisting illiberalism.
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The election of Donald Trump in 2016 sparked a major debate over the nature and fate of the liberal international order, suddenly caught, it seemed, between the Charybdis of illiberal great-power challengers and the Scylla of a hostile U.S. president. Trump may have lost the presidency in 2020, but the liberal order remains under threat. ... In the United States, one of the two major political parties remains beholden to an authoritarian demagogue. Motivated by the "Big Lie" (the objectively false claim that Democrats stole the election from Trump through systematic voter fraud), the Republican Party is purging officials who stood in the way of efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Republican voter-suppression efforts are accelerating.
- ISSN 2673-3145. p. 12:
All the components of the fascist authoritarian model of illiberal democracy were evidenced in the recent 2020 U.S. presidential election. … In classic authoritarian fashion, Trump sought to remain in power by asserting his preferred fiction over more objective realities promoted by those in traditional, truth-based professions. Trump engaged in threat othering to work up his base so that they would support the use of force to "save" their country. The result of these combined mechanisms was the support of blatantly illiberal antidemocratic behavior at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.
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The rise of populist authoritarianism in the United States, especially by the risks that President Trump poses to core democratic values, practices and institutions, pose major threats to liberal democracy. ... When the populist style of governance is coupled with authoritarian values, however, this potent combination presents most dangerous risk to the principles and practices at the heart of liberal democracy. Trump falls into this category. ... populist-authoritarian forces threatening to dismantle core values in liberal democracy pose the gravest risk, especially in America, given the vast powers of the U.S. presidency and its hegemonic role in the world. The mainstream news media, the courts, and a reenergized civil society are actively pushing back to resist the threats to democracy arising from the Trump administration. In Congress and State Houses, however, the Democrats are decimated, and the Republican party and conservative activists seem willing to be seduced by dreams of power.
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Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism" and the proper role of government... ...the American right has nothing to do with maintaining the traditional social order, as in Europe. What it believes in is... individualism... The American right has tended towards... classical liberalism...
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