Republican Party (United States)

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Republican Party
AbbreviationGOP
ChairpersonMichael Whatley
Governing bodyRepublican National Committee
U.S. PresidentDonald Trump
U.S. Vice PresidentJD Vance
Senate Majority LeaderJohn Thune
Speaker of the HouseMike Johnson
House Majority LeaderSteve Scalise
FoundersAlvan E. Bovay[1]
Henry J. Raymond[2]
... and others
FoundedMarch 20, 1854; 170 years ago (1854-03-20)
Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.
Merger ofWhig Party[3][4][5][6]
Free Soil Party[7]
Anti-Nebraska movement[8]
Headquarters310 First Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Student wingCollege Republicans
High School Republican National Federation
Youth wing
Women's wingNational Federation of Republican Women
Overseas wingRepublicans Overseas
Ideology Factions:
Political positionCenter-right[16] to right-wing[17]
International affiliation
Elections

The Republican Party, also known as the Grand Old Party (GOP), is one of the

American politics
since then.

The Republican Party was founded in 1854 by

Free Soilers to form majorities in almost every northern state. White Southerners of the planter class became alarmed at the threat to the future of slavery in the United States. With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, the Southern states seceded from the United States. Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat the Confederate States in the American Civil War, thereby preserving the Union and abolishing slavery
.

After the war, the party largely dominated national politics until the Great Depression in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' New Deal programs proved popular. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election in 1952 was a rare break between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after World War II. Following the 1960s era of civil rights legislation, enacted by Democrats, the South became more reliably Republican, and Richard Nixon carried 49 states in the 1972 election, with what he touted as his "silent majority". The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner.[22] Since 2009,[23] the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks and shifted towards right-wing populism,[c] ultimately becoming its dominant faction.[a] Following the 2016 presidential election of Donald Trump, the party has pivoted towards Trumpism.[10][11][12][33]

In the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from

transgender rights. In foreign policy, the party establishment is interventionist, while the populist faction supports isolationism and in some cases non-interventionism
.

Following the 2024 elections, the party currently holds a federal government trifecta, controlling the presidency, as well as majorities in the Senate and House of Representatives.

History

19th century

Founding and U.S. Civil War

The Republican Party hosted its first Republican National Convention at Musical Fund Hall at 808 Locust Street in Philadelphia from June 17 to 19, 1856, nominating John C. Frémont as its presidential candidate in the 1856 presidential election.
Jayhawkers from Kansas
and an early Republican politician in the region

In 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the

At the first public meeting of the anti-Nebraska movement on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, the name "Republican" was proposed as the name of the party.[44] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[45] The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.[46]

The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing

Know Nothing Party, the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.[48][49]

At the Republican Party's

U.S. Congress, Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republican speaker of the House of Representatives, which went to Nathaniel P. Banks. Historian James M. McPherson writes regarding Banks' speakership that "if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it."[53]

Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president (1861–1865) and first Republican to hold the office

The Republicans were eager for

making a bid for the Senate in 1858, losing to Democrat Stephen A. Douglas but gaining national attention from the Lincoln–Douglas debates it produced.[52][55] At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Lincoln consolidated support among opponents of New York U.S. senator William H. Seward, a fierce abolitionist who some Republicans feared would be too radical for crucial states such as Pennsylvania and Indiana, as well as those who disapproved of his support for Irish immigrants.[54] Lincoln was elected president in the general election.[54] This election result helped kickstart the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 until 1865.[56]

Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution—which banned slavery, except as punishment for a crime—was ratified in 1865.[58]

Reconstruction

Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th president (1869–1877)

Following the

assassination of Lincoln, Johnson ascended to the presidency. Johnson was vitriolic in his criticisms of the Radical Republicans during a national tour ahead of the 1866 elections.[59] Anti-Johnson Republicans won a two-thirds majority in both chambers of Congress following the elections, which helped lead the way toward his impeachment and near ouster from office in 1868,[59] the same year Ulysses S. Grant was elected as the next Republican president
.

Grant was a Radical Republican, which created some division within the party.

tariffs despite the party's opposition.[62] Grant was easily re-elected.[63][64]

The 1876 presidential election saw a contentious conclusion as both parties claimed victory despite three southern states not officially declaring a winner at the end of election day. Voter suppression in the South gave Republican-controlled returning officers enough of a reason to declare that fraud, intimidation and violence had soiled the states' results. They proceeded to throw out enough Democratic votes for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be declared the winner.[65] Democrats refused to accept the results and the Electoral Commission made up of members of Congress was established to decide who would be awarded the states' electors. After the Commission voted along party lines in Hayes' favor, Democrats threatened to delay the counting of electoral votes indefinitely so no president would be inaugurated on March 4. This resulted in the Compromise of 1877 and Hayes finally became president.[66]

Gilded Age

U.S. secretary of state
(1881; 1889–1892)

Hayes doubled down on the gold standard, which had been signed into law by Grant with the Coinage Act of 1873, as a solution to the depressed American economy in the aftermath of that year's panic.[67] Ahead of the 1880 presidential election, both James G. Blaine and opponent John Sherman failed to win the Republican nomination; each then backed James A. Garfield for president.[68][69] Garfield won the 1880 presidential election, but was assassinated early in his term. His death helped create support for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was passed in 1883;[70] the bill was signed into law by Republican president Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield.

In 1884, Blaine won the Republican presidential nomination, but lost the general election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Cleveland was the first Democrat to be elected president since James Buchanan. Dissident Republicans, known as Mugwumps, had defected from Blaine due to the corruption which had plagued his political career.[71][72]

William McKinley, the 25th president (1897–1901)

Republican Benjamin Harrison defeated Cleveland in the 1888 election. During his presidency, Harrison signed the Dependent and Disability Pension Act, which established pensions for all veterans of the Union who had served for more than 90 days and were unable to perform manual labor.[73] Following his loss to Cleveland in the 1892 presidential election, Harrison unsuccessfully attempted to pass a treaty annexing Hawaii before Cleveland could be inaugurated. Most Republicans supported the proposed annexation,[74] but Cleveland opposed it.[75]

In the 1896 presidential election, Republican William McKinley's platform supported the gold standard and high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Though having been divided on the issue prior to that year's National Convention, McKinley decided to heavily favor the gold standard over free silver in his campaign messaging, but promised to continue bimetallism to ward off continued skepticism over the gold standard, which had lingered since the Panic of 1893.[76][77] Democrat William Jennings Bryan proved to be a devoted adherent to the free silver movement, which cost Bryan the support of Democratic institutions such as Tammany Hall, the New York World and a large majority of the Democratic Party's upper and middle-class support.[78] McKinley defeated Bryan[79] and returned the presidency to Republican control until the 1912 presidential election.[80]

20th century

Progressives vs. Standpatters

Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president (1901–1909)

New Deal Democrats in the 1930s. He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP, they found they did not agree with the new conservative economic thinking, leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party.[81]

The Republicans returned to the presidency in the 1920s, winning on

Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression.[85]

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal era

The New Deal coalition forged by Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1950s. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. The 1934 elections left the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.[86]

The Republican Party factionalized into

isolationists dominant in the Republican Party and the interventionists dominant in the Democratic Party. Roosevelt won a third term in 1940 and a fourth in 1944. Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to do away with Social Security or the agencies that regulated business.[88]

Historian

free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.[89]

After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman's Cold War foreign policy, funded the Marshall Plan and supported NATO, despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.[90]

Eisenhower era

Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president (1953–1961)

Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader senator

Eisenhower administration. Voters liked Eisenhower much more than they liked the GOP and he proved unable to shift the party to a more moderate position.[91]

From Goldwater to Reagan

Richard Nixon, the 37th president (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford, the 38th president (1974–1977)

Historians cite the 1964 presidential election and its respective National Convention as a significant shift, which saw the conservative wing, helmed by Arizona senator Barry Goldwater, battle liberal New York governor Nelson Rockefeller and his eponymous Rockefeller Republican faction for the nomination. With Goldwater poised to win, Rockefeller, urged to mobilize his liberal faction, retorted, "You're looking at it, buddy. I'm all that's left."[92][93]

Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, the southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.

The GOP went on to control the White House from 1969 to 1977 under 37th president Richard Nixon, and when he resigned in 1974 due to the Watergate scandal, Gerald Ford became the 38th president, serving until 1977. Ronald Reagan defeated incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 United States presidential election.[94]

Reagan era

Ronald Reagan, the 40th president (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush, the 41st president (1989–1993)

The

fall of the wall in 1989, and was retroactively seen as a defining achievement.[96] The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991.[97][98][99] Following Reagan's presidency, Republican presidential candidates often claimed to share Reagan's views and aimed to portray themselves and their policies as heirs to his legacy.[100]

Reagan's vice president, George H. W. Bush, won the presidency in a landslide in the 1988 election. However, his term was characterized by division within the Republican Party. Bush's vision of economic liberalization and international cooperation with foreign nations saw the negotiation and, during the presidency of Democrat Bill Clinton in the 1990s, the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the conceptual beginnings of the World Trade Organization.[101]

Bush lost his re-election bid in 1992. While there is debate about whether Perot's candidacy cost Bush re-election, Charlie Cook asserted that Perot's messaging carried weight with Republican and conservative voters.[102]

Gingrich Revolution

speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
(1995–1998)

In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party, led by House minority whip Newt Gingrich, who campaigned on the "Contract with America", won majorities in both chambers of Congress, gained 12 governorships, and regained control of 20 state legislatures. The Republican Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years, and won a majority of U.S. House seats in the South for the first time since Reconstruction.[103][104]

However, most voters had not heard of the Contract and the Republican victory was attributed to traditional mid-term anti-incumbent voting and Republicans becoming the majority party in the South for the first time since Reconstruction, winning many former Southern Democrats.[105] Gingrich was made speaker, and within the first 100 days of the Republican majority, every proposition featured in the Contract was passed, with the exception of term limits for members of Congress.[105][106] One key to Gingrich's success in 1994 was nationalizing the election,[104] which in turn led to his becoming a national figure during the 1996 House elections, with many Democratic leaders proclaiming Gingrich was a zealous radical.[107][108] Gingrich's strategy of "constitutional hardball" resulted in increasing political polarization driven primarily by Republicans.[109][110][111][112][113] The Republicans maintained their majority for the first time since 1928 despite Bob Dole losing handily to Clinton in the presidential election. However, Gingrich's national profile proved a detriment to the Republican Congress, which enjoyed majority approval among voters in spite of Gingrich's relative unpopularity.[107]

After Gingrich and the Republicans struck a deal with Clinton on the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which included tax cuts, the Republican House majority had difficulty convening on a new agenda ahead of the 1998 elections.[114] During the ongoing impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, Gingrich decided to make Clinton's misconduct the party message heading into the elections, believing it would add to their majority. The strategy proved mistaken and the Republicans lost five seats, though whether it was due to poor messaging or Clinton's popularity providing a coattail effect is debated.[115] Gingrich was ousted from party power due to the performance, ultimately deciding to resign from Congress altogether. For a short time afterward, it appeared Louisiana representative Bob Livingston would become his successor; Livingston, however, stepped down from consideration and resigned from Congress after damaging reports of affairs threatened the Republican House's legislative agenda if he were to serve as speaker.[116] Illinois representative Dennis Hastert was promoted to speaker in Livingston's place, serving in that position until 2007.[117]

21st century

George W. Bush

George W. Bush, the 43rd president (2001–2009) and son of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president (1989–1993)

Republican

compassionate conservative" in 2000, wanting to better appeal to immigrants and minority voters.[119] The goal was to prioritize drug rehabilitation programs and aid for prisoner reentry into society, intending to capitalize on President Clinton's tougher crime initiatives such as his 1994 crime bill. The platform failed to gain much traction among members of the party during his presidency.[120]

The Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s, as both strong

social conservatives opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated, secular, and liberal government.[121] This period saw the rise of "pro-government conservatives"—a core part of the Bush's base—a considerable group of the Republicans who advocated for increased government spending, greater regulation, and an activist and interventionist foreign policy.[122] Survey groups such as the Pew Research Center found that social conservatives and free market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three roughly equal in number.[123][124] However, libertarians and libertarian-leaning conservatives increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure.[125] In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that conflicted with their moral values.[126]

Democrats gained control of the Senate on June 6, 2001. The Republicans regained the Senate majority in the 2002 elections, helped by Bush's surge in popularity following the September 11 attacks, and Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control of both chambers in the 2006 elections, largely due to increasing opposition to the Iraq War.[127][128][129]

In the 2008 presidential election, Arizona Republican senator John McCain was defeated by Illinois Democratic senator Barack Obama.[130]

Tea Party movement

The Republicans experienced electoral success in

federal budget deficit through decreased government spending.[136][137] The Tea Party movement was also described as a popular constitutional movement[138] comprising libertarian,[139] right-wing populist,[140] and conservative activism.[141]

The Tea Party movement's electoral success began with Scott Brown's upset win in the January Senate special election in Massachusetts; the seat had been held for decades by Democrat Ted Kennedy.[142] In November, Republicans recaptured control of the House, increased their number of seats in the Senate, and gained a majority of governorships.[143] The Tea Party would go on to strongly influence the Republican Party, in part due to the replacement of establishment Republicans with Tea Party-style Republicans.[135]

When Obama was re-elected president in 2012, defeating Republican Mitt Romney,[144] the Republican Party lost seven seats in the House, but still retained control of that chamber.[145] However, Republicans were unable to gain control of the Senate.[146] In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party.[147][148][149] A 2012 election post-mortem by the Republican Party concluded that the party needed to do more on the national level to attract votes from minorities and young voters.[150] In March 2013, Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus issued a report on the party's electoral failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He proposed 219 reforms, including a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities, and gay people; the setting of a shorter, more controlled primary season; and the creation of better data collection facilities.[151]

Following the 2014 elections, the Republican Party took control of the Senate by gaining nine seats.[152] With 247 seats in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the Congress since the 71st Congress in 1929.[153]

Trump era

Donald Trump, the 45th and 47th president (2017–2021; since 2025)

In

Democratic blue wall for decades.[155] It was attributed to strong support amongst working-class white voters, who felt dismissed and disrespected by the political establishment.[156][157] Trump became popular with them by abandoning Republican establishment orthodoxy in favor of a broader nationalist message.[155] His election accelerated the Republican Party's shift towards right-wing populism and resulted in decreasing influence among its conservative factions.[c]

After the 2016 elections, Republicans maintained their majority in the Senate, the House, and governorships, and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history.[158] The Party also held 33 governorships,[159] the most it had held since 1922.[160] The party had total control of government in 25 states,[161][162] the most since 1952.[163] The opposing Democratic Party held full control of only five states in 2017.[164] In the 2018 elections, Republicans lost control of the House, but strengthened their hold on the Senate.[165]

Over the course of his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to

Arab states.[167][168][169] The second half of his term was increasingly controversial, as he implemented a family separation policy for migrants, deployed federal law enforcement forces in response to racial protests and reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic before clashing with health officials over testing and treatment.[170][171][172] Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives in 2019 on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate voted to acquit him.[173]

Trump lost

Biden presidency, and he was acquitted on February 13, 2021.[176] Since the 2020 election, election denial has become increasingly mainstream in the party,[177] with the majority of 2022 Republican candidates being election deniers.[178] The party also made efforts to restrict voting based on false claims of fraud.[179][180] By 2020, the Republican Party had greatly shifted towards illiberalism following the election of Trump,[d] and research conducted by the V-Dem Institute concluded that the party was more similar to Europe's most right-wing parties such as Law and Justice in Poland or Fidesz in Hungary.[181][189]

In 2022 and 2023, Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump proved decisive in landmark decisions on gun rights, abortion, and affirmative action.[190][191] The party went into the 2022 elections confident and with analysts predicting a red wave, but it ultimately underperformed expectations, with voters in swing states and competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates who had been endorsed by Trump or who had denied the results of the 2020 election.[192][193][194] The party won control of the House with a narrow majority,[195] but lost the Senate and several state legislative majorities and governorships.[196][197][198] The results led to a number of Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party's main figurehead and leader.[199][200]

Despite the 2022 midterm disappointments, Trump

electoral college 312–226, becoming the first Republican to win the popular vote since George W. Bush in 2004, and (relative to the 2020 election) improving his vote share among working class voters, particularly among young men, those without college degrees, and Hispanic voters.[202] The Republicans also held the House (albeit with a slim majority) and retook control of the Senate, securing the first Republican federal trifecta
since Trump's first presidency in 2017.

Current status

As of 2025, the GOP holds the presidency, and majorities in both the

U.S. Supreme Court justices were appointed by Republican presidents. There have been 19 Republicans who've served as president, the most from any one political party, the most recent being current president Donald Trump, who became the 47th president on January 20, 2025. Trump also served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.[203]

Name and symbols

The Republican Party's founding members chose its name as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Democratic-Republican Party, which its founder, Thomas Jefferson, called the "Republican Party".[204] The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".[205] The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[206] "Republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[127][207]

The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the

Cincinnati Commercial, the term was modified to "grand old party". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.[208]

The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[209] An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[210][211] In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party.[212]

Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.[213][214][215] After the 2000 presidential election, the color red became associated with Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue. Due to the weeks-long dispute over the election results, these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.[216]

  • An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[217]
    An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[217]
  • The red, white and blue elephant
    The red, white and blue elephant
  • The GOP banner logo, c. 2013
    The GOP banner logo, c. 2013
  • A GOP banner logo, c. 2017
    A GOP banner logo, c. 2017

Factions

Civil War and Reconstruction era

U.S. representative Thaddeus Stevens, considered a leader of the Radical Republicans, was a fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against African Americans.

The

Stalwarts
, who supported machine politics.

Moderate Republicans were known for their loyal support of President Abraham Lincoln's war policies and expressed antipathy towards the more militant stances advocated by the Radical Republicans. In contrast to Radicals, Moderate Republicans were less enthusiastic on the issue of Black suffrage even while embracing civil equality and the expansive federal authority observed throughout the American Civil War. They were also skeptical of the lenient, conciliatory Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson. Members of the Moderate Republicans comprised in part of previous Radical Republicans who became disenchanted with the alleged corruption of the latter faction. They generally opposed efforts by Radical Republicans to rebuild the Southern U.S. under an economically mobile, free-market system.[219]

20th century

Ronald Reagan speaks in support of Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater during the 1964 presidential campaign

The 20th century saw the Republican party split into an

Rockefeller Republicans. Opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal saw the formation of the conservative coalition.[87] The 1950s saw fusionism of traditionalist and social conservatism and right-libertarianism,[220] along with the rise of the First New Right to be followed in 1964 with a more populist Second New Right.[221]

The rise of the Reagan coalition in the 1980s began what has been called the Reagan era. Reagan's rise displaced the liberal-moderate faction of the GOP and established Reagan-style conservatism as the prevailing ideological faction of the Party for the next thirty years, until the rise of the right-wing populist faction.[9][222] Reagan conservatives generally supported policies that favored limited government, individualism, traditionalism, republicanism, and limited federal governmental power in relation to the states.[223]

21st century

Republicans began the 21st century with the election of

War on Terror.[224] The election of Barack Obama saw the formation of the Tea Party movement in 2009 that coincided with a global rise in right-wing populist movements from the 2010s to 2020s.[225] The global rise in right-wing populism has been attributed to factors including higher educational attainment, a decline in organized religion, and backlash to globalization.[32][226][227]

Right-wing populism became an increasingly dominant ideological faction within the GOP throughout the 2010s and helped lead to the election of Donald Trump in 2016.[156] Starting in the 1970s and accelerating in the 2000s, American right-wing interest groups invested heavily in external mobilization vehicles that led to the organizational weakening of the GOP establishment. The outsize role of conservative media, in particular Fox News, led to it being followed and trusted more by the Republican base over traditional party elites. The depletion of organizational capacity partly led to Trump's victory in the Republican primaries against the wishes of a very weak party establishment and traditional power brokers.[228]: 27–28  Trump's election exacerbated internal schisms within the GOP,[228]: 18  and saw the GOP move from a center coalition of moderates and conservatives to a solidly right-wing party hostile to liberal views and any deviations from the party line.[229]

The Party has since faced intense factionalism.[230][231] These factions are particularly apparent in the U.S. House of Representatives, where three Republican House leaders (Eric Cantor, John Boehner, and Kevin McCarthy) have been ousted since 2009.[23][232][233][234][235][236]

The victory of Trump in the 2024 presidential election saw the party increasingly shift towards Trumpism,[237][10] and party criticism of Trump was described as being muted to non-existent. The New York Times described it as a "hostile takeover",[238] and a victory of right-wing populism over the old conservative establishment.[237][32] Polling found that 53% of Republican voters saw loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and what it means to be a Republican.[239]

Conservatives

Percent of self-identified conservatives by state as of 2018, according to a Gallup poll:[240]
  45% and above
  40–44%
  35–39%
  30–34%
  25–29%
  24% and under

Ronald Reagan's presidential election in 1980 established Reagan-style American conservatism as the dominant ideological faction of the Republican Party until the election of Donald Trump in 2016.[26][9][241][222][242][243][244][38] Trump's 2016 election split both the GOP and larger conservative movement into Trumpist and anti-Trump factions.[245][246] Demographically, the party has lost majority support from white voters with college degrees, while continuing to gain among voters without college degrees.[247][34][35]

The party's establishment conservative faction has since lost its influence.[241][26][242] Many conservatives critical of the Trumpist faction have also lost influence within the party.[248][249] Former Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives as retaliation for her criticism of Trump in 2021,[250] and was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022.[251] Mitt Romney, the Republican presidential nominee in 2012, chose not to run for re-election in the 2024 U.S. Senate election in Utah.[252][253] Trump's first vice president Mike Pence has since distanced himself from Trump, and chose not to endorse Trump in the 2024 presidential election. Likewise, Trump decided not to have Pence as his Vice President again, instead choosing JD Vance.[254][255]

The party still maintains long-time ideologically conservative positions on many issues.[256] Traditional modern conservatives combine support for free-market economic policies with social conservatism and a hawkish approach to foreign policy.[22] Other parts of the conservative movement are composed of fiscal conservatives and deficit hawks.[257]

In foreign policy,

War on Terror.[224] Since the election of Trump in 2016, neoconservatism has declined and non-interventionism and isolationism has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.[37][258][259]

Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the elections of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.[37] These have resulted in shifts towards greater support for national conservatism,[260] protectionism,[261] cultural conservatism, a more realist foreign policy, a conspiracist sub-culture, a repudiation of neoconservatism, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.[37][262] There are significant divisions within the party on the issues of abortion and same-sex marriage.[263][264]

Conservative caucuses include the Republican Study Committee and Freedom Caucus.[265][266]

Right-wing populists

right-wing populist.[267]

Right-wing populism is the dominant political faction of the GOP.[a] Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,[271][272] Republican populists have been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,[156][273][274] national conservatism,[275] neo-nationalism,[276] and Trumpism.[10][277][278][279][280][281]

The Republican Party's right-wing populist movements emerged in concurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,[225][227] coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010.[282] This included the rise of the Tea Party movement, which has also been described as far-right.[283]

Businessman

conspiracy theories,[288][289][290] and his views are described as right-wing to far-right.[291][292][293][294][295]

According to political scientists Matt Grossmann and David A. Hopkins, the Republican Party's gains among white voters without college degrees and corresponding losses among white voters with college degrees contributed to the rise of right-wing populism.[35] Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group, but have since become a Democratic-leaning group.[296][297] In the 2020 presidential election, Joe Biden became the first Democratic president to win a majority of white voters with college degrees (51–48%) since 1964, while Trump won white voters without college degrees 67–32%.[298][299][34]

According to historian Gary Gerstle, Trumpism gained support in opposition to neoliberalism, including opposition to free trade,[39] immigration, globalization, and internationalism.[38][227] Trump won the 2016 and 2024 presidential elections by winning states in the Rust Belt that had suffered from population decline and deindustrialization, specifically Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.[300][226] Compared to other Republicans, the populist faction is more likely to oppose legal immigration,[301] free trade,[302] neoconservatism,[303] and environmental protection laws.[304] It has been described as featuring anti-intellectualism and overtly racial appeals.[24][305]

In international relations, populists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[306][307] are generally supportive of improving relations with Russia,[308][309][310] and favor an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[311][312][313][263]

The party's far-right faction includes members of the Freedom Caucus.[314][315][316][317] Former representative Matt Gaetz, who is affiliated with the populist faction, led the 2023 rebellion against then-Speaker of the House Kevin McCarthy.[318][319][320] Former Democratic Representative Tulsi Gabbard, who joined the Republican Party in 2024, has also been described as embracing populist policies.[321][322] They generally reject compromise within the party and with the Democrats,[323][324] and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.[325][326] According to sociologist Joe Feagin, political polarization by racially extremist Republicans as well as their increased attention from conservative media has perpetuated the near extinction of moderate Republicans and created legislative paralysis at numerous government levels in the last few decades.[327][328]

Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at Marquette University, noted that not all populist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans such as Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.[329][330] The continued dominance of Trump within the GOP has limited the success of this strategy.[331][332][333] In 2024, Trump led a takeover of the Republican National Committee, installing Lara Trump as its new co-chair.[334]

A FiveThirtyEight analysis found that of the 293 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2017 (52 Senators and 241 Representatives), just 121 (41%) were left on January 20, 2025. There were many reasons for the turnover, including retirements and deaths, losing general and primary elections, seeking other office, etc., but the extent of the change is still stark. There were 273 Republican members of Congress on January 20, 2025 (53 Senators and 220 Representatives). Trump also changed his vice president, from Mike Pence to JD Vance, and both houses of Congress had changed their top leadership, from Paul Ryan to Mike Johnson in the House and Mitch McConnell to John Thune in the Senate.[33]

Christian right

House Speaker Mike Johnson (2023–present)

Since the rise of the

The Christian right is strongest in the Bible Belt, which covers most of the Southern United States.[351] Mike Pence, Donald Trump's vice president from 2017 to 2021, was a member of the Christian right.[352] In October 2023, a member of the Christian right faction, Louisiana representative Mike Johnson, was elected the 56th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.[353][354]

Libertarians

The Republican Party has a

gun rights, oppose mass surveillance, and support reforms to current laws surrounding civil asset forfeiture. Right-wing libertarians are strongly divided on the subject of abortion.[357] Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include Rand Paul, a U.S. senator from Kentucky,[358][359] Kentucky's 4th congressional district congressman Thomas Massie,[360] and Utah senator Mike Lee.[358][361]

During the

technolibertarian elements, particularly Elon Musk, who was subsequently nominated to lead the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).[364][365][366]

Moderates

Moderates in the Republican Party are an ideologically centrist group that predominantly come from the

environmental regulation and action on climate change, fewer restrictions on immigration and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants.[369] In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party,[370][371][372] and the faction is in decline.[373][374][375][376][377][378]

Notable moderate Republicans include Senators Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine,[379][380][381][382] Nevada governor Joe Lombardo, Vermont governor Phil Scott,[383] New Hampshire governor Kelly Ayotte, and former Maryland governor Larry Hogan.[384][385]

Political positions

Economic policies

Republicans believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity.[386] Reduction in income taxes is a core component of Republicans' fiscal agenda.[387]

Taxes

Tax cuts have been at the core of Republican economic policy since 1980.

higher tax rates for higher earners, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending. Republican lawmakers have also sought to limit funding for tax enforcement and tax collection.[391]

As per a 2021 study that measured Republicans' congressional votes, the modern Republican Party's economic policy positions tend to align with business interests and the affluent.[392][393][394][395][396]

Spending

Republicans advocate in favor of fiscal conservatism. Republican administrations have, since the late 1960s, supported underfunded sectors like national defense, veterans affairs, and infrastructure.[397][398][399]

Entitlements

Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They also believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor through charity than the government is through welfare programs and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency.[400] As of November 2022, all 11 states that had not expanded Medicaid had Republican-controlled state legislatures.[401]

Labor unions and the minimum wage

The Republican Party is generally opposed to labor unions.

right-to-work laws.[f][citation needed
]

Most Republicans also oppose increases in the minimum wage.

Trade

Representative Justin S. Morrill (R-VT) drafted the Morrill Tariff, inaugurating a period of protectionism in the United States until 1913.[405]

The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on international trade throughout its history, but has usually been in favor of protectionism. The official Republican Party platform adopted in 2024 opposes free trade and supports enacting tariffs on imports.[406]

In both of his terms as president, Trump enacted tariffs on imports to the United States. In particular, Trump imposed 25% tariffs on Canada and Mexico and 10% tariffs on China in February 2025.[407] Trump has expressed his admiration for Republican William McKinley's trade policies. McKinley was the author of the Tariff Act of 1890, and both Trump and McKinley nicknamed themselves as a "Tariff Man".[408]

At its inception, the Republican Party supported

protective tariffs. Abraham Lincoln enacted tariffs during the Civil War.[405][409] The great battle over the high Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act in 1910 caused a split in the party.[410] The Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 marked a sharp departure from the era of protectionism in the United States. American duties on foreign products declined from an average of 46% in 1934 to 12% by 1962, which included the presidency of Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower.[411] After World War II, the U.S. promoted the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947, to minimize tariffs and other restrictions, and to liberalize trade among all capitalist countries.[412][413]
During the
Canada–U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1987, which led in 1994 to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) based on Reagan's plan to enlarge the scope of the market for American firms to include Canada and Mexico. President Bill Clinton, with strong Republican support in 1993, pushed NAFTA through Congress over the vehement objection of labor unions.[415][416]

The 2016 election marked a return to supporting protectionism, beginning with

trade war with China, and negotiated the USMCA as a successor to NAFTA.[418][420]

Trump also blocked appointments to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, rendering it unable to enforce and punish violators of WTO rules.[421][422] Subsequently, disregard for trade rules has increased, leading to more trade protectionist measures.[423] The Biden administration has maintained Trump's freeze on new appointments.[422]

Environmental policies

Democrats and Republicans have diverged on the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, with Republicans' assessment remaining essentially unchanged over the past decade.[424]
Opinion about human causation of climate change increased substantially with education among Democrats, but not among Republicans.[425] Conversely, opinions favoring becoming carbon neutral declined substantially with age among Republicans, but not among Democrats.[425]

Historically,

scientific consensus, making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.[442]

In 2006, then-

challenged in the Supreme Court by 12 states,[443] with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007.[444] Bush also publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols[428][445] which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and thereby combat climate change; his position was heavily criticized by climate scientists.[446]

The Republican Party rejects

energy independence for the United States. Some Republicans support increased oil drilling in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a position that has drawn criticism from activists.[448]

Many Republicans during the presidency of Barack Obama opposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building the Keystone Pipeline; this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.[449][450][451]

According to the

global warming is both real and man-made." The group found eight members who acknowledged it, although the group acknowledged there could be more and that not all members of Congress have taken a stance on the issue.[454][455]

From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.[456] In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.[457]

Health care

The party opposes a

single-payer health care system,[458][459] describing it as socialized medicine. It also opposes the Affordable Care Act[460] and expansions of Medicaid.[461] Historically, there have been diverse and overlapping views within both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on the role of government in health care, but the two parties became highly polarized on the topic during 2008–2009 and onwards.[462]

Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establish

By 2020, Republican officials have increasingly adopted anti-vaccine activism and policy.[467]

Foreign policy

The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to multilateralism in American foreign policy.[468] Neoconservatism, which supports unilateralism and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has had some influence in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.[469] Some, including paleoconservatives,[470] call for non-interventionism and an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[37][258][259] This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump, demanding that the United States reset its previous interventionist foreign policy and encourage allies and partners to take greater responsibility for their own defense.[471]

Israel

During the 1940s, Republicans predominantly opposed the cause of an independent Jewish state due to the influence of conservatives of the Old Right.[472] In 1948, Democratic President Harry Truman became the first world leader to recognize an independent state of Israel,[473] though Truman's pro-Israel stance had the notable support of Robert A. Taft, a leading Senate Republican and an early advocate for military support to Israel.[474]

The rise of

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, Trump blamed Netanyahu for having failed to prevent the attack.[478] Trump previously criticized the Israeli settlements in the West Bank and expressed doubt about whether Netanyahu truly desired peace with the Palestinians.[479] According to i24NEWS, the 2020s have seen declining support for Israel among nationalist Republicans, led by individuals such as Tucker Carlson.[472][480] Nevertheless, the 2024 Republican Party platform reaffirmed the party would "stand with Israel" and called for the deportation of "pro-Hamas radicals", while expressing a desire for peace in the Middle East.[481]

Taiwan

In the party's 2016 platform,[482] its stance on Taiwan is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself".

War on terror

Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, neoconservatives in the party have supported the War on Terror, including the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, while other prominent Republicans, such as Ted Cruz, strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.[483] In the 2020s, Trumpist Republicans such as Matt Gaetz supported reducing U.S. military presence abroad and ending intervention in countries such as Somalia.[484]

Europe, Russia and Ukraine

The 2016 Republican platform eliminated references to giving weapons to

Amid the

House Intelligence Committee chairman Mike Turner confirmed McCaul's assessment, asserting that some propaganda coming directly from Russia could be heard on the House floor. Republican senator Thom Tillis characterized the influential conservative commentator Tucker Carlson, who frequently expresses pro-Russia sentiments, as Russia's "useful idiot".[489][490][491][492]

In April 2024, a majority of Republican members of the

U.S. House of Representatives voted against a military aid package to Ukraine.[493] Both Trump and Senator JD Vance, the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and vice presidential nominee respectively, have been vocal critics of military aid to Ukraine and advocates of a peace deal between Russia and Ukraine.[494][495][496][497] The 2024 Republican Party platform did not mention Russia or Ukraine, but stated the party's objectives to "prevent World War III" and "restore peace to Europe".[498]

Foreign relations and aid

In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[499]

Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[500][501][502]

A survey by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs shows that "Trump Republicans seem to prefer a US role that is more independent, less cooperative, and more inclined to use military force to deal with the threats they see as the most pressing".[503]

Social issues

The Republican Party is generally associated with

opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana.[504] The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that the Christian right has had in the party since the 1970s.[505][506][507] Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.[504][508]

Abortion and embryonic stem cell research

The Republican position on abortion has changed significantly over time.[336][509] During the 1960s and early 1970s, opposition to abortion was concentrated among members of the political left and the Democratic Party; most liberal Catholics — which tended to vote for the Democratic Party — opposed expanding abortion access while most conservative evangelical Protestants supported it.[509]

During this period, Republicans generally favored legalized abortion more than Democrats,[510][511] although significant heterogeneity could be found within both parties.[512] Leading Republican political figures, including Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, took pro-choice positions until the early 1980s.[510] However, starting at this point, both George H.W. Bush and Ronald Reagan described themselves as pro-life during their presidencies.

In the 21st century, both George W. Bush[513] and Donald Trump described themselves as "pro-life" during their terms. However, Trump stated that he supported the legality and ethics of abortion before his candidacy in 2015.[514]

Summarizing the rapid shift in the Republican and Democratic positions on abortion, Sue Halpern writes:[336]

...in the late 1960s and early 1970s, many Republicans were behind efforts to liberalize and even decriminalize abortion; theirs was the party of reproductive choice, while Democrats, with their large Catholic constituency, were the opposition. Republican governor Ronald Reagan signed the California Therapeutic Abortion Act, one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country, in 1967, legalizing abortion for women whose mental or physical health would be impaired by pregnancy, or whose pregnancies were the result of rape or incest. The same year, the Republican strongholds of North Carolina and Colorado made it easier for women to obtain abortions. New York, under Governor Nelson Rockefeller, a Republican, eliminated all restrictions on women seeking to terminate pregnancies up to twenty-four weeks gestation.... Richard Nixon, Barry Goldwater, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush were all pro-choice, and they were not party outliers. In 1972, a Gallup poll found that 68 percent of Republicans believed abortion to be a private matter between a woman and her doctor. The government, they said, should not be involved...

Since the 1980s, opposition to abortion has become strongest in the party among traditionalist Catholics and conservative Protestant evangelicals.[336][512][515] Initially, evangelicals were relatively indifferent to the cause of abortion and overwhelmingly viewed it as a concern that was sectarian and Catholic.[515] Historian Randall Balmer notes that Billy Graham's Christianity Today published in 1968 a statement by theologian Bruce Waltke that:[516] "God does not regard the fetus as a soul, no matter how far gestation has progressed. The Law plainly exacts: "If a man kills any human life he will be put to death" (Lev. 24:17). But according to Exodus 21:22–24, the destruction of the fetus is not a capital offense. ... Clearly, then, in contrast to the mother, the fetus is not reckoned as a soul." Typical of the time, Christianity Today "refused to characterize abortion as sinful" and cited "individual health, family welfare, and social responsibility" as "justifications for ending a pregnancy."[517] Similar beliefs were held among conservative figures in the Southern Baptist Convention, including W. A. Criswell, who is partially credited with starting the "conservative resurgence" within the organization, who stated: "I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." Balmer argues that evangelical American Christianity being inherently tied to opposition to abortion is a relatively new occurrence.[517][518] After the late 1970s, he writes, opinion against abortion among evangelicals rapidly shifted in favor of its prohibition.[515]

Today, opinion polls show that Republican voters are heavily divided on the legality of abortion,

anti-abortion and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.[519] There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the Roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.[520][521][522] As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.[520][521] Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably Planned Parenthood.[523] This includes support for the Hyde Amendment
.

Until its dissolution in 2018, Republican Majority for Choice, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[524]

The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.[525][526]

After the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, a majority of Republican-controlled states passed near-total bans on abortion, rendering it largely illegal throughout much of the United States.[527][528]

Affirmative action

Republicans generally oppose

meritocratic and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination. According to a 2023 ABC poll, a majority of Americans (52%) and 75% of Republicans supported the Supreme Court's decision in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard prohibiting race as a factor in college admissions, compared to only 26% of Democrats.[529]

The 2012 Republican national platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms...Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society."[530][531][532][533]

Gun ownership

A 2021 survey of U.S. opinion on gun control issues, revealing deep divides along political lines.[534]

Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns. According to a 2023 Pew Research Center poll, 45% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents personally own firearms, compared to 32% for the general public and 20% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[535]

The

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Republicans allied with the NRA during the Republican Revolution in 1994.[537] Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support,[538] such as in the 2013 Colorado recall election which resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.[539]

In contrast, George H. W. Bush, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the Oklahoma City bombing authored by CEO Wayne LaPierre, and publicly resigned in protest.[540]

Drug legalization

Republican elected officials have historically supported the

legalization or decriminalization of drugs such as marijuana.[541][542][543]

Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.[544][545] A 2021 Quinnipiac poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.[541] Some Republican-controlled states have legalized medical and recreational marijuana in recent years.[546]

Immigration

The Republican Party has taken widely varying views on immigration throughout its history.[9] In the period between 1850 and 1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than the Democrats. The GOP's opposition was, in part, caused by its reliance on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties such as the Know-Nothings. In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor); during this period, the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers with which to compete). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.[547]

In 2006, the Republican-led Senate passed

113th Congress.[551] In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway to citizenship concept.[552]

In 2016, Donald Trump proposed to build a wall along the southern border of the United States. Trump immigration policies during his administration included a travel ban from multiple Muslim-majority countries, a Remain in Mexico policy for asylum-seekers, a controversial family separation policy, and attempting to end DACA.[301][553] During the tenure of Democratic President Joe Biden, the Republican Party has continued to take a hardline stance against illegal immigration. The Party largely opposes immigration reform,[554] although there are widely differing views on immigration within the Party.[551] The Party's proposed 2024 platform was opposed to immigration, and called for the mass deportation of all illegal immigrants in the United States.[40] A 2024 Pew Research Center poll found that 88% of Donald Trump's supporters favored mass deportation of all illegal immigrants, compared to 27% of Kamala Harris supporters.[555]

LGBT issues

Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on

LGBT conservatives and allies and advocates for LGBT rights.[558][559]

From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed same-sex marriage, while being divided on the issue of civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex couples.[560] During the 2004 election, George W. Bush campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.[561][562] In both 2004[563] and 2006,[564] President Bush, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and House Majority Leader John Boehner promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples.[565][566][567] In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[568] As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[569] The 2016 GOP Platform defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling legalizing same-sex marriages.[570][571] The 2020 platform, which reused the 2016 platform, retained the statements against same-sex marriage.[572][573][574]

Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in

LGBT Pride Month.[576] Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.[577] However, other Republicans such as Vivek Ramaswamy do not support such a ban,[578]
and Donald Trump has not indicated that he will seek to reimplement such a policy in his second term.

The Republican Party platform previously opposed the

proposed or passed laws that have been described as anti-trans by critics,[588][589][590][591][592][593][594] as well as laws limiting or banning public performances of drag shows, and teaching schoolchildren about LGBT topics.[595]

On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair Ronna McDaniel announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition", in partnership with the Log Cabin Republicans, to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.[596] However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program did not alter the 2016 GOP Platform.[597]

As of 2023, a majority of Republican voters support same-sex marriage.[556][598][599] According to FiveThirtyEight, as of 2022, Republican voters are consistently more open to same-sex marriage than their representatives.[600][601] The party platform approved at the 2024 Republican National Convention no longer states that marriage should be between "one man and one woman", though it did oppose the inclusion of transgender women in women's sports and teaching about LGBT topics in schools.[40] According to a 2023 YouGov poll, Republicans are slightly more likely to oppose intersex medical alterations than Democrats.[602][603]

In November 2024, Trump nominated Scott Bessent for United States secretary of the treasury.[604] If confirmed by the United States Senate, he will be the second openly gay man to serve in the Cabinet of the United States (after Pete Buttigieg) and the fourth openly gay man to serve in a cabinet-level office (after Demetrios Marantis, Richard Grenell and Buttigieg).[605] As the secretary of the treasury is fifth in the United States presidential line of succession, he will become the highest-ranking openly LGBT person in American history.[606]

Voting rights

Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of

voter fraud, saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and voter ID laws among the general population.[607][608][609]

In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,[610][611][612][613] and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[612][613]

After the Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder rolled back aspects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[614] The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[615]

After Donald Trump and his

ballot drop boxes, and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.[619][620] Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results in swing states won by Biden.[621][622][623][624]

Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,[g] as justification.[627][628][629] Political analysts say that the efforts amount to voter suppression, are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect minority voters.[630][631][632][633]

Composition

According to a 2025

Mountain States, and Alaska.[635]

The Republican party's core voting demographics are White voters without college degrees and White Southerners. Racial polarization is extremely high in the Southern United States, with White Southerners almost entirely voting for the Republican Party and Black Southerners almost entirely voting for the Democratic Party.[636]

As of 2024, the Republican Party has support from a majority of Arab,[637] Native,[638] and White[638] voters, and increasingly among Hispanics[639] and Asians.[640]

A majority of working-class,[639] rural,[227] men,[638] individuals without college degrees,[638] and lower income voters vote for the party.[641] Traditionalist religious voters,[642] including Evangelicals[638] Latter-Day Saints, Muslims,[637] and Catholic[638] voters lean towards the Republicans.[34][35] The party has made gained significantly among the white working class,[639] Asians,[640] Arabs,[637] Hispanics,[638] Native Americans,[638] and Orthodox Jews,[643][644] but lost support among upper middle class and college-educated whites.[297][296][641][645]

Demographics

Income

Until 2016, higher income was strongly correlated to voting for the Republican Party among the general electorate. However, in all three of Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, the previous correlation between higher incomes and voting for the Republican Party was largely eliminated among the electorate as a whole.[646] For White voters, instead higher educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for the Democratic Party.[297]

In the 2024 presidential election, Trump did better among lower-income voters than high-income voters, the first time ever for the Republican nominee in modern American political history.

2021-2023 inflation surge, because lower-income voters lose purchasing power while higher-income voters gain from asset prices increasing due to inflation, including stocks and real estate.[647]

Among White voters in 2024, income was negatively correlated with support for Donald Trump. Specifically, Trump won White voters making less than $30,000 (63-34%), those making between $30,000 to $49,999 (62-37%), and those making $50,000 to $99,999 (56-42%). Trump only narrowly won White voters making $100,000 to $199,999 (50-49%) and those making more than $200,000 (51-48%).

Gender

The median wealth of married couples exceeds that of single individuals, regardless of gender and across all age categories.[648]

Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat John Kerry than for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.[649] In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[650] In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[651][652] Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[653] Although women supported Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[654] Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[655]

However, according to a December 2019 study, "White women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[656][657]

Education

Map of the Non-college White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state.
Map of the College White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state.
Top to bottom:
Non-College and College White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state. A key for approximate margins is provided.[658]

In all three of Donald Trump's elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, for White voters lower educational attainment was strongly correlated with higher support for Trump.[296][297] When controlling for educational attainment among White voters, as depicted in the two maps in this section, there still remain large variations by state and region. In particular, college-educated White Southerners remain strongly Republican.[658]

The Republican Party has steadily increased the percentage of votes it receives from white voters without college degrees since the 1970s, while the educational attainment of the United States has steadily increased.[35] White voters without college degrees are more likely to live in rural areas.[659][660] According to a 2023 Gallup poll, confidence in higher education among Republicans declined sharply from 56% in 2015 to 19% in 2023. Among Democrats, confidence in higher education decreased from 68% in 2015 to 59% in 2023.[36]

Voters with college degrees as a whole were a Republican-voting group until the 1990s. Despite losing in a landslide, Republican nominee Barry Goldwater nearly won a majority of voters with college degrees 48–52% in 1964.[661] Republican president Gerald Ford won voters with college degrees 55-43% in 1976, while narrowly losing to Jimmy Carter.[662] Since the 1990s, a majority of voters with graduate degrees have consistently voted for the Democratic Party. For example, George W. Bush won voters with just a bachelor's degree 52-46% while losing voters with a graduate degree 44–55%, while winning re-election in 2004.[663]

Until 2016, white voters with college degrees were a Republican-leaning group.[34] Despite Obama's decisive 2008 victory, Republican nominee John McCain won a majority of white voters with college degrees 51-47% and white voters without college degrees 58-40%.[664] In 2012, Republican nominee Mitt Romney won white voters with college degrees 56-42%, though Obama won voters with college degrees as a whole 50-48% while winning re-election.[665] Since the 2010s,[34] white voters with college degrees have been increasingly voting for the Democratic Party.[666][667] Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from Whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the White non-college male vote and 62 percent of the White non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[668]

In the 2020 United States presidential election, Donald Trump won white voters without college degrees 67-32%, while losing white voters with a college degree 48–51%.[666][667][669] In the 2024 United States presidential election, Trump maintained his margins among white voters without college degrees 66-32% and lost white voters with a college degree 45-52%. In 2024, Trump won 56% of voters without a college degree, compared to 42% of voters with a college degree.[670]

Ethnicity

White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state
White vote in the 2020 presidential election by county
Top to bottom:
White vote in the 2020 presidential election by state and county. A key for approximate margins is provided for states, while the county map uses binary classification.[671][636]

Republicans have consistently won the White vote in every presidential election after the

evangelical Christians in the Bible Belt, which covers most of the Southern United States. In some Deep South states, Whites vote nearly as Republican as African Americans vote Democratic.[636]

Republicans have been winning under 15% of the African American vote in national elections since 1980. The party abolished chattel slavery under

Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, Black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.[676]

In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans,

Indian descent.[682]

Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class, Hispanic or Latino, or Asian American since the 2010s.[683][684][685][686][687][688] According to John Avlon, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and African-American U.S. senator Tim Scott of South Carolina.[689]

In the 2008 presidential election, Republican presidential candidate John McCain won 55% of White votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[690] In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were White while 56% of Obama voters were White.[691] In the 2024 presidential election, Trump won 57% of White voters, 46% of Hispanic voters, 39% of Asian voters, and 13% of African American voters.[692]

Donald Trump won the popular vote in the 2024 United States presidential election as White voters without college degrees still strongly backed him, in addition to the gains made with Asian and Latino voters in comparison to the 2020 United States presidential election. As a whole, 84% of Trump voters were White.[693]

Religious communities

Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before

2006
.

Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in 2016 and 56% of them supporting his presidency in 2018, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the Access Hollywood controversy.[695] In the 2020 United States presidential election in Utah, Trump won the state by about 21.5%, by a margin more than 20% lower compared to Mitt Romney (who is Mormon) in 2012 and George W. Bush in 2004. Their opinion on Trump had not affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[696] Similarly, while Trump again won majority-Mormon Utah in 2024, the state had one of the smallest swings to the right and Trump's 22% margin was well below that of prior Republican presidential nominees.[697]

Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic; however, a slim majority of

National Baptists, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.[701]

Although once strongly Democratic, American Catholic voters have been politically divided in the 21st century with 52% of Catholic voters voting for Trump in 2016 and 52% voting for Biden in 2020. While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, contraception, euthanasia, and embryonic stem cell research, they tend to differ on the death penalty and same-sex marriage.[702]

Members of the business community

The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries. Republicans are 24 percent more likely to be business owners than Democrats.

lobbying groups have traditionally supported Republican candidates and economic policies.[704][705] Although both major parties support capitalism, the Republican Party is more likely to favor private property rights.[706][707][708]

Republican presidents

As of 2025, there have been 19 Republican presidents.

Order of presidency
Name (lifespan) Portrait State Presidency
start date
Presidency
end date
Time in office
16 Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) Illinois March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865[h] 4 years, 42 days
18 Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) Illinois March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 8 years, 0 days
19 Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) Ohio March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 4 years, 0 days
20 James A. Garfield (1831–1881) Ohio March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881[h] 199 days
21 Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) New York September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 3 years, 166 days
23 Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) Indiana March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 4 years, 0 days
25 William McKinley (1843–1901) Ohio March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901[h] 4 years, 194 days
26 Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) New York September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 7 years, 171 days
27 William Howard Taft (1857–1930) Ohio March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 4 years, 0 days
29 Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) Ohio March 4, 1921
August 2, 1923[h]
2 years, 151 days
30 Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) Massachusetts August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 5 years, 214 days
31 Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) California March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 4 years, 0 days
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) Kansas January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 8 years, 0 days
37 Richard Nixon (1913–1994) California January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974[i] 5 years, 201 days
38 Gerald Ford (1913–2006) Michigan August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 2 years, 164 days
40 Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) California January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 8 years, 0 days
41 George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) Texas January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 4 years, 0 days
43 George W. Bush (born 1946) Texas January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 8 years, 0 days
45 Donald Trump (born 1946) New York/
Florida
January 20, 2017 January 20, 2021 4 years, 24 days
47 Florida January 20, 2025 Incumbent

Recent electoral history

In congressional elections: 1950–present

United States
Congressional Elections
House Election year No. of
overall House seats won
+/– Presidency No. of
overall Senate seats won
+/–[j] Senate Election year
1950
199 / 435
Increase 28 Harry S. Truman
47 / 96
Increase 5 1950
1952
221 / 435
Increase 22 Dwight D. Eisenhower
49 / 96
Increase 2 1952
1954
203 / 435
Decrease 18
47 / 96
Decrease 2 1954
1956
201 / 435
Decrease 2
47 / 96
Steady 0 1956
1958
153 / 435
Decrease 48
34 / 98
Decrease 13 1958
1960
175 / 437
Increase 22 John F. Kennedy
35 / 100
Increase 1 1960
1962
176 / 435
Increase 1
34 / 100
Decrease 3 1962
1964
140 / 435
Decrease 36 Lyndon B. Johnson
32 / 100
Decrease 2 1964
1966
187 / 435
Increase 47
38 / 100
Increase 3 1966
1968
192 / 435
Increase 5 Richard Nixon
42 / 100
Increase 5 1968
1970
180 / 435
Decrease 12
44 / 100
Increase 2 1970
1972
192 / 435
Increase 12
41 / 100
Decrease 2 1972
1974
144 / 435
Decrease 48 Gerald Ford
38 / 100
Decrease 3 1974
1976
143 / 435
Decrease 1 Jimmy Carter
38 / 100
Increase 1 1976
1978
158 / 435
Increase 15
41 / 100
Increase 3 1978
1980
192 / 435
Increase 34 Ronald Reagan
53 / 100
Increase 12 1980
1982
166 / 435
Decrease 26
54 / 100
Steady 0 1982
1984
182 / 435
Increase 16
53 / 100
Decrease 2 1984
1986
177 / 435
Decrease 5
45 / 100
Decrease 8 1986
1988
175 / 435
Decrease 2 George H. W. Bush
45 / 100
Decrease 1 1988
1990
167 / 435
Decrease 8
44 / 100
Decrease 1 1990
1992
176 / 435
Increase 9 Bill Clinton
43 / 100
Steady 0 1992
1994
230 / 435
Increase 54
53 / 100
Increase 8 1994
1996
227 / 435
Decrease 3
55 / 100
Increase 2 1996
1998
223 / 435
Decrease 4
55 / 100
Steady 0 1998
2000
221 / 435
Decrease 2 George W. Bush
50 / 100
Decrease 4 2000[k]
2002
229 / 435
Increase 8
51 / 100
Increase 2 2002
2004
232 / 435
Increase 3
55 / 100
Increase 4 2004
2006
202 / 435
Decrease 30
49 / 100
Decrease 6 2006
2008
178 / 435
Decrease 21 Barack Obama
41 / 100
Decrease 8 2008
2010
242 / 435
Increase 63
47 / 100
Increase 6 2010
2012
234 / 435
Decrease 8
45 / 100
Decrease 2 2012
2014
247 / 435
Increase 13
54 / 100
Increase 9 2014
2016
241 / 435
Decrease 6 Donald Trump
52 / 100
Decrease 2 2016
2018
200 / 435
Decrease 41
53 / 100
Increase 1 2018
2020
213 / 435
Increase 13 Joe Biden
50 / 100
Decrease 3 2020[l]
2022
222 / 435
Increase 9
49 / 100
Decrease 1 2022
2024
220 / 435
Decrease 2 Donald Trump
53 / 100
Increase 4 2024

In presidential elections: 1856–present

Election Presidential ticket Votes Vote % Electoral votes +/– Result
1856 John C. Frémont
William L. Dayton
1,342,345 33.1
114 / 296
New party Lost
1860 Abraham Lincoln
Hannibal Hamlin
1,865,908 39.8
180 / 303
Increase66 Won
1864 Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
2,218,388 55.0
212 / 233
Increase32 Won
1868 Ulysses S. Grant
Schuyler Colfax
3,013,421 52.7
214 / 294
Increase2 Won
1872 Ulysses S. Grant
Henry Wilson
3,598,235 55.6
286 / 352
Increase72 Won
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
William A. Wheeler
4,034,311 47.9
185 / 369
Decrease134 Won[A]
1880 James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
4,446,158 48.3
214 / 369
Increase29 Won
1884 James G. Blaine
John A. Logan
4,856,905 48.3
182 / 401
Decrease32 Lost
1888 Benjamin Harrison
Levi P. Morton
5,443,892 47.8
233 / 401
Increase51 Won[B]
1892 Benjamin Harrison
Whitelaw Reid
5,176,108 43.0
145 / 444
Decrease88 Lost
1896 William McKinley
Garret Hobart
7,111,607 51.0
271 / 447
Increase126 Won
1900 William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
7,228,864 51.6
292 / 447
Increase21 Won
1904 Theodore Roosevelt
Charles W. Fairbanks
7,630,457 56.4
336 / 476
Increase44 Won
1908 William Howard Taft
James S. Sherman
7,678,395 51.6
321 / 483
Decrease15 Won
1912
Nicholas M. Butler[m]
3,486,242 23.2
8 / 531
Decrease313 Lost[C]
1916 Charles E. Hughes
Charles W. Fairbanks
8,548,728 46.1
254 / 531
Increase246 Lost
1920 Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
16,144,093 60.3
404 / 531
Increase150 Won
1924 Calvin Coolidge
Charles G. Dawes
15,723,789 54.0
382 / 531
Decrease22 Won
1928 Herbert Hoover
Charles Curtis
21,427,123 58.2
444 / 531
Increase62 Won
1932 Herbert Hoover
Charles Curtis
15,761,254 39.7
59 / 531
Decrease385 Lost
1936 Alf Landon
Frank Knox
16,679,543 36.5
8 / 531
Decrease51 Lost
1940 Wendell Willkie
Charles L. McNary
22,347,744 44.8
82 / 531
Increase74 Lost
1944 Thomas E. Dewey
John W. Bricker
22,017,929 45.9
99 / 531
Increase17 Lost
1948 Thomas E. Dewey
Earl Warren
21,991,292 45.1
189 / 531
Increase90 Lost
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Richard Nixon
34,075,529 55.2
442 / 531
Increase253 Won
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower
Richard Nixon
35,579,180 57.4
457 / 531
Increase15 Won
1960 Richard Nixon
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
34,108,157 49.6
219 / 537
Decrease238 Lost
1964 Barry Goldwater
William E. Miller
27,175,754 38.5
52 / 538
Decrease167 Lost
1968 Richard Nixon
Spiro Agnew
31,783,783 43.4
301 / 538
Increase249 Won
1972 Richard Nixon
Spiro Agnew
47,168,710 60.7
520 / 538
Increase219 Won
1976 Gerald Ford
Bob Dole
38,148,634 48.0
240 / 538
Decrease280 Lost
1980 Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
43,903,230 50.7
489 / 538
Increase249 Won
1984 Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
54,455,472 58.8
525 / 538
Increase36 Won
1988 George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
48,886,097 53.4
426 / 538
Decrease99 Won
1992 George H. W. Bush
Dan Quayle
39,104,550 37.4
168 / 538
Decrease258 Lost
1996 Bob Dole
Jack Kemp
39,197,469 40.7
159 / 538
Decrease9 Lost
2000 George W. Bush
Dick Cheney
50,456,002 47.9
271 / 538
Increase112 Won[D]
2004 George W. Bush
Dick Cheney
62,040,610 50.7
286 / 538
Increase15 Won
2008 John McCain
Sarah Palin
59,948,323 45.7
173 / 538
Decrease113 Lost
2012 Mitt Romney
Paul Ryan
60,933,504 47.2
206 / 538
Increase33 Lost
2016 Donald Trump
Mike Pence
62,984,828 46.1
304 / 538
Increase98 Won[E]
2020 Donald Trump
Mike Pence
74,223,975 46.8
232 / 538
Decrease72 Lost
2024 Donald Trump
JD Vance
77,302,580 49.8
312 / 538
Increase80 Won

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Attributed to multiple sources.[26][268][269][270]
  2. ^ Includes Trumpism.[10][11][12]
  3. ^ a b Attributed to multiple sources:[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple references.[337][338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347][348]
  6. ^ Right-to-work laws ban union security agreements, which require all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.[404]
  7. ^ According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.[625] According to a poll by Quinnipiac, 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.[626]
  8. ^ a b c d Died in office.
  9. ^ Resigned from office.
  10. ^ Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.
  11. ^ Republican Vice President Dick Cheney provided a tie-breaking vote, initially giving Republicans a majority from Inauguration Day until Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.
  12. 117th Congress
    .
  13. ^ Incumbent vice-president James S. Sherman was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.
  1. ^ Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won a majority of the popular vote.
  2. ^ Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Grover Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote.
  3. Progressive Theodore Roosevelt
    .
  4. ^ Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote.
  5. ^ Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Hillary Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote.

References

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  14. ^
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