Berengar I of Italy
Berengar of Friuli | |
---|---|
Otto I | |
Born | c. 845 Cividale, Middle Francia |
Died | 7 April 924 Verona, Kingdom of Italy |
Spouse | Bertila of Spoleto; Anna |
Issue | Bertha, Abbess of Santa Giulia in Brescia Gisela, Countess of Ivrea |
House | Unruochings |
Father | Eberhard of Friuli |
Mother | Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious |
Berengar I (
Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of
Margrave of Friuli, 874–887
His family was called the
When his older brother
When, in 875, the
In 883, the newly succeeded
In 886,
By his brief war with Liutward, Berengar had lost the favour of his cousin the emperor. Berengar came to the emperor's assembly at
King of Italy, 887–915
Berengar was the only one of the reguli (petty kings) to crop up in the aftermath of Charles' deposition besides Arnulf of Carinthia, his deposer, who was made king before the emperor's death.[17] Charter evidence begins Berengar's reign at Pavia, in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore,[18] between 26 December 887 and 2 January 888, though this has been disputed.[19] Berengar was not the undisputed leading magnate in Italy at the time, but he may have made an agreement with his former rival, Guy of Spoleto, whereby Guy would have West Francia and he Italy on the emperor's death.[20] Both Guy and Berengar were related to the Carolingians in the female line. They represented different factions in Italian politics: Berengar the pro-German and Guy the pro-French.
In Summer 888, Guy, who had failed in his bid to take the West Frankish throne, returned to Italy to gather an army from among the Spoletans and Lombards and oppose Berengar. This he did, but the battle they fought near Brescia in the fall was a slight victory for Berengar, though his forces were so diminished that he sued for peace nevertheless.[21] The truce was to last until 6 January 889.[21]
After the truce with Guy was signed, Arnulf of Germany endeavoured to invade Italy through Friuli. Berengar, in order to prevent a war, sent dignitaries (leading men) ahead to meet Arnulf. He himself then had a meeting, sometime between early November and Christmas, at Trent.[21] He was allowed to keep Italy, as Arnulf's vassal, but the curtes of Navus and Sagus were taken from him.[22] Arnulf allowed his army to return to Germany, but he himself celebrated Christmas in Friuli, at Karnberg.[23]
Early in 889, their truce having expired, Guy defeated Berengar at the
In 893, Arnulf sent his illegitimate son
Arnulf left Italy in the charge of his young son Ratold, who soon crossed Lake Como to Germany, leaving Italy in the control of Berengar, who made a pact with Lambert, Guy's son and successor.[29] According to the Gesta Berengarii imperatoris, the two kings met at Pavia in October and November and agreed to divide the kingdom, Berengar receiving the eastern half between the Adda and the Po, "as if by hereditary right" according to the Annales Fuldenses. Bergamo was to be shared between them. This was a confirmation of the status quo of 889. It was this partitioning which caused the later chronicler Liutprand of Cremona to remark that the Italians always suffered under two monarchs. As surety for the accord, Lambert pledged to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter.
The peace did not last long. Berengar advanced on Pavia, but was defeated by Lambert at
This defeat handicapped Berengar and caused the nobility to question his ability to protect Italy. As a result, they supported another candidate for the throne, the aforementioned Louis of Provence, another maternal relative of the Carolingians. In 900, Louis marched into Italy and defeated Berengar; the following year he was crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict IV. In 902, however, Berengar struck back and defeated Louis, making him promise never to return to Italy. When he broke this oath by invading the peninsula again in 905, Berengar defeated him at Verona, captured him, and ordered him to be blinded on 21 July.[33] Louis returned to Provence and ruled for another twenty years as Louis the Blind. Berengar thereby cemented his position as king and ruled undisputed, except for a brief spell, until 922. As king, Berengar made his seat at Verona, which he heavily fortified.[34] During the years when Louis posed a threat to Berengar's kingship, his wife, Bertila, who was a niece of the former empress Engelberga, Louis's grandmother, played an important part in the legitimisation of his rule.[4] She later disappeared from the scene, as indicated by her absence in his charters post-905.
In 904, Bergamo was subjected to a long siege by the Magyars. After the siege, Berengar granted the bishop of the city walls and the right to rebuild them with the help of the citizens and the refugees fleeing the Magyars.[35] The bishop attained all the rights of a count in the city.
Emperor, 915–924
In January 915,
As emperor, Berengar intervened in an episcopal election in the
In his latter years, his wife
By 915, Berengar's elder daughter,
Dissatisfied with the emperor, who had ceased his policy of grants and family alliances in favour of paying Magyar mercenaries, several Italian nobles—led by Adalbert and many of the bishops—invited
Berengar has been accused of having "faced [the] difficulties [of his reign] with particular incompetence,"
References
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 270.
- ^ AF(M), 887 (p. 102 n3). AF(B), 896 (pp 134–135 and nn19&21).
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 256.
- ^ a b Rosenwein, p. 257.
- ^ Annales Fuldenses (Mainz tradition), 887 (p. 102 n3). The Annales are hereafter cited as "AF" with the post-882 tradition, Mainz or Bavarian, indicated by (M) or (B).
- ^ MacLean, p. 70 and n116. He was usually called marchio, but once appears as dux in one charter of Charles the Fat. He was one of only three marchiones and six consiliarii who appear in the reign of Charles.
- ^ MacLean, p. 71.
- ^ a b AF, 875 (p. 77 and n8).
- ^ MacLean, p. 70.
- ^ a b AF(B), 883 (p. 107 and nn6&7).
- ^ AF(M), 887 (p. 102), presents it as an invasion on Liutward's part.
- ^ a b AF(B), 886 (p. 112 and n8).
- ^ a b AF(B), 887 (p. 113 and nn3&4).
- ^ MacLean, p. 113.
- Odo, Count of Paris, may have had a similar purpose in visiting Charles at Kirchen.
- ^ MacLean, pp 167–168.
- ^ Reuter, p. 121.
- ^ Elliott, Gillian. "Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia". Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014). Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ AF(B), 888 (p. 115 and n3).
- ^ Reuter AF, p. 115 and n3, following Liutprand of Cremona in his Antapodosis.
- ^ a b c AF(B), 888 (p. 117 and n12).
- ^ AF(B), 888 (p. 117 n13). Navus and sagus perhaps refer to royal rights or taxes, but more likely to as yet unidentified places. Reuter, p. 122, considers Arnulf and Berengar's relationship to be one of suzerain and vassal.
- ^ AF(B), 888 (p. 117 n14).
- ^ AF(B), 889 (p. 119 and n2).
- ^ AF(B), 894 (p. 128 and n12).
- ^ a b AF(B), 896 (p. 132 and nn1&2).
- ^ AF(B), 896 (p. 134 and n19). MacLean, p. 71. The exact dates of Waltfred's rule in Friuli are unknown. Berengar was last confirmed in Friuli in 890.
- ^ Reuter, p. 123.
- ^ Reuter, p. 135 and nn20&21.
- ^ Reuter, p. 135 n21.
- ^ Reuter, p. 128, suggests the former view.
- ^ AF(B), 900 (p. 141 and n4), with a loss of 20,000 men and many bishops. Corroborated by Liutprand, Antapodosis.
- Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De administrando imperioboth show Berengar as declaiming responsibility for Louis's blinding.
- ^ Previté Orton, p. 337. Rosenwein, p. 259 and n47, which recalls that some historians have accused him of neglecting its defences.
- ^ Wickham. p. 175.
- ^ Llewellyn, 302.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 277.
- ^ Daris, pp. 228–29.
- ^ AF(B), 889 (p. 139 and n2). Rosenwein, p. 258 and n46.
- ^ a b Rosenwein, p. 258.
- ^ a b Previté Orton, p. 336.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 255.
- ^ a b c Rosenwein, p. 274 and n140.
- ^ Previté Orton, pp 339–340, who also remarks on Berengar's "unrevengeful character."
- ^ Rosenwein, pp 262, 274, and passim.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 266. The Magyars were operating, nominally at least, on Berengar's behalf.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 266.
- ^ Britannica.
- ^ Arnaldi.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 248.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 248, who calls him "a terrible warrior."
- ^ Wickham, p. 171. This appears to be flatly contradicted, however, by the other sources. Reuter calls his a victory over Guy at the Trebbia in 888 and his campaign against Spoleto in 883 was initially successful.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 248 and n8.
- ^ Rosenwein, passim.
- ^ Rosenwein, p. 249.
Sources
- Arnaldi, Girolamo. "Berengario I, duca-marchese del Friuli, re d'Italia, imperatore" Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 9. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1967.
- "Berengar." (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
- Daris, Joseph. Histoire du Diocèse et de la Principalité de Liège: depuis leur origine jusqu'au XIIIe siècle, Volume 1. Éditions Culture et Civilisation, 1980.
- Llewellyn, Peter. Rome in the Dark Ages. London: Faber and Faber, 1970. ISBN 0-571-08972-0.
- MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003.
- Previté-Orton, C. W. "Italy and Provence, 900–950." The English Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 127. (Jul. 1917), pp 335–347.
- Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
- Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.
- Rosenwein, Barbara H. "The Family Politics of Berengar I, King of Italy (888–924)." Speculum, Vol. 71, No. 2. (Apr. 1996), pp 247–289.
- Tabacco, Giovanni. The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures and Political Rule. (Cambridge Medieval Textbooks.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000. MacMillan Press: 1981.