Bill Newton

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For other people named Bill Newton, see Bill Newton (disambiguation).

William Ellis (Bill) Newton
Flight Lieutenant
UnitNo. 22 Squadron (1942–43)
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsVictoria Cross

William Ellis Newton, VC (8 June 1919 – 29 March 1943) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to a member of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. He was honoured for his actions as a bomber pilot in Papua New Guinea during March 1943 when, despite intense anti-aircraft fire, he pressed home a series of attacks on the Salamaua Isthmus, the last of which saw him forced to ditch his aircraft in the sea. Newton was still officially posted as missing when the award was made in October 1943. It later emerged that he had been taken captive by the Japanese, and executed by beheading on 29 March.

Raised in Melbourne, Newton excelled at sport, playing cricket at youth state level. He joined the Citizen Military Forces in 1938, and enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in February 1940. Described as having the dash of "an Errol Flynn or a Keith Miller",[1] Newton served as a flying instructor in Australia before being posted to No. 22 Squadron, which began operating Boston light bombers in New Guinea late in 1942. Having just taken part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, he was on his fifty-second mission when he was shot down and captured. Newton was the only Australian airman to receive a Victoria Cross for action in the South West Pacific theatre of World War II, and the sole Australian to be so decorated while flying with an RAAF squadron.

Family, education and sport

Born in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda on 8 June 1919, Bill Newton was the youngest child of dentist Charles Ellis Newton and his second wife Minnie.[2][3] His three older half-siblings from Charles' earlier marriage included two brothers, John and Lindsay, and a sister, Phyllis. Bill entered Melbourne Grammar School in 1929, but two years later switched to the nearby St Kilda Park Central School as the family income was reduced through the impact of the Great Depression.[3] In 1934, aged fifteen, he was able to return to Melbourne Grammar where, despite struggling with his schoolwork, he completed his Intermediate certificate.[2][4] He gave up further study when his father died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of fifty-one, and began working in a silk warehouse.[5][6]

Considered while at school to be a future leader in the community, Newton was also a talented all-round sportsman, playing

Victorian Second XI.[7] He opened the bowling against the New South Wales Second XI—his first and only match—taking a total of 3/113 including the wickets of Ron Saggers and Arthur Morris who, like Miller, went on to become members of the Invincibles.[12]

Early career

Newton had been a

Citizens Military Force on 28 November 1938, serving as a private in the machine-gun section of the 6th Battalion, Royal Melbourne Regiment.[13][14] Still employed in the silk warehouse when World War II broke out in September 1939, he resigned to join the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 5 February 1940.[2][15] He had earlier attempted to enlist when he turned eighteen in 1937, but his mother refused to give her permission; with Australia now at war, she acquiesced.[16] His brothers—dentists by profession, like their father—also enlisted in the armed forces, John as a surgeon lieutenant in the Royal Australian Navy and Lindsay as a captain in the Army Medical Corps.[17]

Informal outdoor portrait of dark-haired moustachioed man in suit leaning on fence, flanked by two dark-haired women
Newton relaxing at Wagga in 1941

Newton undertook his initial training with No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School in Parafield, South Australia, flying De Havilland Tiger Moths, and with No. 21 (City of Melbourne) Squadron at RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria, flying CAC Wirraways. He was awarded his wings and commissioned as a pilot officer on 28 June 1940. Following advanced training on Avro Ansons with No. 1 Service Flying Training School at RAAF Point Cook in September, he was selected to become a flight instructor. He completed the requisite course at Central Flying School in Camden, New South Wales, and was promoted to flying officer on 28 December.[13][18] He subsequently began training students under the Empire Air Training Scheme at No. 2 Service Flying Training School near Wagga Wagga, under the command of Group Captain Frederick Scherger.[18][19]

In October 1941, Newton transferred to No. 5 Service Flying Training School at Uranquinty. He found instruction frustrating, as he longed for a combat assignment. His fortunes changed in February 1942, when he was selected for the navigation course on Ansons at the General Reconnaissance School based at Laverton. From there he was sent to No. 1 Operational Training Unit at Sale, Victoria, for conversion to Lockheed Hudson twin-engined light bombers during March and April.[20]

Promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 April 1942, Newton was posted the following month to No. 22 (City of Sydney) Squadron, based at RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales.[6][13] Previously equipped with Hudsons, the unit had just begun converting to the more advanced Douglas Boston when Newton arrived. A comrade described him as a "big brash, likeable man who could drink most of us under the table, was a good pilot, good at sports, and had a way with girls".[6] No. 22 Squadron was engaged in convoy escort and anti-submarine patrols off Sydney from July to September, before moving north to Townsville, Queensland.[21] In November, it was deployed to Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, under the control of No. 9 Operational Group RAAF.[22][23]

New Guinea campaign

Newton undertook the first of his fifty-two operational

Squadron Leader Keith Hampshire. During February, Newton flew low-level missions through monsoon conditions and hazardous mountain terrain, attacking Japanese forces ranged against Allied troops in the Morobe province.[24][25] In early March, he took part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, one of the key engagements in the South West Pacific theatre,[26] bombing and strafing Lae airfield to prevent its force of enemy fighters taking off to intercept Allied aircraft attacking the Japanese fleet.[24][27] Newton gained a reputation for driving straight at his targets without evasive manoeuvre, and always leaving them in flames; this earned him the nickname "The Firebug".[2][7] The Japanese gunners reportedly knew him as "Blue Cap", from his habit of wearing an old blue cricket cap on operations. In spite of the hazards of the air war in New Guinea, he was quoted as saying, "The troops on the ground should get two medals each, before any airman gets one".[28]

Attacks on Salamaua

Three twin-engined military aircraft flying low above a valley
Douglas Bostons of No. 22 Squadron over New Guinea, c. 1942–43

On 16 March 1943, Newton led a sortie on the Salamaua Isthmus in which his Boston was hit repeatedly by Japanese anti-aircraft fire, damaging fuselage, wings, fuel tanks and undercarriage. In spite of this he continued his attack and dropped his bombs at low level on buildings, ammunition dumps and fuel stores, returning for a second pass at the target to strafe it with machine-gun fire.[2][24] Newton managed to get his crippled machine back to base, where it was found to be marked with ninety-eight bullet holes.[29] Two days later, he and his two-man crew made a further attack on Salamaua with five other Bostons. As he bombed his designated target, Newton's plane was seen to burst into flames, having been raked by cannon fire from the ground.[1][30] Attempting to keep his aircraft aloft as long as possible to get his crew away from enemy lines, he was able to ditch in the sea approximately 1,000 yards (910 m) offshore.[1][2]

The Boston's

Sub-Lieutenant Uichi Komai, the naval officer who had captured him.[1][19] Komai was killed in the Philippines soon afterwards, and Fujita committed suicide at the end of the war.[19]

Revelations and reactions

Three-quarter portrait of moustachioed man in flying suit with a belt of machine-gun ammunition slung over his shoulders, leaning against an aeroplane
Newton c. 1942–43
Row of five military medals with ribbons
Newton's medals at the Australian War Memorial

It was initially believed that Newton had failed to escape from the Boston after it ditched into the sea, and he was posted as missing.[1] Squadron Leader Hampshire had immediately dispatched a sortie to recover the pair that were last seen swimming for shore, but no sign of them was found. Two weeks later, he wrote a letter to Newton's mother in which he described her son's courage and expressed the hope that he might yet be found alive. Hampshire concluded, "Bill is one of those rare fellows I shall miss for a long time, and if it is to be, remember for an age".[31] The details of his capture and execution were only revealed later that year in a diary found on a Japanese soldier. Newton was not specifically named, but circumstantial evidence clearly identified him, as the diary entry recorded the beheading of an Australian flight lieutenant who had been shot down by anti-aircraft fire on 18 March 1943 while flying a Douglas aircraft.[8] The Japanese observer described the prisoner as "composed" in the face of his impending execution, and "unshaken to the last".[26] After the decapitation, a seaman slashed open the dead man's stomach, declaring "Something for the other day. Take that."[33]

General Headquarters South West Pacific Area, although releasing details of the execution on 5 October, initially refused to name Newton. Aside from the lack of absolute certainty as to identification, Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock, Air Officer Commanding RAAF Command, contended that naming him would change the impact of the news upon Newton's fellow No. 22 Squadron members "from the impersonal to the closely personal" and hence "seriously affect morale".[8] News of the atrocity provoked shock in Australia.[26] In an attempt to alleviate anxiety among the families of other missing airmen, the Federal government announced on 12 October that the relatives of the slain man had been informed of his death.[8]

Victoria Cross

Newton was awarded the

London Gazette on 19 October 1943:[13]

Air Ministry, 19th October, 1943.

The KING has been graciously pleased, on the advice of Australian Ministers, to confer the VICTORIA CROSS on the undermentioned officer in recognition of most conspicuous bravery: —

Flight Lieutenant William Ellis NEWTON (Aus. 748), Royal Australian Air Force, No. 22 (R.A.A.F.) Squadron (missing).

Flight Lieutenant Newton served with No. 22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force, in New Guinea from May, 1942, to March, 1943, and completed 52 operational sorties.

Throughout, he displayed great courage and an iron determination to inflict the utmost damage on the enemy. His splendid offensive flying and fighting were attended with brilliant success. Disdaining evasive tactics when under the heaviest fire, he always went straight to his objectives. He carried out many daring machine-gun attacks on enemy positions involving low-flying over long distances in the face of continuous fire at point-blank range.

On three occasions, he dived through intense anti-aircraft fire to release his bombs on important targets on the Salamaua Isthmus. On one of these occasions, his starboard engine failed over the target, but he succeeded in flying back to an airfield 160 miles away. When leading an attack on an objective on 16 March 1943, he dived through intense and accurate shell fire and his aircraft was hit repeatedly. Nevertheless, he held to his course and bombed his target from a low level. The attack resulted in the destruction of many buildings and dumps, including two 40,000-gallon fuel installations. Although his aircraft was crippled, with fuselage and wing sections torn, petrol tanks pierced, main-planes and engines seriously damaged, and one of the main tyres flat, Flight Lieutenant Newton managed to fly it back to base and make a successful landing.

Despite this harassing experience, he returned next day to the same locality. His target, this time a single building, was even more difficult but he again attacked with his usual courage and resolution, flying a steady course through a barrage of fire. He scored a hit on the building but at the same moment his aircraft burst into flames.

Flight Lieutenant Newton maintained control and calmly turned his aircraft away and flew along the shore. He saw it as his duty to keep the aircraft in the air as long as he could so as to take his crew as far away as possible from the enemy's positions. With great skill, he brought his blazing aircraft down on the water. Two members of the crew were able to extricate themselves and were seen swimming to the shore, but the gallant pilot is missing. According to other air crews who witnessed the occurrence, his escape-hatch was not opened and his dinghy was not inflated. Without regard to his own safety, he had done all that man could do to prevent his crew from falling into enemy hands.

Flight Lieutenant Newton's many examples of conspicuous bravery have rarely been equalled and will serve as a shining inspiration to all who follow him.[34]

Legacy

Rectangular metal plaque grave marker on flat headstone
Newton's grave marker at Lae War Cemetery

Buried initially in an unmarked bomb crater in Salamaua, Newton's body was recovered and re-interred in

gunto was discovered by American troops in April 1944 and was thought to have depicted Newton in Salamaua. No photograph of the airman's execution is known to exist.[38]

Newton's mother Minnie was presented with her son's Victoria Cross by the

Sir Donald Bradman.[40] A plaque dedicated to No. 22 Squadron was unveiled at the Australian War Memorial by the Chief of Air Force, Air Marshal Angus Houston, on 16 March 2003, the sixtieth anniversary of Newton's attack on Salamaua.[41]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Macklin, Bravest, pp. 195–197
  2. ^ a b c d e f Newton, William Ellis (Bill) (1919–1943) at Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  3. ^ a b Weate, Bill Newton VC, pp. 1–6
  4. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 7
  5. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 8
  6. ^ a b c Page, Wings of Destiny, pp. 141–142, 151
  7. ^ a b c Stephens; Isaacs, High Fliers, pp. 88–90
  8. ^ a b c d Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942, p. 699 Archived 22 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Perry, Miller's Luck, pp. 30–31
  10. ^ First-class matches: Most runs in an innings at Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  11. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 11
  12. ^ Victoria Second XI v New South Wales Second XI at CricketArchive. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  13. ^ a b c d e Staunton, Victoria Cross, pp. 253–255
  14. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 15
  15. ^ a b Flight Lieutenant William Ellis Newton, VC: Timeline Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  16. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 9
  17. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 17
  18. ^ a b Weate, Bill Newton VC, pp. 19–22
  19. ^ a b c Bowyer, For Valour, pp. 306–312
  20. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, pp. 26–28
  21. ^ Page, Wings of Destiny, pp. 152–155
  22. ^ 22 Squadron RAAF at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  23. ^ Page, Wings of Destiny, p. 164
  24. ^ a b c d e Wilson, The Brotherhood of Airmen, pp. 125–127
  25. ^ Weakes, Bill Newton VC, pp. 40–42
  26. ^ a b c d Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 164–167
  27. ^ Wilson, David (13 May 2003). "A brave and determined man". Air Force News. Vol. 45, no. 3. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  28. ^ Page, Wings of Destiny, pp. 186, 197, 229
  29. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, pp. 58–61
  30. ^ Weate, Bill Newton VC, p. 63
  31. ^ a b Weate, Bill Newton VC, pp. 64–65
  32. ^ a b c Wigmore et al., They Dared Mightily, pp. 163–164
  33. ^ Page, Wings of Destiny, p. 283
  34. ^ "No. 36215". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 October 1943. p. 4617.
  35. ^ a b William Ellis Newton VC at Remembrance Driveway. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  36. ^ "Casualty Details: Newton, William Ellis". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  37. ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 186
  38. ^ Flight Lieutenant William Ellis Newton, VC Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  39. ^ Victoria Crosses at the Memorial Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  40. ^ Perry, Miller's Luck, p. 475
  41. ^ Page, Wings of Destiny, p. 367

References

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