Blood brother
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2015) |
Hjalmar, by Mårten Eskil Winge
(1866).Blood brother can refer to two or more people not related by
veins.[a]
The act carries a risk due to blood-borne diseases. The process usually provides a participant with a heightened symbolic sense of attachment with the other participant.
Cultures
Germanic
The
Fóstbræðra saga, the bond of Thorgeir Havarsson (Þorgeir Hávarsson) and Thormod Bersason (Þormóð Bersason) is sealed by such ritual as well, the ritual being called a leikr.[3]
Hjalmar to a draw, entered a foster brotherhood with him by the turf-raising ritual. Afterwards, the strand of turf was put back during oaths and incantations.[citation needed]
In the mythology of
are blood brothers.Scythia
Among the Scythians, the covenantors would allow their blood to drip into a cup; the blood was subsequently mixed with wine and drunk by both participants. Every man was limited to having three blood brotherhoods at any time lest his loyalties be distrusted. As a consequence, blood brotherhood was highly sought after and often preceded by a lengthy period of affiliation and friendship (Lucian, Toxaris). The 4th-century BC depictions of two Scythian warriors drinking from a single drinking horn (most notably in a gold appliqué from Kul-Oba) have been associated with the Scythian oath of blood brotherhood.[4]
The Hungarian hajduks had a similar ceremony, but the wine was often replaced with milk so that the blood would be more visible.[citation needed]
East Asia
In
early Chinese.[citation needed
]
In Manchu.[6] Genghis Khan had an anda called Jamukha.[7] The term also exist in Old Turkic: ant ičmek ("to take an oath"), derived from the "ancient test by poison". The Turkic term, if it's not a loanword in Middle Mongol, is related to Mongol anda.[8]
Philippines
El Pacto de Sangre, a romanticized painting of the Sandugo blood compact ritual between the Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna of Bohol, Philippines; by Juan Luna
(1886)In the
Visayan people involves mixing a drop of blood from both parties into a single cup of wine that is then drunk. Other versions also exist, like in Palawan which describes a ritual involving making a cut on the chest and then daubing the blood on the tongue and forehead.[9][10]
Sub-Saharan Africa
The blood oath was used in much the same fashion as has already been described in much of
Lord Lugard is famous for having become blood brothers with numerous African chiefs as part of his political policy in Africa. A powerful blood brother was the Kikuyu chieftain Waiyaki Wa Hinga. David Livingstone wrote of a similar practice called 'Kasendi'.[11]
Southeastern Europe
Blood brothers among larger groups were common in ancient
Catholic Church. The tradition of intertwining arms and drinking wine is also believed to be a representation of becoming blood brothers.[citation needed
]
Famous blood brothers
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2018) |
Historical
- In the 9th century AD, chiefs of the seven Hungarian tribes formed an alliance drinking from each other's blood, and chose Álmos as leader.[12]
- In 1066, Robert d'Ouilly and Roger d'Ivry, two Norman knights taking part in the Norman Conquest of England were known as blood brothers. It was said they had agreed beforehand to share profits of this adventure. Both survived the Battle of Hastings, were granted lands in Oxfordshire and elsewhere, then worked together on various projects such as Wallingford Castle.
- In the 12th century AD, the Mongol leaders Yesükhei (father of Temüjin) and Toghrul(later ally of Temüjin) were blood brothers.
- Temüjin (Genghis Khan) and Jamukha were childhood friends and blood brothers, although Jamukha later betrayed Temüjin. Jamukha refused reconciliation and thus was executed at orders of Temüjin.
- In the 18th century AD, emissaries of British King George III and leaders of the Jamaican Maroons reportedly drank each other's blood when conducting peace treaties.[13]
- Blood brothers in the Hajduk-Veljko (1780–1813) and Giorgakis Olympios;[16] commanders Stojan Čupić (1765–1815) and Bakal-Milosav;[17] commanders Cincar-Janko (1779–1833), Miloš Pocerac (1776–1811) and Anta Bogićević (1758–1813).[18]
- Blood brothers in the later Principality of Serbia: Prince Milan Obrenović (1854–1901) and Milan Piroćanac (1837–1897);[19] Aćim Čumić (1836–1901) and Kosta Protić (1831–1892);[20] Đura Jakšić (1832–1878) and Stevan Vladislav Kaćanski (1829–1890).[21]
- In the Greek War of Independence (1821–30), Greek Nikolaos Kriezotis and Montenegrin Vaso Brajević were said to be blood brothers.
- Samoan the Wild Samoans, who regard Peter as their uncle. Thus, from that time onwards, the Anoaʻi familyregard the Maivia line as extension of their own clan.
Folklore
- The Norse gods Loki and Odin are famously stated to have mixed blood in days of old in Lokasenna. This has been taken as an explanation why Loki is at all tolerated by the gods.
- Zhang Fei. In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, these three men swore in their famous Oath of the Peach Gardenthat despite not being born on the same day, their sworn brotherhood would end with them dying on the same day. Histories only mention that the three men were "close like brothers".
- In the Chinese tale Sun Wukong (the Monkey King) became blood brothers with Niu Mowang (the Bull Demon King) and several other demon leaders, but later on this brother relationship was forgotten because of a conflict that occurred involving the bull demon's son that caused other problems for Wukong. Wukong also mentions being sworn brothers with Erlang Shen. Erlang has six other sworn brothers from Plum Hill.
- In Dmitar Jakšić.[25]
Literature
- Winnetou and Old Shatterhand in works of Karl May.[26]
- The characters Edward Lyons and Mickey Johnstone[27] in Willy Russell's Blood Brothers.
Explanatory notes
- ^ The term "blood brother" may also refer to brothers related by birth, in that case as opposed to adoptive, step or foster brothers.
References
- ISBN 9780802080110
- ^ The Story of Gisli the Outlaw. Translated by George Webbe Dasent. Mildmay, C. E. St. John (illustrator). Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1866. pp. 23–24.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ISBN 9780859914581
- ^ Caspar Meyer, Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia: From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity, OUP (2013), 246 (fig. 98b) "Gold relief appliqué showing two Scythians drinking from one drinking horn. From Kul-Oba (Inventory 2, K.12h). Rostoftzeff identified the scene with the Scythain sacred oath described in Herodotus 4.70. Fourth century BC. 5 × 3.7 cm, 28.35 gr."; see also "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine", Scythian gold statuette depicting the ritual of brotherhood.
- ISBN 9780415243971.
- ISBN 9781315288031.
- ^ "Anda | oath". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ Peter B. Golden (2003). Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 82.
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). "Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo". In Emma Helen Blair; James Alexander Robertson (eds.). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume XXXIII, 1519-1522. Arthur H. Clark Company.
- ^ Sandugo Festival Bohol Philippines www.philippinecountry.com Retrieved December 2006.
- ISBN 9783732636679. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
- ^ Anonymus (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum (PDF).
- JSTOR 482884.
- ^ Бошко Стрика (1927). Српске задужбине Фрушкогорски манастири: Fruškogorski manastiri. тисак закладе тискаре "Народних новина". p. 173.
- ISBN 978-0-520-02342-0.
- ISBN 978-0-930888-15-2.
- ^ The Slavonic and East European Review. Jonathan Cape Limited. 1928. p. 183.
- ISBN 978-1-107-67606-0.
- ^ Dušan Baranin (1977). Milan Obrenović: kralj Srbije. V. Karadžić. p. 67.
- ^ Vukadin Sretenović (1990). Kralj Milan. NIGP "Glas". p. 55.
- ^ Gavrilo Kovijanić (1986). Tragom čitališta u Srbiji. Narodna knjiga. p. 138.
- ISBN 978-963-9116-56-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8156-2444-8.
- ISBN 978-0-7391-4865-5.
- ISBN 9788617077059.
- ISBN 978-0874221794.
- ^ "Blood Brothers (musical)", Wikipedia, 2022-11-02, retrieved 2022-11-28