Bordetella
Bordetella (
There are about 16 different species of Bordetella likely descending from ancestors who lived in soil and/or water environments.
B. bronchiseptica rarely infects healthy humans, though disease in
The genus Bordetella is named after Jules Bordet.
Pathogenesis
The three most common species of Bordetella are B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. These species are known to accumulate in the respiratory tracts of mammals. This is most commonly seen in human infants as a product of an illness known as whooping cough. The particular species responsible for this illness is B. pertussis, and can only be found in humans. Even with extensive vaccination research on B. pertussis, whooping cough is still considered endemic in many countries. Due to the fact B. pertussis is only found in humans and shows little genetic variation from the other Bordetella species, it is thought that it was derived from a common ancestor in recent years.
B. parapertussis can affect both humans and other mammals, primarily sheep. Similar to B. pertussis, it causes whooping cough in babies. Yet, when strains found in sheep are isolated there is a strong distinction between those found in humans. This suggests that the varying strains of this species evolved independently of one another, the one found in humans and the one found in sheep. With this particular distinction it means that there is little to no transmission between the two reservoirs.
The species B. bronchiseptica (gram-negative, aerobic) however has a broader host range, causing similar symptoms in a wide range of animals, while only occasionally affecting humans. These symptoms often manifest as chronic and
The most thoroughly studied of the Bordetella species are B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed.
The initial
Virulence factors
The virulence factors identified in the Bordetella are common to all three species. These include
Regulation of virulence factor expression
The expression of many Bordetella adhesins and toxins is controlled by the two-component regulatory system BvgAS.[10][11] Much of what is known about this regulatory system is based on work with B. bronchiseptica, but BvgAS is present in B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica and is responsible for phase variation or phenotypic modulation.
BvgS is a
Most of the toxins and adhesins under BvgAS control are expressed under Bvg+ conditions (high BvgA-Pi concentration). But there are also genes expressed solely in the Bvg− state, most notably the
It is not known what the physiological signals for BvgS are, but
The identification of a specific point mutation in the BvgS gene which locks B. bronchiseptica in an intermediate Bvg phase revealed a class of BvgAS-regulated genes that are exclusively transcribed under intermediate concentrations of BvgA-Pi. This intermediate (Bvgi) phenotype can be reproduced in wild-type B. bronchiseptica by growth of the bacteria in a medium containing intermediate concentrations of the BvgAS modulator,
Vaccines
The Bordetella vaccine is non-essential, but highly recommended for dogs especially if they are expected to come into contact with other dogs at dog parks, boarding facilities, dog shows, training classes, etc.[20] In fact, it can be required at certain facilities for entry. The vaccine can also be given to cats, but it is less commonly done because infection appears to be uncommon in adult cats. However, it may be a good idea to vaccinate a kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats).[21]
The Bordetella vaccine specifically targets Bordetella bronchiseptica, the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or dead) to the body in order to develop an
There are three licensed ways to deliver the Bordetella vaccine to dogs: orally,
References
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- ^ a b Burke A (May 26, 2017). "5 Facts About the Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ Gardiner J (2019-03-27). "Vaccination Guidelines for Dogs and Cats". Animal Health Topics / School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ "How Bordetella Vaccines Work". HowStuffWorks. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
- ^ Larson, Laurie & Thiel, Bliss & Sharp, Patricia & Schultz, Ronald. (2013). A Comparative Study of Protective Immunity Provided by Oral, Intranasal and Parenteral Canine Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccines. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 11. 153-160.
- ^ Bryant, C. (2009, January 23). How Bordetella Vaccines Work. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/pet-travel/bordetella-vaccine1.htm.
- ^ Burke, A. (2018, July 13). 5 Facts About the Bordetella Vaccine for Dogs. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/facts-bordetella-vaccine-dogs/
- ^ Gardiner, J. (2020, August 11). Vaccination Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://healthtopics.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/feline/vaccination-guidelines-dogs-and-cats
- ^ Kadlec, K., & Schwarz, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bordetella bronchiseptica (1062719807 809797198 L. Cavaco & 1062719808 809797198 J. Shen, Eds.). Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Livestock and Companion Animals, 365-375. doi:10.1128/9781555819804.ch16
- ^ Larson, Laurie & Thiel, Bliss & Sharp, Patricia & Schultz, Ronald. (2013). A Comparative Study of Protective Immunity Provided by Oral, Intranasal and Parenteral Canine Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccines. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 11. 153-16