Alessandro Cagliostro

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Count Alessandro di Cagliostro
Bust by Jean-Antoine Houdon, c. 1786
Born	Giuseppe Balsamo (1743-06-02)June 2, 1743 Albergheria, Palermo, Kingdom of Sicily
Died	August 26, 1795(1795-08-26) (aged 52) Forte di San Leo, Papal States
Nationality	Italian
Other names	Joseph Balsamo
Occupation(s)	Occultist, adventurer, magician

Giuseppe Balsamo (Italian:

Cagliostro was an Italian adventurer and self-styled

In early 1768 Balsamo left for Rome, where he managed to land himself a job as a secretary to Cardinal Orsini.^[5] The job proved boring to Balsamo and he soon started leading a double life, selling magical "Egyptian" amulets and engravings pasted on boards and painted over to look like paintings.^[6] Of the many Sicilian expatriates and ex-convicts he met during this period, one introduced him to a fourteen-year-old girl named Lorenza Seraphina Feliciani (ca. 8 April 1751 – 1794), known as Serafina, whom he married 1768.

The couple moved in with Lorenza's parents and her brother in the vicolo delle Cripte, adjacent to the strada dei Pellegrini.^[6] Balsamo's coarse language and the way he incited Lorenza to display her body contrasted deeply with her parents' deep-rooted religious beliefs. After a heated discussion, the young couple left. At this point, Balsamo befriended Agliata, a forger and swindler, who proposed to teach Balsamo how to forge letters, diplomas and myriad other official documents. In return, Agliata sought sexual intercourse with Balsamo's young wife, a request to which Balsamo acquiesced.^[7]

The couple traveled together to London, where Balsamo, now styling himself with one of several pseudonyms and self-conferred titles before settling on "Count Alessandro di Cagliostro", allegedly met the

Cagliostro was prosecuted in the

Cagliostro left England to visit Rome, where he met two people who proved to be spies of the Inquisition. Some accounts hold that his wife was the one who initially betrayed him to the Inquisition. On 27 December 1789 he was arrested for attempting to found a Masonic lodge in Rome^[9] and imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo. He was tried and originally sentenced to death, but the sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment at the Forte di San Leo, where he would die on 26 August 1795.^[10]

Legacy

Portuguese author

Cagliostro was an extraordinary forger. Giacomo Casanova, in his autobiography, narrated an encounter in which Cagliostro was able to forge a letter by Casanova, despite being unable to understand it. Occult historian Lewis Spence comments in his entry on Cagliostro that the swindler put his finagled wealth to good use by starting and funding a chain of maternity hospitals and orphanages around the continent. He carried an alchemistic manuscript The Most Holy Trinosophia amongst others with him on his ill-fated journey to Rome, and it is alleged that he wrote it. Occultist Aleister Crowley believed Cagliostro was one of his previous incarnations.^[11][12]

In popular culture

Drama

• Catherine the Great wrote two skits lampooning Cagliostro in the guise of characters loosely based upon him.
• Johann Wolfgang Goethe wrote a comedy based on Cagliostro's life, also in reference to the Affair of the Diamond Necklace
  , The Great Cophta (Der Groß-Coptha) which was published in 1791.
• Latvian playwright Mārtiņš Zīverts wrote the play Kaļostro Vilcē (Cagliostro in Vilce) in 1967.

Literature

• Alexandre Dumas, père used Cagliostro in several of his novels (especially in Joseph Balsamo and in Le Collier de la Reine where he claims to be over 3,000 years old and to have known Helen of Troy
  ).
• George Sand includes Cagliostro as a minor character in her historical novel, The Countess of Rudolstadt (1843).
• Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote the supernatural love story Count Cagliostro, in which the Count brings to life a long dead Russian princess by materializing her from her portrait. The story was made into a 1984 Soviet TV movie Formula of Love.
• Cagliostro is featured in three stories by Rafael Sabatini, namely "The Lord of Time", "The Death Mask" and "The Alchemical Egg", which are included in Sabatini's collection Turbulent Tales.

• In "
  ETA Hoffmann
  . Spalanzani is said to resemble a portrait of Cagliostro by Chodowiecki.
• In "The Book and the Beast", a short story by
  Robert Arthur, Jr., a grimoire attributed to Caliostro causes the gruesome death of those foolish enough to examine it, until a fire destroys it.^[13]
• He is mentioned in the novel Kun Lun by Kilburn Hall (2014), where it is revealed that Alessandro Cagliostro, Joseph and Giuseppe Balsamo are just a few of the names that the time traveler Count St. Germain has used throughout history.
• Der Geisterseher
  (The Ghost-Seer) between 1786 and 1789, concerning him.
• Harry Stephen Keeler paid tribute to the magician in his novel The Spectacles of Mr. Cagliostro.
• He is a character in Robert Anton Wilson's The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles.
• He is frequently mentioned Umberto Eco's novel Foucault's Pendulum.
• Mikhail Kuzmin wrote a novella called The Marvelous Life of Giuseppe Balsamo, Count Cagliostro (1916).
• He is a character in Psychoshop, a novel by Alfred Bester and Roger Zelazny.
• Arsene Lupin
  novels.
• Cagliostro makes a number of appearances as a vampire in Kim Newman's Anno Dracula series of novels.
• There are numerous references to Cagliostro in the detective novel He Who Whispers by John Dickson Carr (aka Carter Dickson), one of his Dr. Gideon Fell mysteries, published by Hamish Hamilton (UK) & Harper (USA) in 1946. In this book, a French professor, Georges Antoine Rigaud, has written a history: Life of Cagliostro. An attempted murder committed in He Who Whispers is similar in technique to part of an initiation ceremony undergone by Cagliostro into the lodge of a secret society. Cagliostro Street appears as a location in Carr's 1935 novel The Hollow Man (published in the US as The Three Coffins).
• He is a character in the 1997 novel 'Superstition' by David Ambrose. He is an acquaintance of the fictional Adam Wyatt.
• He is often mentioned in the novel Napoleon's Pyramids by William Dietrich in connection with Freemasons and ancient Egyptian artifacts.
• In Robert A. Heinlein's Glory Road, Star uses "Balsamo" as an alias, and refers to Giuseppe as her uncle.
• William Bolitho Ryall's Twelve Against The Gods has a section on Cagliostro.

Comics

• The Phantom comic book (based on a comic strip of the same name) featured Cagliostro as a character in the story "The Cagliostro Mystery" from 1988. written by Norman Worker and drawn by Carlos Cruz.
• The third Kid Eternity comic book, published in 1946, featured Cagliostro's risen spirit.
• In the DC Comics universe, Cagliostro is described as an immortal (JLA Annual 2), a descendant of Leonardo da Vinci as well as an ancestor of Zatara and Zatanna (Secret Origins 27).
• In
  Dracula Lives
  comic books, Cagliostro is a frequent enemy of Dracula.
• The manga Rozen Maiden gives Count Cagliostro as one of many aliases adopted by the legendary dollmaker Rozen. He was shown to be in prison whittling wood.
• He is a character in
  Spawn. He was introduced to the series by writer Neil Gaiman. Here, Cogliostro was once a spawn of Hell bound to his duty to the daemon Malebolgia
  . Having freed himself of the curse through alchemy and sorcery, he teaching Spawn to do the same throughout the series.

• Cagliostro is a playable character in the Japanese Mobile game Granblue Fantasy.
• Payday 2 by Overkill and Starbreeze studios features Cagliostro's manuscript as a key story item and opens a deep mystery within the game involving secret societies, immortality and nephilims.
• Cagliostro is a villain in the Spiders video game Steelrising. His penchant for magic and alternative medicine is referenced; for example, in one scene, he is shown practicing hypnosis with a pendulum.
• Cagliostro is featured in Fate/Grand Order as a Pretender-class servant.

Music

• He appears as a principal character in the 1794 opera Le congrès des rois, a collaborative work of 12 composers.
• The French composer Victor Dourlen (1780–1864) composed the first act to Cagliostro, ou Les illuminés which premiered on 27 November 1810. The second and third acts were composed by Anton Reicha (1770–1836).^[14][15]
• The Irish composer William Michael Rooke (1794–1847) wrote an unperformed work Cagliostro.^[16]
• Adolphe Adam wrote the opéra comique Cagliostro which premiered on 10 February 1844.^[17]
• Albert Lortzing wrote in 1850 the libretto for a comic opera in three acts, Cagliostro, but did not compose any music for it.^[18]
• Johann Strauß (Sohn) wrote the operetta Cagliostro in Wien (Cagliostro in Vienna) in 1875.
• The French composer Claude Terrasse (1867–1923) wrote Le Cagliostro which premiered in 1904.^[19]
• The Polish composer Jan Maklakiewicz (1899–1954) wrote the ballet in three scenes Cagliostro w Warszawie which premiered in 1938.^[20]
• The Romanian composer Iancu Dumitrescu (1944–) wrote the 1975 work Le miroir de Cagliostro for choir, flute and percussion.^[21]
• The American composer John Zorn (1953–) composed Cagliostro for solo viola in 2015. The performer uses two bows in the right hand to play on all four strings at once throughout the work.
• The opera Cagliostro by the Italian composer Ildebrando Pizzetti (1880–1968) was performed on Italian radio in 1952 and at La Scala on 24 January 1953.^[22]
• The comic opera Graf Cagliostro was written by Mikael Tariverdiev in 1983.

Film

• Cagliostro has been portrayed in film by:
  • Fryderyk Jarossy (Kaliostro, 1918)
  • The Count of Cagliostro
    , 1920)
  • Hans Stüwe (Cagliostro, 1929)
  • Ferdinand Marian (Münchhausen, 1943)
  • Orson Welles (Black Magic, 1949)
  • Howard Vernon (Erotic Rites of Frankenstein, 1972)
  • Joseph Balsamo ^[fr
    ], 1973, TV miniseries)
  • Cagliostro
    , 1975)
  • Nodar Mgaloblishvili (Formula of Love, 1984, TV film)
  • Nicol Williamson (Spawn, 1997)
  • Christopher Walken (The Affair of the Necklace, 2001)
  • Robert Englund (The Return of Cagliostro, 2003)
• In the 1943 German epic
  Münchhausen, Cagliostro appears as a powerful, morally ambiguous magician portrayed by Ferdinand Marian
  .
• The French film director Georges Méliès (1861–1938) directed the 1899 film Le Miroir de Cagliostro.^[23]
• The Japanese animated movie The Castle of Cagliostro draws on Maurice Leblanc's Arsène Lupin novels and has the gentleman thief's half-Japanese grandson as the protagonist. Lazare d'Cagliostro appears as the main antagonist of the film, a ruler of a fictional country who influences the world's economy through counterfeiting (inspired by the 1977 fanfiction The Justice of Arsène Lupin).
• The Mummy (1932), starring Boris Karloff, was adapted from an original story treatment by Nina Wilcox Putnam titled "Cagliostro". Based on Cagliostro and set in San Francisco, the story was about a 3000-year-old magician who survives by injecting nitrates.
• Cagliostro and his wife, Lorenza, appear as antagonists in the 2006 anime
  Le Chevalier d'Eon
  . While Cagliostro is mostly portrayed as a bumbling money-grubber, Lorenza is shown to have arcane magic powers.
• In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Cagliostro is a sorcerer, and is mentioned often in Doctor Strange (2016). The Book of Cagliostro: Study of Time is an ancient artifact containing several dark spells. The spin-off Disney+ series What If...? mentions him as one who could break an absolute point in time. Doctor Strange read the lost books of Cagliostro and reversed an absolute point in time, much like the books' author.

Television

• He is a whimsical villainous alchemist character in the TV anime Senki Zesshou Symphogear AXZ
• He appears as a villainous magician in an episode of the 1960s series Thriller, entitled "The Prisoner in the Mirror"; he is played by Henry Daniell and Lloyd Bochner.
• In "Diana's Disappearing Act", an 1978 episode of the Wonder Woman TV series, a descendant of Cagliostro's (played by Dick Gautier) is the villain. Attempting alchemy, he succeeds to the extent of turning lead into gold for a time, after which it reverts back to its original form. The long-lived Wonder Woman says that she faced his ancestor, the original count, in the past.
• In Samurai Jack (the seventh episode of the third season), the title character follows a quest for the crystal of Cagliostro. This episode contains an homage to The Castle of Cagliostro by way of Jack receiving aid from a thief based directly on Daisuke Jigen.
• The 2016
  Lupin III yearly special featured a hunt for the treasure of Cagliostro. Prior to this, the name was also used for the 1979 Lupin III theatrical release The Castle of Cagliostro
  , though with little relation to the historical Cagliostro.
• In the The Twilight Zone (2002 TV series), Episode 36 "The Pharaoh's Curse", an up-and-coming illusionist strives to learn the secrets behind a centuries-old illusion, which has been purportedly handed down from magician masters Harry Houdini, Frederick Eugene Powell, and back originally to Cagliostro himself.

References

Further reading

• Giovanni Barberi. The Life of Joseph Balsamo Commonly called Count Cagliostro. London, 1791.
• Thomas Carlyle: Count Cagliostro, Fraser's Magazine (July, Aug. 1833).
• Carlyle, Thomas. "The French Revolution"
• Camilo Castelo Branco. Compêndio da Vida e Feitos de José Bálsamo Chamado Conde de Cagliostro ou O Judeu Errante. E. Chardron, 1874.
• Giacomo Casanova, Soliloque d’un penseur (1786). A pamphlet contra Cagliostro, published anonymously.
• Le Couteulx de Canteleu, Les sectes et sociétés secrètes, politiques et religieuses (1863); Ch. XIII "Saint-Germain, Cagliostro, et l’affaire du collier".
• Philippa Faulks and Robert L. D. Cooper. The Masonic Magician; The Life and Death of Count Cagliostro and his Egyptian Rite, London, Watkins, 2008.
• Alexander Lernet-Holenia. Das Halsband der Königin (Paul Zsolnay Verlag, Hamburg/Vienna, 1962, historical study on the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, including a description of Cagliostro's background).
• W. R. H Trowbridge. Cagliostro: The Splendour and Misery of a Master of Magic (Chapman & Hall, London 1910).

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Alessandro Cagliostro.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alessandro Cagliostro.

• Biography from TheMystica.com, identifying him with Giuseppe Balsamo.
• Biography from DJMcAdam.com, an account that just denies this hypothesis without giving a reason.
• The Great Cagliostro: Master Illusionist and King of Liars Archived 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine