Calvatia sculpta

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Calvatia sculpta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Calvatia
Species:
C. sculpta
Binomial name
Calvatia sculpta
(
Harkn.) Lloyd
(1904)
Synonyms[1]
  • Lycoperdon sculptum Harkn. (1885)
Calvatia sculpta
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible or inedible

Calvatia sculpta, commonly known as the sculpted puffball, the sculptured puffball, the pyramid puffball, or Sierran puffball, is a

fruit body
disintegrate into a brownish powder. The spores are roughly spherical, and have wart-like projections on their surfaces.

Originally described from the

Calbovista subsculpta, a similar puffball that—in addition to differences observable only with a microscope—is larger, and has slightly raised warts with a felt-like texture. Other similar species include Calvatia arctica and immature specimens of Amanita magniverrucata
.

Taxonomy and naming

The species was first described in 1885 by American mycologist

classification, despite its unusual cortex.[2] Harkness's type collections were destroyed in the fires following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[3] In 1904, Curtis Gates Lloyd considered the species better placed in Calvatia, because of the resemblance of its deeply colored capillitial threads (coarse thick-walled cells found in the gleba) to those of Calvatia caelata;[nb 1] he called the species Calvatia sculptum.[7] The mushroom is known by several common names, including the "sculpted puffball", the "sculptured puffball", the "pyramid puffball",[8] and the "Sierran puffball".[9]

In 1992, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel, in his survey of the genus Calvatia, defined the section Sculpta to contain C. sculpta and C. subcretacea.[10] Two years later he merged the section Cretacea into Sculpta[11] when it was shown that C. subcretacea was synonymous with the arctic-alpine species C. arctica.[12]

Description

The gleba of young fruit bodies are firm and yellowish-white.

The white pear- or egg-shaped fruit body of C. sculpta may be 8 to 15 cm (3 to 6 in) tall by 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) wide. The outer layer of tissue, known as the exoperidium, is covered on the outer surface with distinctive long, pointed, pyramid-shaped warts, either erect or bent over and sometimes connected at the tip with other warts.[13] The warts bear parallel horizontal lines towards the base. Mycologist David Arora opined that C. sculpta resembled "a cross between a geodesic dome and a giant glob of meringue".[9] In age, the peridium sloughs off and exposes a brownish spore mass. The interior of the puffball, the gleba, is firm and yellowish-white when young, but gradually becomes powdery and deep olive-brown as it matures.[13]

The

sclerotia. The mycelia of C. sculpta can be induced to form mycelial strands when there is a permeable physical barrier between it and the agar substrate.[18] The wide hyphae in the center of the mycelial strands contain protein-dense structures on their cell walls that are shaped like a torus. Their function is unknown.[19]

Edibility

Calvatia sculpta is edible, and said to be "choice" by some authors.[9][13] The taste is described as "mild" and the flesh has no distinguishable odor.[13] Arora recommends eating the puffball only when it is firm and white inside, as older specimens may have a distasteful iodine-like flavor.[20] The puffball may be preserved by freezing fresh or partially cooked slices, but their flavor and texture will deteriorate unless cooked immediately after thawing. Recommended cooking techniques for puffball slices include sautéing and coating in batter before frying.[8] C. sculpta was used as a traditional food of the Plains and Sierra Miwok Indians of North America, who called the fungus potokele or patapsi.[21] Puffballs were prepared by drying them in the sun, grinding them with a mortar, and boiling them before eating with acorn soup.[22][23]

Similar species

Lookalike species include Calbovista subsculpta (left) and Amanita magniverrucata (right).

The giant western puffball,

Calbovista subsculpta is similar in appearance, but has more flattened and less prominent pyramidal warts. Microscopically, its capillitia are thin-walled and frequently and irregularly branched, in contrast to the thick-walled infrequently branched capillitia of C. sculpta.[13] The "possibly toxic" Amanita magniverrucata, in its embryonic stage, has a superficial resemblance as it also has pyramidal cap warts. However, it grows at different elevations and different seasons than C. sculpta. Further, slicing the fruit body of A. magniverrucata in half will reveal internal structures of cap, gills and stem not present in puffballs.[26]

Habitat and distribution

The sculptured puffball grows solitarily or in small groups in

Washington, and Idaho.[28] An uncommon species,[9] it fruits throughout spring, summer, and fall during wet weather.[13]

Most commonly known from western North America,

cryptic species complex—appearing morphologically similar but genetically distinct. The Brazilian population has not been compared genetically with North American specimens.[14]

Notes

  1. ^ Depending on the authority consulted, Calvatia caelata is currently known as either Lycoperdon utriforme,[4] Calvatia utriformis,[5] or Handkea utriformis.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b "Gastropila subcretacea (Zeller) P. Ponce de León 1976". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  2. ^ Harkness HW. (1885). "Fungi of the Pacific Coast". Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences. 1 (3): 159–77. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  3. JSTOR 2479221. Archived from the original
    on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  4. ^ "Calvatia caelata (Bull.) Morgan". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  5. ^ "Calvatia caelata (Bull.) Morgan 1890". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
  6. ^ Kreisel H. (1989). "Studies in the Calvatia complex (Basidiomycetes)". Nova Hedwigia. 48 (3–4): 281–96.
  7. ^ Lloyd CG. (1904). Mycological Writings of C.G. Lloyd. Vol. 1. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 203.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-292-72080-0
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  10. ^ Kreisel H. (1992). "An emendation and preliminary survey of the genus Calvatia (Gasteromycetidae)". Persoonia. 14 (4): 431–9.
  11. doi:10.1002/fedr.19941050516
    .
  12. ^ a b Lange M. (1994). "Calvatia subcretacea, a synonym of C. arctica". Mycologia Helvetica. 6 (2): 87–90.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  14. ^ a b Baseia IG, Calonge FD (2008). "Calvatia sculpta, a striking puffball occurring on Brazilian sand dunes". Mycotaxon. 106: 269–72.
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
    .
  16. ^ Portman R, Moseman R, Levetin E (1997). "Ultrastructure of basidiospores in North American members of the genus Calvatia". Mycotaxon. 62: 435–43. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
  17. ISBN 978-0-521-42773-9
    .
  18. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(80)80003-9
    .
  19. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(82)80211-8
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0
    .
  21. S2CID 85068173. Open access icon
  22. ^ Barrett SA, Gifford EW (1933). "Miwok material culture: Indian life of the Yosemite region". Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 2 (4): 117–376.
  23. ^ Burk WR. (1983). "Puffball usages among North American Indians" (PDF). Journal of Ethnobiology. 3 (1): 55–62.
  24. ^ Kuo M. (October 2008). "Calvatia booniana". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  25. ISBN 978-0-02-063690-8
    .
  26. ^ Wood M, Stevens F. "Calvatia sculpta". California Fungi. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  27. ISBN 978-0-520-24096-4
    .
  28. ^ Zeller SM, Smith AH (1964). "The genus Calvatia in North America". Lloydia. 27 (3): 148–80.

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