Cartoon
A cartoon is a type of
The concept originated in the
Fine art
A cartoon (from Italian: cartone and Dutch: karton—words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a design or modello for a painting, stained glass, or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate).[3] In media such as stained tapestry or stained glass, the cartoon was handed over by the artist to the skilled craftsmen who produced the final work.
Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or "pounced" over a cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster ("pouncing"). Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons, and examples by Leonardo da Vinci, are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually colored, could be placed behind the loom, where the weaver would replicate the design. As tapestries are worked from behind, a mirror could be placed behind the loom to allow the weaver to see their work; in such cases the cartoon was placed behind the weaver.[2][4]
Mass media
In print media, a cartoon is a drawing or series of drawings, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages,[5] particularly sketches by John Leech.[6] The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster in London.[7]
Sir John Tenniel—illustrator of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland—joined Punch in 1850, and over 50 years contributed over two thousand cartoons.[8]
Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips.
Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath, or, less often, a speech balloon.[9] Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself).[10] The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, and Chon Day.
Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States, they are not commonly called "cartoons" themselves, but rather "comics" or "
Political
Political cartoons are like illustrated editorials that serve visual commentaries on political events. They offer subtle criticism which are cleverly quoted with humour and satire to the extent that the criticized does not get embittered.
The pictorial satire of
became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray, from 1815 until the 1840s. His career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications.By the mid 19th century, major political newspapers in many other countries featured cartoons commenting on the politics of the day. Thomas Nast, in New York City, showed how realistic German drawing techniques could redefine American cartooning.[14] His 160 cartoons relentlessly pursued the criminal characteristic of the Tweed machine in New York City, and helped bring it down. Indeed, Tweed was arrested in Spain when police identified him from Nast's cartoons.[15] In Britain, Sir John Tenniel was the toast of London.[16] In France under the July Monarchy, Honoré Daumier took up the new genre of political and social caricature, most famously lampooning the rotund King Louis Philippe.
Political cartoons can be humorous or satirical, sometimes with piercing effect. The target of the humor may complain, but can seldom fight back. Lawsuits have been very rare; the first successful lawsuit against a cartoonist in over a century in Britain came in 1921, when
Scientific
Cartoons such as xkcd have also found their place in the world of science, mathematics, and technology. For example, the cartoon Wonderlab looked at daily life in the chemistry lab. In the U.S., one well-known cartoonist for these fields is Sidney Harris. Many of Gary Larson's cartoons have a scientific flavor.
Comic books
The first
In the United States in the 1930s, books with cartoons were magazine-format "American comic books" with original material, or occasionally reprints of newspaper comic strips.[19]
In Britain in the 1930s,
On some occasions, new gag cartoons have been created for book publication.
Animation
Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated films, cartoon came to refer to
In the 1980s, cartoon was shortened to toon, referring to characters in animated productions. This term was popularized in 1988 by the combined live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, followed in 1990 by the animated TV series Tiny Toon Adventures.
See also
- Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
- Caricature
- Comics
- Comics studies
- List of cartoonists
- List of editorial cartoonists
- List of comic strips
References
- ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d Becker 1959
- ^ Constable 1954, p. 115.
- ^ Adelson 1994, p. 330.
- ^ Punch.co.uk. "History of the Cartoon". Archived from the original on 2007-11-11. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ Adler & Hill 2008, p. 30.
- ^ "Substance and Shadow: Original Editorial Accompanying "Cartoon, No. I"". Victorian web.org. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ "Sir John Tenniel". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Bishop 2009, p. 92.
- ^ Maslin, Michael (May 5, 2016). "The Peter Arno Cartoons That Help Rescue The New Yorker". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
- ^ a b Press 1981, p. 34.
- ^ Chris Upton. "Birth of England's pocket cartoon". The Free Library.
- ^ a b Rowson 2015.
- ^ Adler & Hill 2008, p. 24.
- ^ Adler & Hill 2008, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Morris & Tenniel 2005, p. 344.
- ^ Samuel S. Hyde, "'Please, Sir, he called me "Jimmy!' Political Cartooning before the Law: 'Black Friday', J.H. Thomas, and the Communist Libel Trial of 1921", Contemporary British History (2011) 25(4), pp. 521–550.
- ISBN 978-1-57806-414-4.
- ^ "A History of the Comic Book". Random History. March 18, 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- Ernest Sackville Turner, Boys Will Be Boys: The Story of Sweeney Todd, Deadwood Dick, Sexton Blake, Billy Bunter, Dick Barton et al. (3rd ed. 1975).
- ISBN 9780313397516.
- ^ Walasek 2009, p. 116.
- ^ Wells 2008, p. 41.
Bibliography
- Adelson, Candace (1994). European tapestry in the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Minnesota: Minneapolis Institute of Arts. ISBN 9780810932623.
- Adler, John; Hill, Draper (2008). Doomed by Cartoon: How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and the New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves. ISBN 978-1-60037-443-2.
- Becker, Stephen D.; Goldberg, Rube (1959). Comic Art in America: A Social History of the Funnies, the Political Cartoons, Magazine Humor, Sporting Cartoons, and Animated Cartoons. Simon & Schuster.
- Bishop, Franklin (2009). Cartoonist's Bible: An Essential Reference for Practicing Artist. London: Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-2085-7.
- Blackbeard, Bill, ed. (1977). The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics. Smithsonian Inst. Press.
- Constable, William George (1954). The Painter's Workshop. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486238364. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ISBN 9780877540427.
- Morris, Frankie; Tenniel, Sir John (2005). Artist Of Wonderland: The Life, Political Cartoons, And Illustrations Of Tenniel. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813923437.
- Press, Charles (1981). The Political Cartoon. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 9780838619018.
- Robinson, Jerry (1974). The Comics: An Illustrated History of Comic Strip Art. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Rowson, Martin (21 March 2015). "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon". The Guardian.
- Walasek, Helen (2009). The Best of Punch Cartoons: 2,000 Humor Classics. England: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-5902-0308-8.
- Wells, Paul (November 28, 2008). The Animated Bestiary: Animals, Cartoons, and Culture. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4643-8.
- Yockey, Steve (2008). Cartoon. Samuel French. ISBN 978-0-573-66383-3.
External links
- Dan Becker, History of Cartoons (archived 14 March 2019)
- Marchand collection – cartoons and photos (archived 25 February 2011)
- Stamp Act 1765 with British and American cartoons (archived 19 May 2011)
- "Graphic Witness" political caricatures in history
- Keppler cartoons
- current editorial cartoons
- Index of cartoonists in the Fred Waring Collection (archived 10 December 2009)
- International Society for Humor Studies (archived 17 May 2008)
- Harper's Weekly – 150 cartoons on elections 1860–1912; Reconstruction topics; Chinese exclusion; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress, 1766–1876 (archived 31 July 2010)
- Fiore, R. (2010-01-31). "Adventures in Nomenclature: Literal, Liberal and Freestyle". Fantagraphics Books. Archived from the originalon 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
- Rossetti, William Michael; Spielmann, Marion Harry Alexander (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 434–435.