Catocala

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"Lamprosia" redirects here. For the metalmark butterfly, see Voltinia (butterfly). For the arctiid moths, see Lamprosiella.

Catocala
Semirelict underwing (C. semirelicta)
Imago of the pura form
from above
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Tribe: Catocalini
Genus: Catocala
Schrank, 1802
Type species
Phalaena nupta
Diversity
About 270 species
Synonyms

Numerous, see text

Catocala is a generally

Holarctic genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in plural
, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to Catocala only.

Of the more than 250 known

Indomalaya.[1]

Description and ecology

Most species of Catocala have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of Lepidoptera.

In, The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II, the genus described as follows.

Palpi reaching just above vertex of head, the 2nd joint thickly scaled; antennae of male fasciculated; thorax smoothly scaled; abdomen with dorsal ridges of coarse hair on proximal segments, which are sometimes developed into tufts; fore tibia more or less hairy; hind tibia spined. Fore wing with the apex nearly rectangular; the cilia crenulate. Hind wing with the cilia crenulate; vein 5 from below center of discocellulars. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs.[2]

It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly

nocturnal predators such as bats, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.[3]

beloved underwing
(C. ilia)

The

asterids and quite unrelated to the other food plants by eudicot standards.[4]

The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after dusk right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around noon, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.[5]

The genus name Catocala roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two Ancient Greek words, kato (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and kalos (καλός, "beautiful").[6]

Classification

There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of Catocala are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species.[7]

There are several

phylogeny and taxonomy of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made (as of 2011) little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted taxonomic
treatment for the genus as a whole.

Synonyms

Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from Catocala, but these are all treated here as

junior synonyms. These synonyms and other invalid names of Catocala are:[8][9]

  • Andreusia Hampson, 1913 (unjustified
    emendation
    )
  • Andrewsia Grote, 1882
  • Astiodes (lapsus)
  • Astiotes Hübner, 1823
  • Belpharidia (lapsus)
  • Bihemena Beck, 1966
  • Blephara Ochsenheimer, 1816 (unavailable)
  • Blepharidia Hübner, 1822
  • Blepharonia Hübner, 1823 (unavailable)[10]
  • Blepharonia Hübner, 1825
  • Blepharum Hübner, 1806 (
    rejected
    )
  • Catabapta Hulst, 1884
  • Catacola (lapsus)
  • Catocalla (lapsus)
  • Convercala Beck, 1966
  • Corisce Hübner, 1823
  • Corisee (lapsus)
  • Divercala Beck, 1966
  • Ephesia Hübner, 1818
  • Eucala Beck, 1966
  • Eucora Hübner, 1823
  • Eunetis Hübner, 1823
  • Hemigeometra Haworth, 1809
  • Koraia Nye, 1975
  • Lamprosia Hübner, [1821]
  • Lamprosia Hübner, 1827 (non Hüber, [1821]: preoccupied)
  • Metacala Beck, 1966
  • Mormonia Hübner, 1823
  • Mormosia (lapsus)
  • Optocala Beck, 1966
  • Promonia Beck, 1966
  • Puercala Beck, 1966
  • Reticcala Beck, 1966
  • Simplicala Beck, 1966

Palearctic
species

Comparison of Eurasian species

Nearctic
species

Comparison of North American species

Other "underwing moths"

As noted in the introduction, some species besides the Catocala species are also commonly known as "underwings". Typically however, the name is used with a qualifier, such as a color term, in these cases. Non-Catocala "underwing moths" are typically owlet moths, namely: Subfamily Catocalinae

  • Beautiful yellow underwing
    (Anarta myrtilli)
  • Brown underwing
    (Minucia lunaris)
  • Locust underwing
    (Euparthenos nubilis)
  • (European)
    white underwing (Catephia alchymista) – in North America, "white underwing" typically refers to Catocala relicta

Subfamily Amphipyrinae

Subfamily Erebinae

  • False underwing moth
    (Allotria elonympha)

Subfamily Hadeninae

  • Black underwing
    (Mormo maura)
  • Blossom underwing
    (Orthosia miniosa)
  • Broad-bordered white underwing
    (Hadula melanopa)
  • Guernsey underwing
    (Polyphaenis sericata)
  • Lunar underwing (Omphaloscelis lunosa)
  • Small dark yellow underwing
    (Coranarta cordigera)
  • Small yellow underwing
    (Panemeria tenebrata)
  • Straw underwing (Thalpophila matura)

Subfamily Noctuinae

  • Pearly underwing
    (Peridroma saucia)
  • Yellow underwings proper, some 15 species in the genus Noctua

However, the "orange underwings" are two species of genus Archiearis of the geometer moth family (Geometridae):

  • Orange underwing
    (Archiearis parthenias)
  • Light orange underwing
    (Archiearis notha)

Footnotes

  1. ^ FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)
  2. ^ Hampson, G. F. (1894). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  3. ^ Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)
  4. ^ Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)
  5. ^ Fullard & Napoleone (2001)
  6. ^ Woodhouse (1910)
  7. ^ See references in Savela (2012)
  8. ^ Pitkin & Jenkins (2004b)
  9. ^ Savela, Markku (July 27, 2019). "Catocala Schrank, 1802". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  10. ^ "Blepharonia" was initially proposed as name for a tribe in 1823, and only established as a genus name Blepharonia in 1825: Pitkin & Jenkins (2004a).

References

Further reading

  • Ishizuka, K. (2002). "Notes on Catocala columbina Leech, 1900 (Lepidoptela, Noctuidae), with description of new taxa". Gekkan-Mushi. (379): 12–13.
  • Ishizuka, K. (2007). "A new species of Catocala Schrank, 1802 from Western China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)". Gekkan-Mushi. (439): 22–24.
  • Müller, Gunter; Kravchenko, Vasiliy; Witt, Thomas; Junnila, Amy; Mooser, J.; Saldaitis, Aidas; Reshöft, K.; Ivinskis, Povilas; Zahiri, Reza & Speidel, Wolfgang (2008). "New underwing taxa of the section of Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (1): 30–49.
  • Kravchenko, V. D., Speidel, W., et al. (2008). "A new species of Catocala from Israel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 127–129.
  • Leech, J. J. (1900). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. 1900: 511–663.
  • Lewandowski, S. & Tober, K. (2008). "Catocala olgaorlovae duschara subspec. nov. aus Jordanien (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Atalanta. 39 (1-4): 377–378.
  • Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2008). "Catocala florianii, a new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 124–126.
  • Saldaitis, A. & Pekarsky, O. & Borth, R. (2014). "A new subspecies of Catocala pudica Moore, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (sensu lato): Erebinae) from Mongolia". Esperiana. 19: 255–262.
  • Sinyaev, V., Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2007). Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 17 (4): 272–275.
  • Speidel, W., Ivinskis, P. & Saldaitis, A. (2008). "A new Catocala species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 18 (2): 122–123.
  • Weisert, F. (1998). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Österreichischen Entomologen. 50: 125–126.

External links

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