Cessna Citation II
Cessna Citation II / IISP / SII Citation Bravo | |
---|---|
Role | Corporate jet
|
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Cessna |
First flight | January 31, 1977 |
Produced | 1978–2006 |
Number built | 1184: 688 II and II/SP, 160 S/II, 336 Bravo[1] |
Developed from | Cessna Citation I |
Developed into | Cessna Citation V |
The Cessna Citation II models are light
Design and development
The Citation II (Model 550) was developed to provide the same docile low-speed handling and good short-field performance as the preceding
The stretched Citation was announced in September 1976, it first flew on January 31, 1977, and FAA certification was awarded in March 1978.
Citation S/II
The improved Citation S/II (Model S550) was announced in October 1983 and first flew on February 14, 1984, before certification in July. It gained a supercritical airfoil with swept wing roots, aileron and flap gap seals, and a fluid deicing system instead of the pneumatic deicing boots used on earlier Citations.[2][3][6] To further reduce drag, the fuselage and engine nacelle pylons were redesigned, and nacelle fairings were added.[2][6] Fuel capacity was increased by 120 US gal (450 L). The result of the improvements was a cruise speed of 403 kn (746 km/h)—exceeding 400 kn, felt to be an important marketing benchmark by Cessna—and a range of 1,378 nmi (2,552 km) with a 45-minute fuel reserve.[7] The improved 2,500 lbf (11 kN) JT15D-4B engines had higher temperature-rated components, allowing more thrust at higher altitudes.[2]
The S/II replaced the II from 1984, but some potential buyers objected to the sharp price increase from
Government variants
The
The T-47A was a modified version of the Citation S/II (Model 552) for the U.S. Navy, featuring a 5 ft (1.5 m) wingspan reduction and hydraulically boosted
All T-47A aircraft were operated with civil aircraft registration numbers by Training Air Squadron VT-86 based at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. On July 20, 1993, thirteen of the fifteen aircraft were destroyed when a roofing contractor accidentally set fire to a hangar at Forbes Field where the aircraft were being stored by Cessna. The navy replaced the lost trainers with upgraded T-39D aircraft and the two survivors were transferred to civil owners.[12][13]
Citation Bravo
The Citation Bravo first flew on April 25, 1995, was granted certification in August 1996, and was first delivered in February 1997. It features new
Its more efficient PW530A generates 15% more thrust at takeoff and 23% more at altitude. It burns 1,100 lb (500 kg) of fuel in the first hour, dropping to 750–830 lb (340–380 kg) the second hour cruising at 360–365 kn (667–676 km/h) at FL410-430 and then 637 lb (289 kg) the third hour at 350 kn (650 km/h) and FL450. The engine overhaul every 4,000 hours cost $1 million or $275 at
Upgrades
By December 2006, Clifford Development in Ohio had launched a program to re-engine Citation IIs with 3,000 lbf (13 kN) Williams FJ44-3 engines for $1.9 million (~$2.76 million in 2023).[15] Clifford expected a STC within 12 months, 21% faster long-range cruise, 29% longer range, 34% better single-engine climb rate and 20% better fuel efficiency.[15] By May 2007, Sierra Industries in Texas was also developing a similar modification, as 900 Citations qualify for it, directly as a broker and
In September 2008, the FAA granted a STC to Sierra Industries.[17] The Super S-II made its first flight on September 26.[18] The conversion cost $1.9 million in 2009, resulting in a $3.5-4.6 million value for a converted Citation II.[19] Ceiling is increased from FL 410 to FL 430, reached directly in 25 min at max takeoff weight with a thrust increased from 2,500 to 2,820 lbf (11.1 to 12.5 kN) each.[19] Dual-channel
Cruise speeds are faster by 45 to 400 kn (83 to 741 km/h) for the 550, and by 35 to 420 kn (65 to 778 km/h) for the Citation S-II.[19] The converted 550 is 25% more fuel efficient than the JT15D-powered original at the same speed, and burns 775 lb (352 kg) of fuel per hour at 390 kn (720 km/h).[19] The 550 Range is improved by 397 to 1,775 nmi (735 to 3,287 km), and by 461 to 2,300 nmi (854 to 4,260 km) for the S550.[19] The re-engined S550 can reach 446 kn (826 km/h) at FL270.[20] Clifford and its partner Stevens Aviation could also update the flight deck with Collins ProLine 21 avionics and refurbish the cabin.[21] Clifford was touting a 14% faster optimum cruise speed, and a 32% lower fuel burn for the S550.[22] Sierra was announcing a 1,890 and 2,064 nmi (3,500 and 3,823 km) IFR/VFR range for the re-engined Super II; or a 2,340 and 2,610 nmi (4,330 and 4,830 km) IFR/VFR range for the re-engined Super S-II.[23] By June 2012, Sierra Industries had re-engined 59 various Citations with FJ44s, among avionics retrofit and airframe modifications.[24]
Variants
- Citation II (Model 550), stretched development of the Model 500 with increased wingspan, fuel capacity and gross weight, first produced in 1978.[4] Initially replaced by the S/II in production, but was brought back and produced side by side with the S/II until the Bravo was introduced.[3][25]
- Citation II/SP (Model 551), single-pilot version of Model 550 with reduced gross weight.[2][3][26]
- Citation S/II (Model S550), development of Model 550 introduced in 1984 featuring a supercritical wing with swept wing roots, increased fuel capacity, and various minor improvements. Initially replaced the II in production.[3][27][28]
- T-47A (Model 552), U.S. Navy radar systems trainer version of S/II with a shortened wingspan, strengthened windshields, cockpit roof windows, more powerful JT15D-5 engines, and military equipment.[10]
- Citation Bravo (Model 550 Bravo),[1] updated S/II with new PW530A engines, landing gear and Primus 1000 avionics.[29][unreliable source?][30] The last Citation Bravo rolled off the production line in late 2006, ending a nearly 10-year production run of 337 aircraft.[31]
Operators
Military operators
- Argentina
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Myanmar
- Myanmar Air Force
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- Spain
- Spanish Air Force
- Spanish Navy[36]
- National Police Corps of Spain
- Sweden
- Turkey
- United States
- Venezuela
Civilian operators
- Austria
- Tyrol Air Ambulance[38]
- Denmark
- Canada
Airline operator
The Citation was also operated by at least one airline in scheduled passenger service, Enterprise Airlines in the U.S., from the late 1980s to 1990.[39][40]
Accidents and incidents
- On May 26, 1993, a Cessna 550 landed at Southampton Airport, England, with a reported tailwind of 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph), whereas the flight manual specified a maximum tailwind limit of 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph); with this tailwind, the landing distance required was greater than the distance available. The aircraft overran the runway through the airport perimeter fence and down an embankment onto the M27 motorway where it collided with two cars and caught fire. The two flight crew sustained minor injuries, and the three car occupants also sustained minor injuries. The aircraft was destroyed.[41]
- On September 4, 2022, in the 2022 Baltic Sea Cessna Citation crash, a Cessna 551 heading from Jerez, Spain, did not land at its intended destination, Cologne, Germany, but instead kept flying across Germany and the Baltic Sea where it eventually ran out of fuel and crashed in the sea off Ventspils, Latvia. The pilot had reported problems with air conditioning and pressurization early in the flight but later stopped responding to communications. A possible cause of the crash is that loss of cabin pressure rendered everyone on board unconscious.[42]
- On July 8, 2023, a Cessna 550 crashed in fog after a second attempt at landing at
Specifications (Cessna S550 Citation S/II)
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1993–94[45]
General characteristics
- Crew: Two pilots (One pilot on II/SP)
- Capacity: Six to eight passengers
- Length: 47 ft 8+1⁄2 in (14.542 m)
- Wingspan: 52 ft 2+1⁄2 in (15.913 m)
- Height: 15 ft 0 in (4.57 m)
- Wing area: 342.6 sq ft (31.83 m2)
- Airfoil: NACA 23000[14]
- Empty weight: 8,059 lb (3,656 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 15,100 lb (6,849 kg)
- Fuel capacity: 862 US gal (718 imp gal; 3,260 L) usable fuel
- Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-4B turbofans, 2,500 lbf (11 kN) thrust each
Performance(above 29,315 ft (8,935 m))
- Maximum speed: Mach 0.721
- Cruise speed: 403 kn (464 mph, 746 km/h) at 35,000 ft (11,000 m)
- Stall speed: 82 kn (94 mph, 152 km/h) (CAS)
- Range: 1,998 nmi (2,299 mi, 3,700 km) (with max fuel)
- Service ceiling: 43,000 ft (13,000 m) (max operating altitude)
- Rate of climb: 3,040 ft/min (15.4 m/s)
See also
Related development
- Cessna Citation series
- Cessna Citation I
- Cessna Citation V
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
- ^ a b c d e "500-Series Technical Review". Textron Aviation. April 28, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Horne, Thomas A. (April 2011). "II For The Road: Citation IIs on the Used Marketplace". AOPA Pilot Turbine Edition. Frederick, Maryland: Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Cessna Citation II & Bravo from Airliners.net
- ^ a b Szurovy 1999, pp. 28–30.
- ^ Szurovy 1999, p. 28.
- ^ a b Szurovy 1999, p. 31.
- ^ Szurovy 1999, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Szurovy 1999, p. 32.
- ^ Cessna C-550 Fact Sheet[permanent dead link] Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Szurovy 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Defense. May 12, 2004. DoD 4120.15-L.
- ^ a b "T-47A Citation II Cessna 552". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ Baugher, Joe (February 27, 2021). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (160007 to 163049)". joebaugher.com. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Fred George (February 26, 2018). "Second-Generation Citation II Is Cost-Effective Entry-Level Jet" (PDF). Business & Commercial Aviation. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
- ^ a b Gordon Gilbert (December 11, 2006). "Citation II Williams FJ44-3 re-engine STC in the works". AIN online.
- ^ Ian J. Twombly (May 30, 2007). "Mod firms give Citation II more power". AIN online.
- ^ "STC'd: FAA Gives 'The Nod' To FJ44-3A-Powered Sierra Super II". Aero-News Network. September 22, 2008.
- ^ "NBAA 2008: Sierra mod helps Citation SII 'achieve full potenital'". flightglobal. October 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Robert Goyer (April 14, 2009). "Citation IIs Sierra Style". Flying magazine.
- ^ Thomas A. Horne (March 1, 2010). "Thrust buster: Sierra Super S-II". Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
- ^ Dave Higdon (June 1, 2011). "Inside maintenance - Citation Upgrades". AvBuyer.
- ^ "S550 brochure" (PDF). Clifford Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2010.
- ^ "Catalog" (PDF). Sierra Industries. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2016.
- ^ "Sierra Industries Sets New Delivery Records For Modified Citation Aircraft". Aero-News Network. June 20, 2012.
- ^ Citation II info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Citation II/SP info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Citation S550 info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Szurovy 1999, pp. 31–35.
- ^ "Cessna Citation Bravo Light Business Jet Cessna Citation Bravo Light Business Jet, USA", Aerospace-Technology.com
- ^ Citation Bravo info from Aviation Safety Network
- ^ Cessna Press Release Recent Milestones for Cessna’s Citation Business Jet Programs Archived February 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine 17 July 2006
- ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 32.
- ^ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 37.
- ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 46.
- ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 48.
- ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 49.
- ^ Hoyle and Farfad Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 54.
- ^ "Tyrol Air Ambulance | Company".
- ^ "BE060390intro".
- ^ "BEproplessproposal1090".
- ^ "5/1994 Cessna 550 Citation II, G-JETB, 26 May 1993". Air Accidents Investigation Branch. December 10, 2014.
- ^ Kārlis Miksons. "Report: Baltic Sea plane crash likely caused by cabin pressure loss". LSM. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Cessna 550 Citation II N819KR Murrieta/Temecula-French Valley Airport, CA (RBK)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ "6 dead in Southern California crash of private jet as visibility changed rapidly". NBC News. July 9, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ Lambert 1993, pp. 465–466.
- Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ISSN 0015-3710.
- Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 188, No. 5517, 8–14 December 2015. pp. 26–53. ISSN 0015-3710.
- Hoyle, Craig, Farfad, Antoine. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International, Vol. 196, No. 5715, 10–16 December 2019. pp. 26–54. ISSN 0015-3710.
- Lambert, Mark. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1993–94. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0-7106-1066-1.
- Szurovy, Geza (1999). Cessna Citation Jets. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0785-7..