Cessna O-1 Bird Dog
O-1 Bird Dog L-19 / OE | |
---|---|
An O-1A Bird Dog | |
Role | Observation aircraft
|
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | Cessna |
First flight | 14 December 1949 |
Introduction | 1950 |
Retired | 1974 (U.S.) |
Status | Active as warbirds and with civilian pilots |
Primary users | United States Army United States Air Force United States Marine Corps Royal Thai Air Force |
Produced | 1950-1959 |
Number built | 3,431 |
Developed from | Cessna 170 |
Variants | Cessna 308 |
Developed into | SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 |
The Cessna O-1 Bird Dog is a liaison and observation aircraft that first flew on December 14, 1949, and entered service in 1950 as the L-19 in the Korean War. It went to serve in many branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, was not retired until the 1970s in a number of variants, and also served in the Vietnam War. It was also called the OE-1 and OE-2 in Navy service, flying with the Marine Corps, and in the 1960s it was re-designated the O-1. It remains a civilian-flown warbird aircraft, and there are examples in aviation museums. It was the first all-metal fixed-wing aircraft ordered for and by the United States Army following the Army Air Forces' separation from it in 1947. The Bird Dog had a lengthy career in the U.S. military as well as in other countries, with over 3400 produced.
It was further developed into a turboprop-powered version in the 1970s, the SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019. An experimental variant was the Cessna 308, a one-off to explore the possibility of a 4-person liaison version.
Design and development
The U.S. Army was searching for an aircraft that could fly over enemy locations to collect information related to artillery fire target locations and distances, as well as perform liaison duties, and preferably be constructed of all metal, as the fabric-covered liaison aircraft used during World War II (primarily Stinson and Piper products) had short service lives. After the specification for a two-seat liaison and observation monoplane was issued, the Cessna Aircraft Company submitted the Cessna Model 305A, a development of the Cessna 170. The Cessna 305A was a single-engine, lightweight, strut-braced, high-wing monoplane with a tailwheel landing gear.
The greatest difference from the Cessna 170 was that the 305A had only two seats in tandem configuration (the largest tandem-seat aircraft Cessna ever produced), with angled side windows to improve ground observation. Other differences included a redesigned rear fuselage, providing a view directly to the rear (a feature later dubbed "Omni-View", carried over to Cessna single-engine aircraft after 1964), and transparent panels in the wings' center-section over the cockpit (similar to those found on the Cessna 140 and the later Cessna 150 Aerobat model), which allowed the pilot to look directly overhead. A wider door was fitted to allow a stretcher to be loaded.[citation needed]
The Army held a competition in April 1950 for the contract, with contenders from Cessna, Piper, Taylorcraft, and Temco;Cessna's entry was selected for service.[1]
The U.S. Army awarded a contract to Cessna for 418 of the aircraft, which was designated the L-19A Bird Dog. The prototype Cessna 305 (registration N41694) first flew on 14 December 1949, and it now resides in the
Around 1950,
Cessna produced 3,431 aircraft;
The L-19 received the name Bird Dog as a result of a contest held with Cessna employees to name the aircraft. The winning entry, submitted by Jack A. Swayze, an industrial photographer, was selected by a U.S. Army board.
Operational history
Military service
The United States Department of Defense (DOD) ordered 3,200 L-19s that were built between 1950 and 1959, entering both the U.S. Army and Marine Corps inventories. The aircraft were used in various utility roles such as artillery spotting, front-line communications, medevac, and training.
In U.S. service, the L-19 replaced the Piper L–4 Grasshoppers and Stinson L–5 Sentinels.[1]
With the adoption of the
During the Vietnam War, the Bird Dog was used primarily for reconnaissance, target acquisition, artillery adjustment, radio relay, convoy escort, and the forward air control of tactical aircraft, including bombers operating in a tactical role.
Supplementing the O-1, then gradually replacing it, the USAF switched to the
During the Vietnam War, 469 O-1 Bird Dogs were lost to all causes. The USAF lost 178, the USMC lost 7, and 284 were lost from the U.S. Army, RVNAF, and clandestine operators. Three Bird Dogs were lost to enemy hand-held surface-to-air missiles (SAMs).[10]
Two O-1 Bird Dogs were loaned to the
As the USAF phased out the O-1 in favor of the O-2 and OV-10, many O-1s in the United States were sold as surplus. During the 1970s and 1980s, Ector Aircraft remanufactured many as the Ector Mountaineer with their original powerplants and as the Ector Super Mountaineer with the Lycoming O-540-A4B5.
In United States Service, it was mostly replaced by the O-2 Skymaster and OV-10 Bronco, although it lingered in many roles due to unique advantages.[8]
Civil Air Patrol service
In the early 1970s, as the
To reduce both risk and repair costs, the USAF directed CAP that all O-1 aircraft in CAP service be eventually replaced for safety reasons by single-engine tricycle-gear civilian Cessnas common to general aviation, primarily
Civilian use
Many former USAF and former CAP O-1 and L-19 aircraft were sold to private owners as recreational aircraft, and others went to glider clubs in the U.S. as a reliable and robust vehicle to tow gliders into the air. As with most aircraft used for glider towing, the aircraft has also been outfitted with mirrors mounted to the struts. Others went to museums, where they are usually displayed in their military combat markings.
In Canada, the Royal Canadian Air Cadets use former CAF L-19 aircraft equipped with a towing rig to tow their Schweizer 2-33A[12] gliders for the Air Cadet gliding program.[13] These particular L-19 variants are used in the Atlantic, Eastern, and Pacific regions. They have been modified for noise reduction using a smaller-diameter, four-blade Hoffman composite propeller in all regions except the Pacific Region and exhaust modification. The fuel delivery system has also been modified from the original design, placing the fuel selector valve closer to the pilot. The L-19/O-1 is a popular warbird with private pilots.
In the U.S., the Franconia Soaring Association in Franconia, N.H., uses an O-1, tail number N4796G, to tow its gliders, including Schweizer SGS 1-26 gliders and Grob G103 Twin Astir and Pilatus B4-PC11 sailplanes, as of July 2012.[14]
As of June 2009, more than 330 were registered with the US Federal Aviation Administration. Others are owned and operated outside the U.S. by individuals and flying organizations.
Notable flights
American television personality and actor Ed McMahon was a Marine Corps aviator who piloted an O-1E during the Korean War, flying 85 combat missions and earning six Air Medals in 1953.[15]
Captain Sidney Harrison, U.S. Army, a decorated veteran of World War II and the Korean War, crashed his Cessna O-1 on a flight from Wichita, Kansas, to Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado, in 1952. The wreckage is still in the woods above Palmer Lake, Colorado, and can be reached by an 11.1-mile (17.9 km) hike.[16]
Captain
On 29 April 1975, the day before the
Variants
- L-19A (Cessna 305A)
- Initial production version for United States Army with 213 hp (159 kW) Continental O-470-11, redesignated O-1A in 1962.[21] 2,486 built
- L-19-IT
- L-19A converted to instrument trained. 66 converted.[22]
- TL-19A
- L-19As converted to dual control trainers, redesignated TO-1A in 1962.[22]
- XL-19B
- L-19A with a 210 shp (160 kW) Boeing XT-50-BO-1 turboprop engine, one built.[23]
- XL-19C
- L-19A with a 210 shp (160 kW) Continental CAE XT51-T-1 turboprop engine, two built.[23]
- TL-19D (Cessna 305B)
- Instrument trainer with dual controls and powered by 210 hp (160 kW) Continental O-470-15, redesignated TO-1D in 1962. 310 built.[23]
- L-19E (Cessna 305C)
- Improved version with strengthened airframe and powered by Continental O-470-15, became O-1E in 1962.[24] 469 built
- OE-1
- 60 L-19As and two L-19Es delivered to USMC, redesignated O-1B in 1962.[2][3][4]
- OE-2 (Cessna 321)
- Redesigned version for USMC with Cessna 180 wings, 260 hp (190 kW) Continental O-470-2 and modified fuselage, became O-1C in 1962, 27 built.[3][4][5]
- O-1A
- L-19A redesignated in 1962[22]
- TO-1A
- Redesignation of TL-19A[25]
- O-1B
- OE-1 redesignated in 1962.
- O-1C
- OE-2 redesignated in 1962
- O-1D
- A number of TO-1Ds converted for forward air controller duties with the USAF.
- TO-1D
- TL-19D redesignated in 1962.[23]
- O-1E
- L-19E redesignated in 1962.[23]
- O-1F (Cessna 305E)
- Forward Air Controller conversions of the O-1D for the USAF
- O-1G (Cessna 305D)
- Forward Air Controller conversions of the O-1A for the USAF
- CO-119
- SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019
- Turboprop variant for the Italian Army
- Cessna 325
- Agricultural variant of the Model 305 with spraybars and a hopper in an enclosed rear cockpit, four built
Operators
These are mostly historical (not current) list of operators:
- Australian Army – 161 Recce Flight operated 2 aircraft during the Vietnam War. One was shot down on 23 May 1968, killing the flight's commanding officer, Major George Constable. The aircraft was replaced and continued in service until 161 withdrew from Vietnam. A second plane, Bunny 2, was assembled from pieces scrounged by unit members, flown then disassembled and smuggled back to Australia as "spare parts" where it was assembled and flown.
- Japanese Ground Self-Defense Force[32]
- Armed Forces of Malta Air Wing received five O-1Es from Italy in 1992.[34]
- North Korean Air Force[35]
- Republic of Vietnam Air Force[39]
- Spanish Air Force[40]
- Spanish Army[41]
- Saudi Air Force
- Turkish Army[27]
- Vietnam People's Air Force (captured South Vietnamese aircraft)[43]
Specifications (O-1E)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63[44]
General characteristics
- Crew: one/two
- Length: 25 ft 10 in (7.87 m)
- Wingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
- Height: 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
- Wing area: 174 sq ft (16.2 m2) [45]
- Empty weight: 1,614 lb (732 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 2,430 lb (1,102 kg)
- Fuel capacity: 41 US gal (34 imp gal; 160 L)
- Powerplant: 1 × flat-six, 213 hp (159 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)
- Cruise speed: 104 mph (167 km/h, 90 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m)
- Range: 530 mi (850 km, 460 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 18,500 ft (5,600 m)
- Absolute ceiling: 24,800 ft (7,600 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,150 ft/min (5.8 m/s)
- Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m): 560 ft (170 m)
- Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 600 ft (180 m)
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Cessna L-19 Bird Dog: A soldier's best friend". www.aopa.org. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ a b Baugher, Joe (6 May 2023). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (130265 to 135773)". joebaugher.com. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Swanborough & Bowers 1976, p. 419.
- ^ a b c d Baugher, Joe (10 March 2023). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (140053 to 145061)". joebaugher.com. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ a b Baugher, Joe (21 April 2023). "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (145062 to 150138)". joebaugher.com. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
- ^ Darling 1993, p. 551.
- ^ Darling 1993, p. 554.
- ^ a b "Tinker History: Cessna L-19 Bird Dog aircraft profile". Tinker Air Force Base. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ^ Thompson, Minard "Naming the Bird Dog Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine". International Bird Dog Association (Retrieved 13 August 2015)
- ISBN 1-85780-115-6.
- ^ "Bunny II". www.161recceflt.org.au. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ "Gliding program." Archived 8 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine Air Cadets. Retrieved: 7 June 2012.
- ^ "Gliding: gliders." Archived 13 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine Air Cadets. Retrieved: 7 June 2012.
- ^ "Blast". Blast. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
- ^ Military.com "Famous Veteran: Ed McMahon Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine" Paragraph 3. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ ""Harrison Crash Site via Ice Cave"". Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ "Permission to land" Archived 2016-04-28 at the Wayback Machine, Letters of Note
- ^ Heilbrunn, Sharon. "USS Midway Air Boss Remembers Heroic Bird Dog Airplane Rescue." Archived 2011-04-12 at the Wayback Machine kpbs.org, 25 April 2010.
- ^ Watter, Steve. "Clear the Decks." Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine Focus on the Family, 2004. Retrieved: 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Hangar deck exhibits". USS Midway Museum. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ Harding 1990, pp. 77, 80
- ^ a b c Harding 1990, p. 77
- ^ a b c d e Harding 1990, p. 78
- ^ Harding 1990, pp. 78, 80
- ^ Adcock 1988, p. 7
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 169.
- ^ a b c d Darling 1993, p. 564.
- ^ a b Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 171.
- ^ "The Air Cadet Story, Part 4". Air Cadet League of Canada. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 174.
- ISBN 978-1-913118-74-7.
- ^ a b Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 178.
- ^ Nalty, Neufeld and Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam (1982), pp. 46–49.
- ^ Brooks, Robin. "Island Air Arm". Air Pictorial, Vol. 57, No. 6. June 1995. pp. 268–269.
- ^ "Cessna L-19 Bird Dog". Aeroflight. 9 April 2016.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 181.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 182.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 179.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 190.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 185.
- ^ Wheeler Flight International 15 August 1974, p. 186.
- ^ a b c World Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL), archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 30 August 2012
- ^ Darling 1993, p. 563.
- ^ Taylor 1962, pp. 192–193
- ^ Harding 1990, p. 80.
Bibliography
- Adcock, Al. 0-1 Bird Dog. (Aircraft Number 87). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-89747-206-3.
- Bernard C. Nalty, Jacob Neufeld and George M. Watson, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam, Salamander Books Ltd, London 1982. ISBN 978-0668053464
- Darling, Kev (5–18 November 1993). "Cessna's Prolific Bird Dog". Aviation News. Vol. 22, no. 12. pp. 550–556.
- Green, William and Gerald Pollinger. The Aircraft of the World. London: Macdonald, 1955.
- Harding, Stephen. U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1990. ISBN 1-85310-102-8.
- Robbins, Christopher. The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in the Secret War in Laos. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987. ISBN 978-0-517-56612-1.
- Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1976). United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-968-5..
- Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company Ltd, 1962.
- Wheeler, Barry C. "World Air Forces 1974". Flight International, 15 August 1974, Vol. 106, No. 3414. pp. 167–190.
External links
- Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum
- Warbird Alley
- Standard Aircraft Characteristics: O-1C (Navair Publication)
- Video clip: Historic footage of Cessna O-1 landing by VNAF pilot Major Buang aboard USS Midway during Operation Frequent Wind
- The short film Staff Film Report 66-19A (1966) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.