Chartwell
Chartwell | |
---|---|
Type | House |
Location | Westerham, Kent |
Coordinates | 51°14′39″N 0°05′00″E / 51.2443°N 0.0833°E |
Built | 1923–24, with earlier origins |
Architect | Philip Tilden |
Architectural style(s) | Vernacular |
Governing body | National Trust |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
Official name | Chartwell |
Designated | 16 January 1975 |
Reference no. | 1272626 |
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens | |
Official name | Chartwell Garden |
Designated | 1 May 1986 |
Reference no. | 1000263 |
Chartwell is a
The origins of the estate reach back to the 14th century; in 1382, the property then called Well-street was owned by William-at-Well. It passed through various owners and in 1836 was auctioned, as a substantial brick-built manor. In 1848, it was purchased by
In 1946, when financial constraints forced Churchill to consider selling Chartwell, it was acquired by the
History
Early history to 1922
The earliest recorded mention of the land dates to 1362 when it was sold by a William At-Well.
Churchill at Chartwell
1922 to 1939
Churchill first saw Chartwell in July 1921, shortly before the house and estate were to be auctioned.[11] He returned the same month with his wife Clementine, who was initially attracted to the property, although her enthusiasm cooled during subsequent visits.[12] In September 1922, when the house had failed to sell at auction, he was offered it for £5,500. He paid £5,000, after his first offer of £4,800, made because "the house will have to be very largely rebuilt, and the presence of dry rot is a very serious adverse factor", was rejected.[13] The seller was Captain Archibald John Campbell Colquhoun, who had inherited the house in June 1922 on the death of his brother.[14] Campbell Colquhoun had been a contemporary of Churchill's at Harrow School in the 1880s. On completion of the sale in September 1922, Churchill wrote to him; "I am very glad indeed to have become the possessor of "Chartwell".[5] I have been searching for two years for a home in the country and the site is the most beautiful and charming I have ever seen".[14] The sale was concluded on 11 November 1922.[15]
The previous 15 months had been personally and professionally calamitous. In June 1921, Churchill's mother had died, followed three months later by his youngest child, Marigold.[15] In late 1922, he fell ill with appendicitis and at the end of the year lost his Scottish parliamentary seat at Dundee.[16]
Philip Tilden, Churchill's architect, began work on the house in 1922 and the Churchills rented a farmhouse near Westerham, Churchill frequently visiting the site to observe progress.[17] The two-year building programme, the ever-rising costs, which escalated from the initial estimate of £7,000 to over £18,000, and a series of construction difficulties, particularly relating to damp, soured relations between architect and client,[18] and by 1924 Churchill and Tilden were barely on speaking terms.[19][a][b] Legal arguments, conducted through their respective lawyers, continued until 1927.[22] Clementine's anxieties about the costs, both of building and subsequently living at Chartwell also continued. In September 1923 Churchill wrote to her, "My beloved, I beg you not to worry about money, or to feel insecure. Chartwell is to be our home (and) we must endeavour to live there for many years."[23] Churchill finally moved into the house in April 1924; a letter dated 17 April to Clementine begins, "This is the first letter I have ever written from this place, and it is right that it should be to you".[24]
In February 1926, Churchill's political colleague
Churchill described his life at Chartwell in the later 1930s in the first volume of his history of the
In the opinion of
Churchill also recorded visits to Chartwell by two more of his most important suppliers of confidential governmental information,
In 1938, Churchill, beset by financial concerns, again considered selling Chartwell,[47] at which time the house was advertised as containing five reception rooms, nineteen bed and dressing rooms, eight bathrooms, set in eighty acres with three cottages on the estate and a heated and floodlit swimming pool.[i] He withdrew the sale after the industrialist Henry Strakosch agreed to take over his share portfolio, which had been hit heavily by losses on Wall Street, for three years and pay off significant associated debts.[49] In September 1938, the Russian Ambassador, Ivan Maisky, made his first visit and recorded his impressions of Chartwell: "A wonderful place! A two-storey house, large and tastefully presented; the terrace affords a breathtaking view of Kent's hilly landscape; ponds with goldfish of varying size; a pavilion-cum-studio with dozens of paintings - his own creations - hanging on the walls; his pride and joy, a small brick cottage which he was building with his own hands".[j] His impression of his host was somewhat less favourable; asked what special occasion would lead Churchill to drink a bottle of wine dating from 1793 from his cellar, Churchill had replied - "We'll drink this together when Great Britain and Russia beat Hitler's Germany". Maisky's unspoken reaction was recorded in his diary, "Churchill's hatred of Berlin really has gone beyond all limits!"[51]
1939 to 1965
Chartwell was mostly unused during the Second World War.
Chartwell remained a haven in times of acute stress
Following
In 1953, Chartwell became Churchill's refuge once more when, again in office as prime minister, he suffered a debilitating
On 5 April 1955, Churchill chaired his last cabinet, almost fifty years since he had first sat in the Cabinet Room as President of the Board of Trade in 1908.[82] The following day he held a tea party for staff at Downing Street before driving to Chartwell. On being asked by a journalist on arrival how it felt no longer to be prime minister, Churchill replied, "It's always nice to be home".[83] For the next ten years, Churchill spent much time at Chartwell, although both he and Lady Churchill also travelled extensively.[q] His days there were spent writing, painting, playing bezique or sitting "by the fish pond, feeding the golden orfe and meditating".[85] Of his last years at the house, Churchill's daughter, Mary Soames, recalled, "in the two summers that were left to him he would lie in his 'wheelbarrow' chair contemplating the view of the valley he had loved for so long".[86]
Catherine Snelling served Churchill as one his last secretaries. In the oral histories of a number of such secretaries compiled by the Churchill Archive, she recalled the dwindling number of visitors Churchill received at the house in his later years. They included Clementine’s cousin, Sylvia Henley, Violet Bonham Carter, daughter of H. H. Asquith and a lifelong friend, Harold Macmillan and Bernard Montgomery.[87] On 13 October 1964, Churchill's last dinner guests at Chartwell were his former principal private secretary Sir Leslie Rowan and his wife. Lady Rowan later recalled, "It was sad to see such a great man become so frail".[88] The following week, increasingly incapacitated, Churchill left the house for the last time. His official biographer Martin Gilbert records Churchill was, "never to see his beloved Chartwell again".[88] After his death in January 1965, Lady Churchill relinquished her rights to the house and presented Chartwell to the National Trust.[73] It was opened to the public in 1966, one year after Churchill's death.[89]
National Trust: 1966 to the present
The house has been restored and preserved as it looked in the 1920–30s; at the time of the Trust's purchase, Churchill committed to leaving it, "garnished and furnished so as to be of interest to the public".
The opening of the house required the construction of facilities for visitors and a restaurant was designed by
Chartwell has become among the National Trust's most popular properties; in 2016, the fiftieth anniversary of its opening, 232,000 people visited the house.[r][97] In that year the Trust launched the Churchill's Chartwell Appeal, to raise £7.1M for the purchase of hundreds of personal items held at Chartwell on loan from the Churchill family.[98] The items available to the Trust include Churchill's Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to him in 1953.[s][100] The citation for the award reads, "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".[101] The medal is displayed in the museum room on the first floor of Chartwell, at the opposite end of the house to the study, the room where, in the words used by John F. Kennedy when awarding him honorary citizenship of the United States, Churchill "mobilized the English language and sent it into battle".[t][103]
Architecture and description
The highest point of the estate is approximately 650 feet
Exterior
Churchill employed the architect Philip Tilden, who worked from 1922 to 1924 to modernise and extend the house.
On the garden front, Tilden threw up a large, three-storey extension with stepped gables, called by Churchill "my promontory", which contains three of the house's most important rooms, the dining room, in the lower-storey basement, and the drawing room and Lady Churchill's bedroom above.[111]
Interior
The interior has been remodelled since the National Trust took over the property in 1966, to accommodate visitors and to enable the display of a large number of Churchillian artefacts. In particular, some guest bedrooms have been amalgamated, to allow the construction of the Museum room and the Uniform room.[112] Nevertheless, the majority of the principal rooms have been reconstructed and furnished as they were in the 1920s–1930s[90] and are open to the public, with the current exception of Churchill's own bedroom.[113]
Entrance hall and inner hall, library and drawing room
Designed by Tilden, replacing a wood-panelled earlier hall, the halls lead onto the library, the drawing room and Lady Churchill's sitting room.[114] The library contains some major pieces of Churchilliana, including the 1942
Dining room
"It should be comfortable, and give support to the body; it should certainly have arms, which are an enormous comfort. It should be compact. One does not want the Dining Room chair spreading itself, or its legs, or its arms, as if it were a plant ... This enables the chairs to be put close together, which is often more sociable, while at the same time, the arms prevent undue crowding and elbowing"
—Churchill's note on the requirements of a dining chair.[121]
The bottom section of Tilden's "promontory" extension, the dining room contains the original suite of the table and dining chairs designed by Heal's to Churchill's exacting requirements – (see box).[121] An early study for a planned picture by William Nicholson entitled Breakfast at Chartwell hangs in the room. Nicholson, a frequent visitor to Chartwell who gave Churchill painting lessons, drew the study for a finished picture which was intended as a present for Churchill's silver wedding anniversary in 1933 but, disliking the final version, Nicholson destroyed it.[122] The picture depicts the Churchills breakfasting together, which in fact they rarely did,[x] and Churchill's marmalade cat, Tango.[124] The tradition of keeping a marmalade cat at Chartwell, which Churchill began and followed throughout his ownership, is maintained by the National Trust in accordance with Churchill's wishes.[125] In a letter to Randolph written in May 1942, Churchill wrote of a brief visit to Chartwell the previous week, "the goose and the black swan have both fallen victim to the fox. The Yellow Cat however made me sensible of his continuing friendship, although I had not been there for eight months".[126]
Churchill depicted the dining room in one of his own pictures, Tea at Chartwell: 29 August, 1927. The scene shows Churchill in one of his dining chairs with his family and guests: Thérèse Sickert, and her husband,
Study
Churchill's study, on the first floor, was his "workshop for over 40 years"
Beyond the study are Churchill's bedroom and his en suite bathroom, with sunken bath. At the time of the house's opening to the public in 1966, these rooms were not made accessible, at the request of Churchill's family but, shortly before her death in 2014, Churchill's daughter Mary gave permission for their opening, and the Trust plans to make them accessible by 2020.[113]
Architectural appreciation
Neither the original Victorian house with its extensions, nor Tilden's reconstruction, created a building that has been highly regarded by critics. John Newman noted that the massing of the house on the garden terraces, taking advantage of the Wealden views, was "the grouping that mattered". He dismissed the other side of the house as a, "long, indecisive entrance front close to the road"
Gardens and estate
The gardens surrounding the house comprise 8 hectares (20 acres), with a further 23 hectares (57 acres) of parkland.
To the south is the
South of the terrace lawn are the upper and lower lakes, a scene of Churchill's most ambitious landscaping schemes.[149] The lower lake had existed during the Colquhouns' ownership, but the island within it, and the upper lake, were Churchill's own creations.[y] On 1 January 1935, while Lady Churchill was on a cruise off Sumatra, Churchill described the beginnings of his endeavours in one of his Chartwell Bulletins; "I have arranged to have one of those great mechanical diggers. In one week he can do more than 40 men can do. There is no difficulty about bringing him in as he is a caterpillar and can walk over the most sloppy fields".[151] Excavation work proved more challenging than Churchill had anticipated; two weeks later he wrote again, "The mechanical digger has arrived. He moves about on his caterpillars only with the greatest difficulty on this wet ground".[152]
On the lakes lived Churchill's large collection of wildfowl, including the
Farms and stables
In 1946–47, Churchill extended his land-holdings around Chartwell, purchasing Chartwell Farm and Parkside Farm, and subsequently Bardogs Farm and a market garden. By 1948, he was farming approximately 500 acres.[156] The farms were managed by Mary Soames's husband, Christopher,[157] and Churchill kept cattle and pigs and also grew crops and market vegetables. The farms did not prove profitable, and by 1952 Churchill's operating losses on them exceeded £10,000 a year.[158] By the end of the decade, both the farms and the livestock had been sold.[159]
A more lucrative venture was the owning, and later breeding, of racehorses. In 1949, Churchill had purchased Colonist II, who won his first race, the Upavon Stakes, at Salisbury that year, and subsequently netted Churchill £13,000 in winnings.[160] In 1955, Churchill bought the Newchapel Stud and by 1961 his total prize money from racing exceeded £70,000.[161] In the 1950s, he reflected on his racing career; "Perhaps Providence had given him Colonist as a comfort in his old age and to console him for disappointments".[162]
See also
- 28 Hyde Park Gate (Churchill's London home)
- Blenheim Palace (Churchill's birthplace)
- Churchill Archives Centre
- Churchill War Rooms (London)
Notes
- ^ Tilden's relations with Clementine were no warmer; in 1923, after they had fallen out over the installation of a kitchen range, Clementine suggested Tilden might move to Tokyo to assist in its reconstruction after an earthquake.[20]
- ^ Tilden’s undoubted skills did not prevent him making practical mistakes, and falling out with many of his clients. Thomas Jones, visiting Bron-y-de, the Surrey country house Tilden designed for David Lloyd George in 1926, noted; “Tilden forgot to put a scullery at Churt: what he forgot at Chartwell I did not discover because he was a subject to be avoided.”[21]
- Archbisop of Canterbury, recorded in his diary a meeting between the archbishop and the prime minister on 1 August 1940; "[Lang] saw W.C. at 5 p.m. - the latter had just got out of bed and was as usual smoking a large cigar. He gets up as fresh as paint and works at full steam until the early hours of the morning. His habit of going to bed between lunch and tea is rather disconcerting to his colleagues."[31]
- ^ Clarke records Churchills's approach to writing; "(at night) the day's literary work would really begin...materials for the current chapter would be laid out on a long, raised table. Either Violet Pearman or Grace Hamblin would be on hand for dictation. 'Well, we must have done three thousand words', he would say, normally at about 2 a.m. and the duty secretary could be sent home. An hour or two later, the great wordsmith would also retire."[32]
- Stuart monarchy.[36]
- ^ Chartwell had always provided Churchill with a venue for political discussion. Earlier in the 1930s, Churchill conducted much of the planning for the work of the India Defence League at the house. Graham Stewart notes the "regularity in which Chartwell was used as the meeting forum" for opponents of the National Government's Government of India Bill.[37]
- ^ Churchill recorded Morton and Wigram's contributions in The Gathering Storm, the first volume of his history of the Second World War. "I formed a great regard for (Morton). He was a neighbour of mine, dwelling only a mile away from Chartwell, and became one of my most intimate advisers till our final victory was won. Wigram saw as clearly as I did, but with more certain information, the awful peril which was closing in upon us."[42]
- Andrew Roberts records visits to Chartwell by Vansittart himself, Heinrich Brüning, the anti-Nazi former German chancellor, and the socialist French politicians Léon Blum and Pierre Cot. The information he obtained from these and other sources made Churchill the best "informed politician in Britain about the capacities and limitations of both Britain's armed forces and Germany's".[46]
- ^ In his study of Churchill and his son Randolph, Churchill & Son, Josh Ireland records the running costs of Chartwell in the mid-1930s as being £10,000 per year.[48]
- ^ Sensing Maisky's discomfort at the opulence of his estate, Churchill sought to put him at his ease; "You can observe all this with an untroubled soul! My estate is not a product of man's exploitation by man: it was bought entirely on my literary royalties". Maisky noted in his diary, "[his] royalties must be pretty decent!"[50]
- Bren guns and carriers.[52] The second, in 1943, was interrupted by the unexpected arrival of Ivan Maisky, who drove down from London to deny charges made by the Polish government-in-exile of Russian responsibility for the Katyn massacre.[53]
- ^ John Martin, appointed Churchill's Principal Private Secretary in May 1941, also recorded the second of these visits in his diary, "April 16 1943: ...at Pelham Place. Picnic lunch in the garden. To Chartwell with PM. Thence to Chequers".[54] This is the only mention of Chartwell in the diary which begins on 21 May 1940, on Martin’s becoming one of Churchill’s Private Secretaries and concludes on 30 June 1945 with the following entry, “Although it was not easy to work for Churchill, it was tremendous fun”.[55]
- ^ Commander Tommy Thompson, Churchill's aide-de-camp from 1939-1945, recorded that the house's siting on the Wealden Ridge, and the proximity of the series of lakes, meant that it could easily be identified by aerial reconnaissance.[57]
- ^ Recording a post-war visit, the historian A. L. Rowse described the goldfish; "I have never seen such fat, spoiled fishes: they were addressed as 'darlings'—as Rufus the poodle had been—and came to the rattle of his cane".[58]
- ^ Details of the sale of the house were not made public and sources provide somewhat differing views as to the sums involved. Josh Ireland suggests that the Camrose consortium paid £85,000 for the estate, with £35,000 going to the National Trust as an endowment, and the remaining £50,000 going to Churchill.[70]
- Private Secretary, recalled a discussion at Downing Street in the early 1950s: "WSC – 'I shall go to Chartwell next weekend'. CSC – 'Winston, you can't! It's closed and there will be no one there to cook for you.' WSC – 'I shall cook for myself. I can boil an egg. I've seen it done.'"[75]
- ^ Churchill was a lifelong opponent of physical exercise, Jock Colville recording his comment on it, made during his master's last years at Chartwell: "I get my exercise as a pallbearer to my many friends who exercised all their lives".[84]
- ^ The most recent visitor numbers, for 2018, were 246,336.[96]
- Croix de la Libération, his honorary US citizenship, and a large number of cigar boxes.[99]
- ^ As Churchill was too unwell to travel to the United States to receive his honorary citizenship, it was accepted on his behalf by his son, Randolph. In his reply, Churchill spoke of the wartime alliance between Britain and the USA; "Our comradeship and our brotherhood in the war were unexampled. We stood together, and because of that fact the free world now stands".[102]
- ^ Lord Moran, Churchill's physician from 1940 until the latter's death, recorded Chartwell's pull upon his patient, "He loves Chartwell, although there is nothing there except a rather ordinary house - and the Weald."[104]
- Tudor sections of his A History of the English-Speaking Peoples and Rowse subsequently described the visit in a memoir.[58]
- ^ Robin Fedden's 1968 guide describes this as a view of London Bridge and David Lough's study of Churchill's finances, No More Champagne: Churchill and His Money, titles it Ponte de Londres.[118] The National Trust Collection records it as Pont de Londres (Charing Cross Bridge).[119] The painting was a gift from Emery Reves, Churchill's American publisher.[117]
- ^ Adrian Tinniswood's book The Long Weekend:Life in the English Country House Between The Wars, contains a photograph depicting such a breakfast in 1927.[123]
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- ^ Tinniswood 2016, p. 352.
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- ^ a b Garnett 2008, p. 63.
- ^ a b Fedden 1974, p. 40.
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- ^ Garnett 2008, p. 65.
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- ^ Garnett 2008, p. 66.
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- ^ Buczacki 2007, p. 198.
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- ——— (1976). Winston S. Churchill 1922–1939. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. Vol. V. London: OCLC 715481469.
- ——— (1983). Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–1941. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. Vol. VI. London: ISBN 978-0-434-29187-8.
- ——— (1986). Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill 1941–1945. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. Vol. VII. London: ISBN 978-0-434-13017-7.
- ——— (1988). Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill 1945–1965. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. Vol. VIII. London: ISBN 978-0-7737-2187-6.
- ——— (1993). The Churchill War Papers: At the Admiralty, September 1939 to May 1940. Authorised biography of Winston S. Churchill. Vol. I. New York and London: ISBN 978-0-393-03522-3.
- Greeves, Lydia (2008). Houses of the National Trust. London: National Trust Books. ISBN 978-1-905400-66-9.
- ISBN 978-0-00-726368-4.
- ISBN 978-1-84668-225-4.
- Ireland, Josh (2021). Churchill & Son. London: OCLC 1263811541.
- OCLC 931311760.
- ISBN 978-0-333-73058-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7139-9596-1.
- Lough, David (2015). No More Champagne: Churchill and His Money. London: Head of Zeus Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78408-182-9.
- OCLC 939907354.
- OCLC 1152732387.
- ISBN 978-0-304-34478-9.
- ISBN 978-0-300-09614-9.
- ——— (2012). Kent: West and The Weald. ISBN 978-0-300-18509-6.
- Pawle, Gerald (1963). The War and Colonel Warden: The Recollections of Commander C. R. Thompson. London: George Harrap & Co. Ltd. OCLC 219890820.
- ISBN 978-0-7139-9819-1.
- ISBN 978-0-06-122857-5.
- ——— (2019). Churchill. London: ISBN 978-0-241-20563-1.
- Stelzer, Cita (2019). Working With Winston: The Unsung Women Behind Britain's Greatest Statesman. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-786-69587-1.
- Stewart, Graham (1999). Burying Caesar: Churchill, Chamberlain and the Battle for the Tory Party. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81831-1.
- OCLC 636818090.
- ISBN 978-0-224-09945-5.
- Toye, Richard (2007). Lloyd George & Churchill: Rivals for Greatness. London: OCLC 1169990594.
- Walters, Neil (2005). Churchill: Gifts to a hero. Chartwell, Kent: OCLC 61770522.
- OCLC 63750476.
External links
- Chartwell information at the National Trust
- Chartwell, the house he loved – British Pathe News
- Churchill by Oswald Birley - UK Parliament Living Heritage