Chondracanthus exasperatus

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For the species of seaweed called 'Turkish washcloth", see Mastocarpus papillatus.

Chondracanthus exasperatus
Turkish towel
Turkish towel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Florideophyceae
Order: Gigartinales
Family: Gigartinaceae
Genus: Chondracanthus
Species:
C. exasperatus
Binomial name
Chondracanthus exasperatus
Synonyms[5]

Chondracanthus exasperatus, commonly called Turkish towel, is a species of seaweed in the family Gigartinaceae. The specific epithet exasperatus (lit. 'roughened') refers to the bumpy texture of the blades (leaf-like structures). This texture also leads to the common name which evokes the luxurious feel of a towel from a Turkish bath. The rough, papillae-strewn blade surface even makes it difficult to measure the temperature using infrared thermometers.[6]

Description

It is a

leaf margins of the blades are smooth in cooler water and then become toothed and jagged as the temperature increases.[2] In more exposed areas, the blades are thicker.[8] Increased water velocity will cause the blades to change shape.[9] The color of the thallus is greenish when exposed to ultraviolet light, but when it grows in deeper water it is darker red to purple.[2] Though it prefers lower water temperatures it can grow at 25 °C, but ends up dark red to black in color and having flat or cylindrical branch clusters.[10]

As originally described, C. exasperatus has a leafy stipe, with large 2–3 feet (0.61–0.91 m) long leathery-membranaceous blades that are lanceolate and simple.[11] The blade, and the majority of the thallus, is purplish-red.[7] Blade margins are thick, with rounded teeth, and appendiculate.[11] The thallus has simple, ramenta-like spiny projections (papillae) thickly strewn on both sides.[11] Coccoid pedicels are in marginal spines emerging from the thallus.[11]

C. exasperatus grows the fastest in the summer and slowest near the winter solstice.[12] Thalli have a moisture content of about 81.4% and protein content of 1.59-1.97%.[13]

Distribution and habitat

C. exasperatus is found on the Pacific coast of North America from Baja California north to Sitka Sound.[7][1][14] The type locality is in Puget Sound opposite Fort Nisqually.[11] It grows on rocks in semi-exposed or semi-protected areas of the upper subtidal to lower intertidal zone,[7] down to a depth of 20m.[4]

Ecology

Proliferation of invasive species such as Mazzaella japonica have a negative impact on the growth of C. exasperatus.[15] C. exasperatus is also susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete Pythium marinum.[16]

C. exasperatus decomposes quickly, faster than most other species, indicating its importance to

nutrient cycling.[15] The high rate of decomposition also means that it is harder to find washed ashore as wrack and that its importance in the ecosystem may be underrepresented in research.[15]

However,

global warming.[13]

Use by humans

Commercial

Egregia menziesii), finger kelp (Laminaria digitata), and Fucus.[21]

Gallery

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 221925155
    .
  2. ^
    OCLC 971001627
    .
  3. ^ "Chondracanthus exasperatus". IRMNG - Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera v.3.1. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Retrieved 11 January 2018.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^
    PMID 17750419. Retrieved 29 January 2018. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  5. NUI Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=u9de5e0a89d563674
     ; searched on 10 January 2018.
  6. PMID 24882885
    .
  7. ^ a b c d Lindeberg, Mandy; Lindstrom, Dr. Sandra. "Turkish Towel Chondracanthus exasperatus". Seaweeds of Alaska. Juneau, Alaska. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018. Authority: (Harvey et Bailey) Hughey North Pacific Distribution: Sitka Sound, Alaska, to Baja California, Mexico. Phylum: Rhodophyta Class: Florideophyceae Order: Gigartinales Family: Gigartinaceae Former Scientific Names: Gigartina exasperata Description: Thallus is a thick (somewhat rubbery), elongate, undivided purplish to pale red blade, reaching 30 cm (12 in) tall, with short, spiny papillae covering the blade surface. Blades arise as elongate papillae-like projections from a discoidal holdfast up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diam. Habitat: This perennial grows on rock in the low intertidal and upper subtidal of semi-protected to semi-exposed habitats.
  8. ^ a b Kelly Fretwell and Brian Starzomski. 2014. Turkish towel, Chondracanthus exasperatus at Biodiversity of the Central Coast.
  9. S2CID 12112182. Archived
    from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  10. ^ Chen, Hsuan-Hsin (17 July 1987). Effect of thermal stress on the red algae Gigartina exasperata Harvey and Bailey (PDF). Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  11. ^
    OCLC 1536878
    . Retrieved 11 January 2018. 5. Gigartina (Mastocarpus) exasperata H. et B., frondis stipite mox in laminam coriaceo-membranaceam bi-tripedalem late lanceolatam integram dilatata, margine incrassato eroso-dentato et appendiculato, disco utrinque spinulis simplicibus ramosisve dense consperso, coccidiis pedicellatis in spinulis marginalibus et e disco ortis immersis. Hab. Opposite Fort Nisqually, Puget Sound.
  12. ^ Gadberry, Bradley A.; Colt, John; Boratyn, Diane C.; Maynard, Desmond J.; Johnson, Ronald B. "INTENSIVE LAND-BASED FARMING OF RED AND GREEN MACROALGAE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: AN EVALUATION OF SEASONAL GROWTH AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION". Aquaculture America 2015 - Meeting Abstract. World Aquaculture Society. Retrieved 29 January 2018. The specific growth of all three species exhibited a similar pattern with the highest specific growth rate observed during summer months (C. exasperatus 7.8%, U. rigida 6.2% and P. palmata 8.2%). Growth of all three species was lowest around the winter solstice
  13. ^
    OCLC 6907956712
    .
  14. ^ "Turkish Towel (Chondracanthus exasperatus)". iNaturalist. San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  15. ^
    OCLC 951012535. Archived
    from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  16. OCLC 5140406448
    . Zoospores encysted on thalli of species of red algae other than Porphyra. Using the disc assay, encystment by Py. marinum was observed on Gigartina exasperata Harvey et Bailey (tetrasporophyte)...
  17. ^
    OCLC 201241291. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  18. OCLC 5173360127
    .
  19. OCLC 203734567. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  20. ^ US patent 6136329, Diane C. Boratyn, "Compositions and methods relating to intra-lamellar gels from algae", published 24 October 2000, assigned to Diane C. Boratyn 
  21. ISBN 978-0964764378
    .
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