Concerto delle donne
The concerto delle donne[a] (lit. 'consort of ladies') was an ensemble of professional female singers of late Renaissance music in Italy. The term usually refers to the first and most influential group in Ferrara, which existed between 1580 and 1597.[b] Renowned for their technical and artistic virtuosity, the Ferrarese group's core members were the sopranos Laura Peverara, Livia d'Arco and Anna Guarini.
The Duke of Ferrara
The concerto delle donne revolutionized the role of
Background
Northern Italy was a leading center of Renaissance music, which broadly covered the 15th and 16th centuries of Europe.[5] Regional courts, ruled by competing families—such as the Este, House of Gonzaga, and Medici—patronized secular music immensely, commissioning compositions and forming large ensembles.[6] Although the frottola style held early popularity, it was quickly it was quickly overtaken by the madrigal in the 1520s.[7] The madrigal became the most important secular genre of 16th-century Italy, and possibly the entire Renaissance; according to J. Peter Burkholder, "through the madrigal, Italy became the leader in European music for the first time in history".[7] Unlike the frottola, composed exclusively by native Italians, the first leading madrigal composers were foreign Franco-Flemish musicians such as Philippe Verdelot and Jacques Arcadelt, referred to as Oltremontani (from lit. '"over the mountains"').[8][9]
At the court in
Formation
The Duke formally established the concerto delle donne
This new "consort of ladies" was viewed as an extraordinary and novel phenomenon; most witnesses did not connect the concerto delle donne with the earlier group of ladies from the 1570s.[23] However, modern musicologists now view the earlier group as a crucial part of the creation and development of the social and vocal genre of the concerto delle donne.[23][15] The culture at the Italian courts of that time had a political dimension, as families aimed to present their greatness by non-violent means.[24]
Roster and duties
The most prominent member of the new ensemble was
The singers of the concerto delle donne were officially
The new singers played instruments, including the
Despite having married three times in the hopes of producing an heir, Alfonso II died in 1597 without issue, legitimate or otherwise. His cousin Cesare inherited the Duchy, but the city of Ferrara, which was legally a Papal fief, was annexed to the Papal States in 1598 through a combination of "firm diplomacy and unscrupulous pressure" by Pope Clement VIII.[12][41] The Este court had to abandon Ferrara in disarray and its music establishment was disbanded.[42] While the existence of the concerto delle donne was widely known, its detailed history was largely lost, dispersed between archival records,[2] until the beginning 20th century when the Italian literature critic Angelo Solerti drew attention to Ferrara's 16th century court culture.[43]
Music
Performance
The concerto delle donne transformed the musica secreta series. In the past, performers and audience members would alternate roles,[44] as the gatherings were "social music for the enjoyment of the singers themselves".[14] During the ascendancy of the concerto delle donne the roles within the musica secreta became fixed, resulting in "concert music for the pleasure of an audience".[14] The performances had a restricted audience; only selected dignitaries and few courtiers saw the concerto delle donne;[45] one such dignitary may have been the Russian ambassador Istoma Shevrigin, in 1581.[46]
The performers were thoroughly coached and rehearsed in their work, down to all hand gestures and facial movements.[47] The women performed up to six hours a day, either singing their own florid repertoire from memory, sight-reading from partbooks, or participating in the balletti as singers and dancers.[48] The ladies' musical duties included performing with the duchess' balletto delle donne, a group of female dancers who frequently crossdressed.[49][50]
Aside from Brancaccio, all the singers in the concerto were female
The elite, hand-selected audience members favored with admission to performances by the concerto delle donne demanded diversions and entertainment beyond the pleasures of beautiful music alone. During the concerts, members of the concerto's audience would sometimes
Style
The greatest musical innovation of the concerto delle donne was its departure from one voice singing diminutions above an instrumental accompaniment to two or three highly ornamented voices singing varying diminutions at once.[59] Such ornaments were meticulously notated by the composers, leaving a detailed record of the concerto delle donne's performance practice.[60] Although traditionally such ornaments were improvised in performance, notation was used to coordinate and rehearse the multiple voices; the singers may have continued improvised diminutions in their solo repertoire.[61]
Specific ornaments used by the concerto delle donne, mentioned in a source from 1581, were such popular sixteenth-century devices as passaggi (division of a long note into many shorter notes, usually stepwise), cadenze (decoration of the penultimate note, sometimes quite elaborate), and tirate (rapid scales). Accenti (connection of two longer notes, using dotted rhythms), a staple of early Baroque music, are absent from the list.[57] In 1592 Giulio Caccini claimed that Alfonso asked him to teach his ladies the new accenti and passaggi styles.[62][63]
Repertoire
Many Italian Renaissance composers wrote music either inspired by the concerto delle donne or specifically for them. Between 1581 and 1586 especially, Alfonso's court saw its most "vibrant and culturally productive period, during which its literary and musical talents were focused most keenly on providing repertoire for the ladies’ performances, both in private and as part of court spectacle".[64]
The output of the ducal printer, Vittorio Baldini, consisted largely of music written for the concerto delle donne.[65] Baldini's first publication for the Duke was Il lauro secco (1582), which was followed by Il lauro verde (1583), both containing music by the leading composers of Rome and Northern Italy.[66] Music in honor of the concerto was printed as far away as Venice, with Paolo Virchi's First Book à 5, published by Giacomo Vincenti and Ricciardo Amadino containing the madrigal which begins SeGU'ARINAscer LAURA e prenda LARCO / Amor soave e dolce / Ch'ogni cor duro MOLCE.[67] This capitalization is in the original, clearly spelling out the equivalent of the names Anna Guarini, Laura Peverara, Livia d'Arco, and Tarquinia Molza.[67]
Musically, their repertoire was written to display the skill of the upper-voiced singers; oftentimes lower static voices accompanied them in contrast.
Specific personalities
The chief composer for the concerto delle donne was their director, Luzzasco Luzzaschi,[71] whose wrote works in both the "luxuriant" and seconda pratica styles.[70] Luzzaschi's book of madrigals for one, two, and three sopranos with keyboard accompaniment, published in 1601 as the well-known Madrigali per cantare e sonare, comprises works written throughout the 1580s.[72][73][e] Newcomb considers this publication the exemplar of the ladies' signature musical style.[73]
Musically, Luzzaschi's works are highly sectionalized and based on melodic themes, rather than
Other composers who wrote for the concerto include
Works written for the concerto delle donne were not limited to music: The poets Torquato Tasso and Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote works dedicated to the ladies in the concerto, some of which were later set by composers. Tasso wrote over seventy-five poems to Peverara alone.[80]
Influence
While they were neither the first nor only female musicians in Ferrara,[2] the concerto delle donne was a revolutionary musical establishment that helped effect a shift in women's role in music; its success took women from obscurity to "the apex of the profession".[81] Women were openly brought to court to train as professional musicians,[82] and by 1600, a woman could have a viable career as a musician, independent of her husband or father.[83][81] New women's ensembles inspired by the concerto delle donne resulted in more positions for women as professional singers and more music for them to perform.[29] The concerto delle donne contested the viewpoint of some contemporaries that women were unfit to achieve noteworthy deeds.[84]
Despite Alfonso not publicizing the composed music[85] and the dissolution of the court in 1597, the musical style which was inspired by the concerto delle donne spread throughout Europe, and remained prominent for almost fifty years.[42][60] The concerto delle donne was so influential that other courts developed similar concerti and it became a cliché of northern Italian courts,[86][87][88] having one was a sign of prestige.[89] It heavily influenced the development of the madrigal and eventually the seconda practica.[90] The group brought Alfonso and his court international prestige, as the ladies' reputation spread throughout Italy and southern Germany; in 1619 the German composer Michael Praetorius described it as "the latest new Italian style for achieving a good manner of singing".[91] It functioned as a powerful tool of propaganda, projecting an image of strength and affluence.[86][92] The music publisher Giacomo Vincenti praised the women as "virtuose giovani" (young virtuosas).[93]
Having seen the concerto delle donne in Ferrara, Caccini created a rival group made up of his family and a pupil. This ensemble was sponsored by the
The success of the concerto delle donne also led to the increased professionalization of court music.[99] Barbara Strozzi was among the last composers and performers in this style, which by the mid-seventeenth century was considered archaic.[35] At least one instrument used by the concerto delle donne, the harp L'Arpa di Laura in the Galleria Estense art gallery, has become famous.[100]
References
Notes
- ^ a b Also known as the concerto di donne or concerto delle (or di ) dame.[1][2]
- ^ The concerto delle donne may refer to any of the professional female singing ensembles throughout Italy during the late Renaissance; however, it most often refers to the ensemble in Ferrara, which was the earliest and most prominent one.[3] Musicologist Laurie Stras describes them as group "the group most widely recognized as the concerto delle dame"[4]
- ^ The musicologist Judith Tick believes the singer Tarquinia Molza sang with the group, but Anthony Newcomb says she was involved solely as an advisor and instructor.[28][29] The musicologist Karin Pendle only says that Molza "joined the ensemble".[11]
- ^ Outside of the ensemble, Alfonso employed at least two castrati, probably the Spanish brothers Domenico and Hernando Bustamente. Regardless, musicologist Nina Treadwell notes that the Ferrarese "recruitment of castrati waned towards the end of the century with the increased interest in female sopranos".[55]
- ^ This music may have been delayed from publication in order to maintain the secrecy of Alfonso's musica secreta, and to maintain control over it. Newcomb considers this publication the exemplar of the ladies' signature musical style.[72][73]
- ^ In Giovanni Artusi's socratic dialogue, the character defending Monteverdi connects haphazard treatment of dissonance with ornamental singing.[75]
Citations
- ^ Yarris 2022, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Stras 2018, p. 2.
- ^ a b LaMay 2005, p. 367.
- ^ Stras 2018, p. 218.
- ^ Schulenberg 2000, pp. 99, 103–104.
- ^ Stolba 1994, p. 190.
- ^ a b Burkholder, Grout & Palisca 2014, p. 208.
- ^ Taruskin 2010, § "Vernacular Song Genres: Italy".
- ^ Burkholder, Grout & Palisca 2014, p. 210.
- ^ Fenlon 1980, p. 125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pendle 2001, p. 80.
- ^ a b Morton 2022, p. 156.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d Burkholder, Grout & Palisca 2014, p. 216.
- ^ a b Stark 1999, p. 190.
- ^ a b c Newcomb 1986, p. 96.
- ^ a b Ugolini 2020, p. 71.
- ^ Yarris 2022, p. 6.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, pp. 7, 106, 120.
- ^ Yarris 2022, pp. 9, 10.
- ^ Stras 2018, pp. 229–230.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, pp. 20–21.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 20.
- ^ Stras 2018, p. 140.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 56.
- ^ Arnold 1982, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Treadwell 2002, p. 28.
- ^ a b Newcomb 2001.
- ^ a b c Tick 2001.
- ^ Pendle 2001, p. 40.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 7.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 11.
- ^ LaMay 2002, p. 49.
- ^ Knighton & Fallows 1998, p. 95.
- ^ a b c Springfels.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 19.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 23.
- ^ HaCohen 2001, p. 630.
- ^ Fenlon 2001a.
- ^ Hammond 2004, p. 156.
- ^ Haskell 1980, p. 25.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 153.
- ^ Stras 2018, p. 4.
- ^ Newcomb 1986, p. 97.
- ^ Savan 2018, p. 574.
- ^ Jensen et al. 2021, p. 49.
- ^ McClary 2012, p. 82.
- ^ Pendle 2001, p. 82.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 35.
- ^ Treadwell 2002, p. 29.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 183.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 170.
- ^ Clapton 2006.
- ^ Whenham 2001.
- ^ Treadwell 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Sherr 1980.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 25.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 26.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 59.
- ^ a b McClary 2012, p. 83.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 57.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 58.
- ^ Stark 1999, p. 193.
- ^ Stras 2018, p. 241.
- ^ Newcomb 1986, p. 106.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, pp. 28, 69, 84.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 85.
- ^ a b Carter & Chew 2001.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 116.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Treadwell 2000, p. 78.
- ^ a b Stark 1999, p. 155.
- ^ a b c Newcomb 1980, p. 53.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, pp. 120–125.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1980, p. 83.
- ^ Fenlon 2001b.
- ^ Bianconi 2001.
- ^ Watkins 1991, p. 300.
- ^ Shindle 2001.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 189.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1986, p. 93.
- ^ Newcomb 1986, p. 98.
- ^ Yarris 2022, p. 3.
- ^ Ugolini 2020, p. 72.
- ^ Morton 2022, p. 157.
- ^ a b Newcomb 1986, pp. 97, 98, 99.
- ^ Tomlinson 2017, p. 4.
- ^ Cusick 1993, p. 17.
- ^ Treadwell 2004, p. 2.
- ^ Pendle 2001, p. 83; Cusick 1993, p. 17; Morton 2022, p. 156, reiterated by Newcomb 1980.
- ^ Wistreich 2017.
- ^ Stras 2018, p. 1.
- ^ Harris 2001.
- ^ a b Carter & Hitchcock 2001.
- ^ Coluzzi 2019, p. 335.
- ^ Yarris 2022, pp. 8, 9.
- ^ Newcomb 1980, p. 101.
- ^ Niwa 2005, p. 34.
- ^ Yarris 2022, p. 7.
- ^ Kuhn 2020, p. 94.
Sources
- Books
- ISBN 978-0-393-91829-8.
- OCLC 254055896.
- ISBN 978-1-59475-000-7.
- Haskell, Francis (1980). Patrons and Painters: A study in the relations between Italian Art and Society in the Age of the Baroque. New Haven and London: ISBN 978-0-300-02540-8.
- Jensen, C. R.; Maier, I.; Shamin, S.; Waugh, D. C. (2021). Russia's Theatrical Past: Court Entertainment in the Seventeenth Century. Bloomington: ISBN 978-0-253-05635-1.
- Knighton, Tess; ISBN 978-0-520-21081-3.
- LaMay, Thomasin (2002). "Madalena Casulana: My Body Knows Unheard of Songs". In Borgerding, Todd (ed.). Gender, Sexuality, and Early Music. Abingdon-on-Thames: ISBN 978-0-8153-3394-4.
- LaMay, Thomasin (2005). "Composing from the Throat: Madalena Casulana's Primo libro de madrigali, 1568". In LaMay, Thomasin (ed.). Musical Voices of Early Modern Women: Many-Headed Melodies. Burlington: ISBN 978-0-7546-3742-4.
- McClary, Susan (2012). Desire and Pleasure in Seventeenth-Century Music. Berkley: University of California Press.
- ISBN 978-0-691-09125-9.
- ISBN 978-0-252-01470-3.
- Pendle, Karin (2001). Women and Music: A History. Bloomington: ISBN 978-0-253-21422-5.
- Stark, James (1999). Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy. Toronto: ISBN 978-0-8020-8614-3.
- Stras, Laurie (2018). Women and Music in Sixteenth-Century Ferrara. Cambridge: ISBN 978-1-316-65045-5.
- Stolba, K Marie (1994). The Development of Western Music: A History (3rd ed.). New York: ISBN 0-697-29379-3.
- ISBN 978-0-19-538481-9.
- Treadwell, Nina (2000). Restaging the Siren: Musical Women in the Performance of Sixteenth-Century Italian Theater (PhD). OCLC 53291961.
- Treadwell, Nina (2002). "2 "Simil combattimento fatto da Dame": The Musico-theatrical Entertainments of Margherita Gonzaga's balletto delle donne and the Female Warrior in Ferrarese Cultural History". Gender, Sexuality, and Early Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-05549-6.
- Ugolini, Paola (2020). The Court and its Critics: Anti-court Sentiments in Early Modern Italy. Toronto: ISBN 978-1-4875-3216-1.
- ISBN 978-0-19-816216-2.
- Articles
- Arnold, Denis (1982). "Review of Le settimo libro de' madrigali (1595)". Early Music. 10 (2): 253–255. ISSN 0306-1078.
- Coluzzi, Seth (23 September 2019). "Licks, Polemics, and the Viola Bastarda: Unity and Defiance in Monteverdi's Fifth Book". .
- doi:10.2307/831804.
- HaCohen, Ruth (1 September 2001). "The Music of Sympathy in the Arts of the Baroque; or, the Use of Difference to Overcome Indifference". .
- Hammond, Frederick (2004). "There is Nothing Like the dame". Project MUSE.
- Kuhn, Eva (2020). Agency of Musical Instruments: The Resonance of Instruments without Sounds in the Collection of Francesco II d’Este. 19th Biennial International Conference on Baroque Music. Birmingham. p. 94.
- Morton, Joëlle (22 December 2022). "Will Wonders Never Cease? The Viola Bastarda at the Ferrarese Court". .
- Niwa, S. (1 February 2005). "'Madama' Margaret of Parma's patronage of music". .
- Savan, Jamie (31 December 2018). "Revoicing a 'Choice Eunuch': The Cornett and Historical Models of Vocality". .
- Schulenberg, David (2000). "History of European Art Music". In Rice, Timothy; Porter, James; Goertzen, Chris (eds.). ISBN 0-8240-6034-2.
- Sherr, Richard (Spring 1980). "Gugliemo Gonzaga and the Castrati". Renaissance Quarterly. 33 (1). Renaissance Society of America: 33–56. JSTOR 2861534.
- Springfels, Mary. "Newberry Consort Repertoire - Daughters of the Muse". Chicago: Newberry Library. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
- ISSN 2317-6377.
- Treadwell, Nina (March 2004). "She descended on a cloud 'from the highest spheres': Florentine monody 'alla Romanina'". Cambridge Opera Journal. 16 (1): 1–22. ISSN 1474-0621.
- Wistreich, Richard (5 July 2017). "'Inclosed in This Tabernacle of Flesh': Body, Soul, and the Singing Voice". Journal of the Northern Renaissance (8).
- Yarris, Ella (25 April 2022). Paving the Way: Women in Music at Ferrara, Italy During the Late 1500s. Young Historians Conference 2022. Portland State University.
- Grove sources
- Bianconi, Lorenzo (2001). "Gesualdo, Carlo, Prince of Venosa, Count of Conza". required)
- required)
- required)
- required)
- required)
- Harris, Ellen T. (2001). "Virtuosa". required)
- required)
- Shindle, W. Richard (2001). "Macque, Giovanni de". required)
- Tick, Judith (2001). "Women in music, §II: Western classical traditions in Europe & the USA 3. 1500–1800". required)
- required)