Cousin marriage law in the United States
The legal status of cousin marriage varies considerably from one U.S. state to another, ranging from being legal in some states to being a criminal offense in others. It is illegal or largely illegal in 31 states and legal or largely legal in 19. However, even in the states where it is legal, the practice is not widespread. (See Incidence.)
Status and territories
Several
State by state:
State or territory | First cousin marriage allowed | Sexual relations or cohabitation allowed | First-cousin marriages void | Out-of-state marriages by state's residents void | All out-of-state marriages void | First-cousin-once-removed marriage allowed | Half-cousin marriage allowed | Adopted-cousin marriage allowed |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama[6][7] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Alaska[8][9] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Arizona[10][11][12] | Only if both parties are 65 or older, or one is infertile | No | Yes | Yes[13] | Yes | Yes | Yes[14] | Yes |
Arkansas[15][16][17] | No | Yes | Yes | No[18] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
California[19][20][21] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Colorado[22][23] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Connecticut[24][25] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Delaware[26][27][28][29] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Florida[30][31] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Georgia[32][33] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Hawaii[34][35] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Idaho[36][37][38][39][40] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Illinois[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] | Only if both parties are 50 or older, or if one of the parties is infertile.[47] | Yes[47] | No | No[48][49] | No[50] | Yes[47] | No[51] | Unknown |
Indiana[52][53][54][55] | Only if both parties are 65 or older | Yes | Yes | No | No[56] | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Iowa[57] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Kansas[58][59][60] | No | Yes | Yes | No[61] | No[62] | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Kentucky[63][64][65][66] | No | No[67] | Yes | Yes[68] | Unknown | No | No | Unknown |
Louisiana[69][70][71] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No[72] | Yes | No | If judicial approval in writing is obtained |
Maine[73][74] | Proof of genetic counselor
|
Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
Maryland[75][76] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Massachusetts[77][78][79] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Michigan | No[80] | It is a felony to engage in sexual conduct with a cousin who is mentally disabled, incapable, or incapacitated, physically helpless, or developmentally disabled due to autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or intellectual disability | Yes | No[81] | No[82] | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Minnesota[83][84][85] | Only certain types | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | No | Unknown |
Mississippi[86][87][88] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
Missouri[89][90] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Montana[91][92][93] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Nebraska[94][95][96][97] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nevada[98][99] | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | No | Yes | Unknown |
New Hampshire[100][101][102] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No[103] |
New Jersey[104][105] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
New Mexico[106][107] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
New York[108][109] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
North Carolina[110][111] | Yes, except in the rare case of double first cousins | Yes | Yes, but cannot be declared void after all of cohabitation, birth of issue, and death of one of the parties has occurred | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
North Dakota[112][113][114] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Unknown |
Ohio[115][116][117] | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Unknown | Unknown |
Oklahoma[118][119] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Oregon[120][121][122] | No | Yes | Yes | No[123] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Pennsylvania[124][125][126] | No[127] | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | Unknown |
Rhode Island[128][129] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
South Carolina[130][131] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
South Dakota[132][133][134] | No | No | Yes | No[135] | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown |
Tennessee[136][137] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Texas[138][139][140][141] | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Utah[142][143][144] | Only if both parties are 65 or older, or both are 55 or older with a district court finding of infertility of either party | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unknown | Unknown |
Vermont[145][146] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Virginia[147][148] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Washington[149][150][151] | No | Yes[152] | Yes | No[153] | No | No | No | Unknown |
West Virginia[154][155][156][157][158][159] | No | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | No | Yes |
Wisconsin[160][161][162][163][164] | Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile | No | No | No | Unknown | Only if the woman is at least 55, or either is permanently sterile | Yes | Yes |
Wyoming[165][166][167] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unknown | Yes |
American Samoa[168] | Yes | |||||||
District of Columbia[169] | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Guam[170] | No | |||||||
Northern Mariana Islands[171] | Unknown[172] | |||||||
Puerto Rico[173] | Yes | |||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands[174] | Yes |
Incidence
Data on cousin marriage in the United States are sparse. It was estimated in 1960 that 0.2% of all marriages between
Some studies
History
Cousin marriage was legal in all states before the Civil War.[179] Anthropologist Martin Ottenheimer argued that marriage prohibitions were introduced to maintain the social order, uphold religious morality, and safeguard the creation of fit offspring.[180] Writers such as Noah Webster (1758–1843) and ministers like Philip Milledoler (1775–1852) and Joshua McIlvaine helped lay the groundwork for such viewpoints well before 1860. This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister (see widow inheritance), to consanguineous unions. By the 1870s, Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) was writing about "the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons" and the necessity of avoiding "the evils of consanguine marriage", avoidance of which would "increase the vigor of the stock". To many, Morgan included, cousin marriage, and more specifically parallel-cousin marriage was a remnant of a more primitive stage of human social organization.[181] Morgan himself had married his cousin in 1853.[180]
In 1846,
These developments led to thirteen states and territories passing cousin marriage prohibitions by the 1880s. Though contemporaneous, the
Proposed changes
A bill to repeal the ban on first-cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003, but it died in committee. Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response, saying it would "turn us into a cold Arkansas".[187] According to the University of Minnesota's The Wake, Kahn was aware the bill had little chance of passing but introduced it anyway to draw attention to the issue. She reportedly got the idea after learning that cousin marriage is an acceptable form of marriage among some cultural groups that have a strong presence in Minnesota, namely the Hmong and Somali.[188]
In contrast,
Texas did pass a ban on first-cousin marriage the same year as Amrhein and Andrews married, evidently in reaction to the presence of the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS). Texas Representative Harvey Hilderbran, whose district includes the main FLDS compound, authored an amendment[191] to a child protection statute to both discourage the FLDS from settling in Texas and to "prevent Texas from succumbing to the practices of taking child brides, incest, welfare abuse, and domestic violence".[192] While Hilderbran stated that he would not have authored a bill solely to ban first-cousin marriage, he also said in an interview, "Cousins don't get married just like siblings don't get married. And when it happens you have a bad result. It's just not the accepted normal thing."[193]
Some news sources then only mentioned the polygamy and child abuse provisions and ignored the cousin marriage portion of the bill, as did some more recent sources.[194][195][196][197] The new statute made sex with an adult first cousin a more serious felony than with adult members of one's immediate family. However, this statute was amended in 2009; while sex with close adult family members (including first cousins) remains a felony, the more serious penalty now attaches to sex with an individual's direct ancestor or descendant.[198]
The U.S. state of
States have various laws regarding marriage between cousins and other close relatives,[201] which involve factors including whether or not the parties to the marriage are half-cousins, double cousins, infertile, over 65, or whether it is a tradition prevalent in a native or ancestry culture, adoption status, in-law, whether or not genetic counselling is required, and whether it is permitted to marry a first cousin once removed.
See also
- Avunculate marriage
- Consanguine marriage
- Cousin marriage court cases in the United States
- Laws regarding incest in the United States
- Sibling marriage
References
- ^ Ottenheimer 1996, p. 90
- ^ ""Facts About Cousin Marriage."". CousinCouples.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-04.
- ^ "The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage". 14 February 2014.
- ^ Saletan, William (10 April 2002). "The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname". Slate.
- ISBN 978-0-7432-6458-7.
- ^ Code of Alabama Section 30-1-9.1
- ^ Code of Alabama Section 13A-13-3
- ^ Alaska Stat. § 25.05.021 (2010)
- ^ Alaska Stat. § 11.41.450 (2010)
- ^ A.R.S. § 25-101 (2010)
- ^ A.R.S. § 25-112 (2010)
- ^ A.R.S. § 13-3608 (2010)
- ^ In addition to statute, see In re Mortenson's Estate, 83 Ariz. 87, 316 P.2d 1106 (1957)
- ^ Sheri Stritof. "What Are the Cousin Marriage Laws in Your State?". theSpruce.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02.
- ^ A.C.A. § 9-11-106 (2010)
- ^ A.C.A. § 9-11-107 (2010)
- ^ A.C.A. § 5-26-202 (2010)
- ^ See Incest Statutes 2013 Archived 2015-01-19 at the Wayback Machine (PDF).
- ^ Cal Fam Code § 2200 (2010)
- ^ Cal Pen Code § 285 (2010)
- ^ Estate of Levie (1975, Cal App 1st Dist) was a California case on a purported first-cousin marriage contracted in Nevada. It found the marriage void per the usual rule.
- ^ C.R.S. 14–2-110 (2010)
- ^ C.R.S. 18–6-301 (2010)
- ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-21 (2010)
- ^ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-191 (2010)
- ^ 13 Del. C. § 101 (2010)
- ^ 13 Del. C. § 102 (2010)
- ^ 13 Del. C. § 104 (2010)
- ^ 11 Del. C. § 766 (2010)
- ^ Fla. Stat. § 741.21 (2010)
- ^ Fla. Stat. § 826.04 (2010)
- ^ O.C.G.A. § 19-3-3 (2010)
- ^ O.C.G.A. § 16-6-22 (2010)
- ^ HRS § 572-1 (2010)
- ^ HRS § 707-741 (2010)
- ^ Idaho Code § 32-205 (2010)
- ^ Idaho Code § 32-206 (2010)
- ^ Idaho Code § 32-209 (2010)
- ^ Idaho Code § 32-501 (2010)
- ^ Idaho Code § 18-6602 (2010)
- ^ § 750 ILCS 5/212 (2010)
- ^ § 750 ILCS 5/213 (2010)
- ^ § 750 ILCS 5/216 (2010)
- ^ 750 ILCS 5/301 (2010)
- ^ 720 ILCS 5/11-11 (2010)
- ^ In re Estate of Mary Kathrein was an Illinois Supreme Court case distinguishing between first cousins once removed and first cousins.
- ^ a b c d "Kissing Cousins: The States Where Marrying Your Relative Is Legal". insideedition.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ HB 1591 (2003) amended the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act by repealing all of the following provisions: (i) no marriage shall be contracted in this State by a party residing and intending to continue to reside in another state or jurisdiction if the marriage would be void if contracted in the other state or jurisdiction, and every marriage celebrated in this State in violation of that provision is null and void; (ii) before issuing a license to marry a person who resides and intends to continue to reside in another state, the officer having authority to issue the license shall satisfy himself by requiring affidavits or otherwise that the person is not prohibited from intermarrying by the laws of the jurisdiction where the person resides; and (iii) an official issuing a marriage license with knowledge that the parties are prohibited from marrying and a person authorized to solemnize marriages who knowingly solemnizes such a marriage are guilty of a Class C misdemeanor.
- ^ In addition to statute, see Meisenhelder v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 170 Minn. 317, 213 N.W. 32 (1927)
- ^ "MARRIAGE-PROHIBITIONS-REPEAL".
- ^ See In re Flores, 96 Ill. App. 3d 279, 51 Ill. Dec. 885, 421 N.E.2d 393 (1 Dist. 1981)
- ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-1-2 (2010)
- ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-8-3 (2010)
- ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 31-11-8-6 (2010). Note that the laws listed do not pertain to cousin marriage.
- ^ Burns Ind. Code Ann. § 35-46-1-3 (2010)
- ^ See Mason v. Mason, 775 N.E.2d 706, 2002 Ind. App. LEXIS 1605 (2002).
- ^ Chapter 595.19 Void Marriages
- ^ K.S.A. § 23-102 (2009)
- ^ K.S.A. § 23-115 (2009)
- ^ K.S.A. § 21-3602 (2009)
- ^ Moore, A Defense of First-Cousin Marriage, 10 Cleveland Marshall L. Rev. 136 (1961)
- ^ See In re Estate of Loughmiller, 229 Kan. 584, where a foreign first cousin marriage was recognised in Kansas.
- ^ Kentucky Revised Statutes § 402.010 (2010)
- ^ KRS § 402.040 (2010)
- ^ KRS § 402.990 (2010)
- ^ KRS § 530.020 (2010)
- ^ Class B misdemeanour if marriage entered into; Class A misdemeanour if the couple cohabits after being convicted of entering into a prohibited marriage.
- ^ A marriage between first cousins will not be recognised in Kentucky even if it is consummated in another state. OAG 71-78.
- ^ La. Civ. Code art. 90 (2004)
- ^ La. Civ. Code art. 94 (1988)
- ^ La. Rev. Stat. 14:89 (2018)
- ^ See Ghassemi v. Ghassemi
- ^ "You searched for united_states/Maine/Index » U.S. Marriage License Laws".
- ^ "Human Services Legislation and Legislative News from NCSL". www.ncsl.org.
- ^ Md. FAMILY LAW Code Ann. § 2-202 (2010)
- ^ Md. CRIMINAL LAW Code Ann. § 3-323 (2010)
- ^ ALM GL ch. 207, § 1 (2010)
- ^ ALM GL ch. 207, § 2 (2010)
- ^ ALM GL ch. 272, § 17 (2010)
- ^ "Michigan Marriage License Laws > MI Wedding Officiants". Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ See In re Miller's Estate, 239 Mich. 455, 214 N.W. 428 (1927)
- ^ In addition to statute and preceding reference, see Toth v Toth (1973) 50 Mich App 150, 212 NW2d 812.
- ^ Minn. Stat. § 517.03 (2009)
- ^ Minn. Stat. § 518.01 (2009)
- ^ Minn. Stat. § 609.365 (2009)
- ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-1-1 (2010)
- ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-1-3 (2010)
- ^ Miss. Code Ann. § 93-5-29 (2010)
- ^ § 451.020 R.S.Mo. (2010)
- ^ § 568.020 R.S.Mo. (2010)
- ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 40-1-104 (2010)
- ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 40-1-401 (2010)
- ^ Mont. Code Anno., § 45-5-507 (2010)
- ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 42-103 (2010)
- ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 42-117 (2010)
- ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 28-702 (2010)
- ^ R.R.S. Neb. § 28-703 (2010)
- ^ Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 125.290 (2010)
- ^ Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 201.180 (2010)
- ^ RSA 457:2 (2010)
- ^ RSA 457:3 (2010)
- ^ RSA 639:2 (2010)
- ^ Prohibition of marriages between first cousins is applicable where the persons to be married are related only by adoption. 1987 Op. Att'y Gen. 46. (New Hampshire)
- ^ N.J. Stat. § 37:1-1 (2010)
- ^ N.J. Stat. § 2C:14-2 (2010)
- ^ N.M. Stat. Ann. § 40-1-7 (2010)
- ^ N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-10-3 (2010)
- ^ NY CLS Dom Rel § 5 (2010)
- ^ NY CLS Penal § 255.25 (2010)
- ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51-3 (2010)
- ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-178 (2010)
- ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 14-03-03 (2010)
- ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 14-03-08 (2010)
- ^ N.D. Cent. Code, § 12.1-20-11 (2010)
- ^ ORC Ann. 3101.01 (2010)
- ^ ORC Ann. 3105.31 (2010)
- ^ ORC Ann. 2907.03 (2010)
- ^ 43 Okl. St. § 2 (2010)
- ^ 21 Okl. St. § 885 (2010)
- ^ ORS § 106.020 (2009)
- ^ ORS § 163.525 (2009)
- ^ "Marriage in Oregon". Oregon State Bar. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ See Leefield v. Leefield, (1917) 85 Or 287, 166 P 953.
- ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 1304 (2010)
- ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 3304 (2010)
- ^ 18 Pa.C.S. § 4302 (2010)
- ^ 23 Pa.C.S. § 1304 (2010)
- ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-1-1 (2010)
- ^ R.I. Gen. Laws § 15-1-2 (2010)
- ^ S.C. Code Ann. § 20-1-10 (2009)
- ^ S.C. Code Ann. § 16-15-20 (2009)
- ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25-1-6 (2010)
- ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 22-22A-2 (2010)
- ^ S.D. Codified Laws § 25-1-38 (2010)
- ^ See Garcia v. Garcia, 25 S.D. 645, 127 N.W. 586 (1910)
- ^ Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-101 (2010)
- ^ Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-302 (2010)
- ^ Tex. Fam. Code § 2.004 (2010)
- ^ Texas Family Code, Title 1, Chapter 6, Subtitle B
- ^ Tex. Fam. Code § 6.201 (2010)
- ^ Tex. Penal Code § 25.02 (2010)
- ^ Utah Code Ann. § 30-1-1 (2010)
- ^ Utah Code Ann. § 30-1-4 (2010)
- ^ Utah Code Ann. § 76-7-102 (2010)
- ^ 15 V.S.A. § 1a (2010)
- ^ 13 V.S.A. § 205 (2010)
- ^ Va. Code Ann. § 20-38.1 (2010)
- ^ Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-366 (2010)
- ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 26.04.020 (2010)
- ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 26.09.040 (2010)
- ^ Rev. Code Wash. (ARCW) § 9A.64.020 (2010)
- ^ While no longer a criminal offence in Washington, prosecutions for sexual relations between cousins had taken place under a former statute. See State v. Nakashima, 62 Wash. 686, 114 P. 894 (1911).
- ^ Evasive marriages were held to be void in Washington even though there was no statute specifically making them such. See Johnson v. Johnson, 57 Wash. 89, 106 Pac. 500 (1910).
- ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-302 (2010)
- ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-303 (2010)
- ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-503 (2010)
- ^ W. Va. Code § 48-3-103 (2010)
- ^ W. Va. Code § 48-2-602 (2010)
- ^ W. Va. Code § 61-8-12 (2010)
- ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.03 (2010)
- ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.04 (2010)
- ^ Wis. Stat. § 765.21 (2010)
- ^ Note that marriage abroad to circumvent the laws carries criminal penalties in Wisconsin; see Wis. Stat. § 765.30 (2010)
- ^ Wis. Stat. § 944.06 (2010)
- ^ Wyo. Stat. § 20-1-111 (2010)
- ^ Wyo. Stat. § 20-2-101 (2010)
- ^ Wyo. Stat. § 6-4-402 (2010)
- ^ American Samoa Code Annotated 42.0101
- ^ D.C. Code § 46-401.01 (2010)
- ^ Guam Code Annotated §3202
- ^ Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Code 1205
- ^ Marriages "solemnized in accordance with recognized customs, shall be valid."
- ^ New Civil Code Book 2: Title III: Ch I: Sec I: Article 380
- ^ Virgin Islands Annotated Code :: 16 V.I.C. § 1. Void marriages
- ^ "Global prevalence tables". www.consang.net. Archived from the original on 2017-01-14. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ Grady, Denise (3 April 2002). "No Genetic Reason to Discourage Cousin Marriage, Study Finds". The New York Times.
- ^ "NESCent: The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center".
- ^ Paul and Spencer.
- PMID 19108607.
- ^ a b Ottenheimer, Martin (1996). "Chapter 2". Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. University of Illinois.
- ^ Ottenheimer. p. 111.
- ^ Ottenheimer, Martin (1996). "Chapter 3". Forbidden Relatives: The American Myth of Cousin Marriage. University of Illinois.
- ^ Brandon Keim (23 December 2008). "Cousin Marriage OK by Science". Wired.
- PMID 19108607.
- ^ "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin". Discover Magazine.
- ^ Bittles and Black 2009, Section 2
- ^ "TPT St. Paul. "Quotes for Inspiration." June 25, 2009". Archived from the original on September 6, 2009.
- ^ "The Wake. Vol. 3, Issue 8" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ "BILL INFO-2000 Regular Session-HB 459". mlis.state.md.us.
- ^ "Steve Chapman. "Keeping Marriage in the Family."".
- ^ C.S.H.B. 3006. Texas Legislature 79(R).
- ^ Plocek, Keith (27 April 2006). "Big Love, Texas-Style".
- ^ Kershaw, Sarah (26 November 2009). "Shaking Off the Shame". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020.
- ^ "Bill takes aim at polygamists". www.dentonrc.com.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Writer, NATALIE GOTT Associated Press (14 April 2005). "Lawmaker files bill raising age of marriage consent".
- ^ "Trish Choate. "FLDS TRIAL: All eyes still on Jessop, for now". St. Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ "85th Texas Legislature: News, issues, commentary & more". Archived from the original on 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 25. OFFENSES AGAINST THE FAMILY". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us.
- ^ N.C. Gen. Stat. § 51–3 (West 2009).
- ^ "State Laws Regarding Marriages Between First Cousins". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ^ "US State Laws". CousinCouples.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08.