Craugastor rugosus
Craugastor rugosus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Amphibia |
Order: | Anura |
Family: | Craugastoridae |
Genus: | Craugastor |
Species: | C. rugosus
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Binomial name | |
Craugastor rugosus | |
Synonyms[3] | |
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Craugastor rugosus is a species of rain frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in Costa Rica and southwestern Panama,[1] and possibly southern Nicaragua.[4]
Vernacular names
A local
Frank and Ramus (1995) invented the name Veragua robber frog for use in English for the taxon Eleutherodactylus biporcatus (now the name of a Venezuelan species, but in 1995 the name for four other species of frog, including this one, see taxonomy), Veragua being a province of Colombia in the 1860s (now in central Panama) where in 1995 the holotype of E. biporcatus was thought to have been obtained. Because of the taxonomic reshuffling which occurred after Frank and Ramus coined the name "Veragua robber frog", their name is presently applied to Craugastor rugosus, despite the fact that it does not occur in Veraguas Province, and now shares this name with other species derived from E. biporcatus.[3][6][7]
Taxonomy
This frog is thought to have first been collected in
In 1877 the famous US fossil baron
Thus, by the turn of the previous century what is presently (2019) understood as this frog species consisted of two taxa and one mixed taxon, and in 1904 the Norwegian
Between 1947 and 1951 Richard Clark Taylor and Edward Harrison Taylor visited Costa Rica for a combined total of 8 1⁄2 months, and the two men amassed a collection of over 6,000 herpetology specimens, more than the total that had been harvested from the country in the previous centuries. In his report on the amphibians of the country based on this collection, the latter Taylor follows Noble in considering E. megacephalus to be a synonym E. rugosus, however Taylor expresses some doubt as to if E. pelviculus and E. gulosus could truly be synonymised with E. rugosus, both based on such a paucity of unclear evidence.[10]
Throughout most of 20th century this species was considered to be two accepted species under Stejneger's Eleutherodactylus taxonomy: E. florulentus (still only known from a single damaged specimen, missing since the 19th century) and E. rugosus (at the time a mix of both modern E. rugosus and modern E. megacephalus, and thought to be distributed from Honduras (perhaps even Mexico) to Panama), but in 1975 John D. Lynch synonymised both E. florulentus and E. rugosus, along with the older nomen E. pelviculus and E. megacephalus, and the mysterious E. gulosus (also still only known from the initial collections at the time), with E. biporcatus -under which the frogs of this species were known for the next few decades, and which was henceforth thought to be distributed from Honduras to Peru.[3][7]
In 2002 Savage and Myers reassessed E. biporcatus, searching for the type specimens of the various synonyms in
Interspecific taxonomy
It was formerly classified in the family Leptodactylidae[12] but as of 2014 is placed in the family Craugastoridae.[3]
In 1989 Stephen Blair Hedges classified Eleutherodactylus florulentus, as specimens of this species were known at the time, in the subgenus Craugastor. In 2008 Hedges, Duellman and Heinicke also classified C. rugosus in the subgenus Craugastor.[3]
Savage includes this species in his
Description
These are relatively big
The juveniles are coloured differently than the adults: the dorsal warts are tipped in white at first but darken with age, the inner thighs are barred with white and black, and the ventral surfaces of the legs and groin are orange-red.[13]
According to Noble, it has a noticeably thicker and more robust stomach wall than other species of Eleutherodactylus (now split into Craugastor and other genera), but he was dissecting a mix of different species, mostly C. megacephalus, in order to describe C. rugosus.[9]
This frog is thought likely to not make a mating call. It has a karyotype of 2n= 20.[13]
Similar species
It is easily told apart from most species of
Distribution
Although the distribution of this species at present is believed to be mostly restricted to eastern Costa Rica, initially it was in fact believed not to occur in this country and to exist in two disjunct populations in Nicaragua and Panama, this situation persisting until at least 1923 (fide Fritz Nieden).[10]
According to
It is seen in Costa Rica in the Carara National Park,[3] the Fila Chonta mountains, the Osa Peninsula and in the harbour town of Quepos, all in Puntarenas Province.[5]
Ecology
This frog can be found in humid and hot tropical lowland
It is likely an ambush predator which generally preys on beetles, but may also attack lizards and other frogs.[13]
Conservation
According to the
References
- ^ . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ a b "16 October - Gesammtsitzung der Akademie". Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin (in German). Jahre 1873 (September & October - Sommerferien): 610–611. 1874. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Craugastor rugosus (Peters, 1873)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ a b Morris, Paul J (2019). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Occurrence dataset Version 162.171. https://doi.org/10.15468/p5rupv accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-09-12. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?institution_code=mcz&taxon_key=2430850
- ^ University of California Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- University of California Berkeley. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
- ^ . Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ^ SysTax. SysTax - Zoological Collections. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/zyqkbl accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-09-11. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1038094822
- ^ Noble, Gladwyn Kingsley (1918). "The amphibians collected by the American Museum Expedition to Nicaragua in 1916"(PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 38: 313, 315, 329, 330, 331. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- ^ . Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- hdl:2246/5781.
- ^ a b c Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Chaves, G., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C. & Fuenmayor, Q. 2004. Craugastor rugosus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 22 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Craugastor rugosus Peters 1873". Panama – Amphibians. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Morris Paul J (2019). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Occurrence dataset Version 162.171. https://doi.org/10.15468/p5rupv accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-09-12. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/476572835
- ^ Mauricio Salas Varga (2009). Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Anexo #2 Biodiversidad 2009 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Centro Científico Tropical. p. 8. Retrieved 3 September 2019.