Cruthin
The Cruthin (Old Irish:
The Cruthin comprised several
By 773 AD, the annals had stopped using the term Cruthin in favour of the term Dál nAraidi,[1] who had secured their over-kingship of the Cruthin.
Etymology
In medieval Irish writings, the plural form of the name is variously spelt Cruthin, Cruithin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (
It is suggested that Cruthin was not what the people called themselves, but was what their
The name Cruthin survives in the placenames Duncrun (Dún Cruithean, "fort of the Cruthin") and Drumcroon (Droim Cruithean, "ridge of the Cruthin") in County Londonderry,[12] and Ballycrune (Bealach Cruithean, "pass of the Cruthin")[13] and Crown Mound (Áth Cruithean, "ford of the Cruthin") in County Down.[14] These placenames are believed to mark the edges of Cruthin territory.[15]
References in the Irish annals
By the start of the historic period in Ireland in the 6th century, the over-kingdom of Ulaid was largely confined to the east of the River Bann in north-eastern Ireland.[16] The Cruthin still held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry, and their emergence may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.[16]
A certain Dubsloit of the Cruthin is said to have killed the son of High King Diarmait mac Cerbaill in 555 or 558, and Diarmait himself was killed by a Cruthin over-king of Ulster, Áed Dub mac Suibni, in 565.[17]
In 563, according to the Annals of Ulster, an apparent internal struggle amongst the Cruthin resulted in Báetán mac Cinn making a deal with the
Their most powerful historical king was
The Pictish Chronicle names the first king of the Picts as the eponymous "Cruidne filius Cinge".[20]
Possible relationship to other groups
Early Irish writers used the name Cruthin to refer to both the north-eastern Irish group and to the Picts of Scotland.[10] Likewise, the Scottish Gaelic word for a Pict is Cruithen or Cruithneach, and Pictland is Cruithentúath.[21] It has thus been suggested that the Cruthin and Picts were the same people or were in some way linked.[2] Professor T. F. O'Rahilly argued that the Qritani/Pritani were "the earliest inhabitants of these islands to whom a name can be assigned".[22]
Other scholars disagree. Historian Francis John Byrne notes that although in Irish both groups were called by the same name, in Latin they had different names, with Picti being reserved for the Picts.[23] Professor Dáibhí Ó Cróinín says the "notion that the Cruthin were 'Irish Picts' and were closely connected with the Picts of Scotland is quite mistaken",[1] while Professor Kenneth H. Jackson wrote that the Cruthin "were not Picts, had no connection with the Picts, linguistic or otherwise, and are never called Picti by Irish writers".[24] There is no archaeological evidence of a Pictish link and in archaeology the Cruthin are indistinguishable from their neighbours in Ireland.[25] The records show that the Cruthin bore Irish names, spoke Irish and followed the Irish derbfine system of inheritance rather than the matrilineal system sometimes attributed to the Picts.[23]
Possible linguistic connection between Cruthin and Picts is nevertheless mentioned in St. Andomnán's Life of St. Columba (c. 697-700 AD), in which it is stated that Columba needed to speak through an interpreter on his mission into Pictland (section XXXIII) (signifying that he could not understand the Pictish language), and that he brought with him two Irish Cruthin (St. Comgall and St. Canice) to translate for him.
Historian Alex Woolf suggested that the Dál Riata were a part of the Cruthin and that they were descended from the Epidii. Dál Riata was a Gaelic kingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland. The Irish part of the kingdom was surrounded by Cruthin territory.[11]
Modern politics and culture
In the 1970s, Unionist politician Ian Adamson proposed that the Cruthin were a British people who spoke a non-Celtic language and were the original inhabitants of Ulster. He argues that they were at war with the Irish Gaels for centuries, seeing the story of the Táin Bó Cúailnge as representing this; and argues that most of the Cruthin were driven to Scotland after the Battle of Moira (637), only for their descendants to return 1,000 years later in the Plantation of Ulster. Adamson suggests that the Gaelic Irish are not really native to Ulster and that the Ulster Scots have merely returned to their ancient lands.[26][27] His theory has been adopted by some Ulster loyalists and Ulster Scots activists to counter Irish nationalism, and was promoted by elements in the Ulster Defence Association (UDA).[28] They saw this new 'origin myth' as "a justification for their presence in Ireland and for partition of the country".[29]
Historians, archaeologists and anthropologists have widely rejected Adamson's theory.[27][28] Prof. Stephen Howe of the University of Bristol argues it was designed to provide ancient underpinnings for a militantly separate Ulster identity.[30] Historian Peter Berresford Ellis likens it to Zionism.[27] Archaeologists such as J. P. Mallory and T. E. McNeil note that the Cruthin are "archaeologically invisible"; there is no evidence of them being a distinct group and "there is not a single object or site that an archaeologist can declare to be distinctly Cruthin"; they further considered Adamson's claims "quite remarkable".[31]
Much of Adamson's theories are based on the historical model put forward by Irish linguist T. F. O'Rahilly in 1946. Where Adamson differs is his claim that the Cruthin or Priteni were pre-Celtic as opposed to Celts themselves. However, this model has since been refuted by authors such as Kenneth H. Jackson[32] and John T. Koch.[33] There is a lack of archaeological evidence for O'Rahilly's theory, and it was conclusively shown to be false in the landmark 2017 publication of the "Irish DNA Atlas",[34] which sets out in great detail the genealogical history and modern day makeup of the British Isles.
The asteroid 3753 Cruithne was named after the group.[35]
Robert E. Howard's pulp hero Bran Mak Morn was characterised as "chief of the Cruithni Picts".[36]
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-317-90176-1.
- ^ a b c Ó Cróinín 2005, pp. 182-234.
- ^ Byrne 2001, pp. 39, 236.
- ^ a b c d Dinneen, Patrick S., ed. (1927). "Cruiṫneaċ". Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla (New ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. p. 276.
- ^ eDIL, ed. (2019). "Cruithen". An Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. based on the Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1913-1976). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ eDIL, ed. (2019). "Cruithnech". An Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language. based on the Contributions to a Dictionary of the Irish Language (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1913-1976). Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ ISBN 1-85791-038-9.
- ^ a b Chadwick, Hector Munro (1949). Early Scotland: the Picts, the Scots & the Welsh of southern Scotland. CUP Archive. pp. 66–80.
- ^ Koch, John (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 291–292.
- ^ a b Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2008). A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 213.
- ^ a b Woolf, Alex (2012). "Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin".
- ^ "Drumcroon". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "Ballycrune". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "Crown Mound". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ "Corcreeny". Place Names NI. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f A New History of Ireland, p. 212.
- ^ Byrne 2001, pp. 94-95.
- ^ Smyth 1989, p. 101
- ^ O'Rahilly 1946, p. 345
- ^ Skene 1867, p. 5
- ^ Pict and related words at In Dúin Bélrai
- ^ O'Rahilly 1946, pp. 15-16 341-342
- ^ a b Byrne 2001, p. 8, 108.
- ^ Jackson 1956, pp. 122-166
- ^ Warner 1991
- ^ Nic Craith, Máiréad (2002). Plural Identities, Singular Narratives: The Case of Northern Ireland. Berghahn Books. pp. 93–95.
- ^ a b c Gallaher, Carolyn (2011). After the Peace: Loyalist Paramilitaries in Post-Accord Northern Ireland. Cornell University Press. pp. 96–97.
- ^ a b Smithey, Lee (2011). Unionists, Loyalists, and Conflict Transformation in Northern Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 163.
- ^ Perry, Robert (2016). Revisionist Scholarship and Modern Irish Politics. Routledge. p. 103.
- JSTOR 25515321.
- JSTOR 29742575.
- ISSN 0003-598X.
- JSTOR 29742527.
- PMID 29222464.
- ^ Cruithne: Asteroid 3753 Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine. Western Washington University Planetarium. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ Howard, Robert E. (2005-05-31). Bran Mak Morn: The Last King (Kindle Locations 3037-3039). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
Sources
- Byrne, Francis J.Irish Kings and High Kings. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001 (2nd edition). First published in 1973.
- Chadwick, Hector Munro. Early Scotland: the Picts, the Scots & the Welsh of southern Scotland. CUP Archive, 1949. Page 66–80.
- Cosgrove, Art, ed. (2008). A New History of Ireland, II Medieval Ireland 1169-1534. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-953970-3.
- Gallagher, Carolyn. After the Peace: Loyalist Paramilitaries in Post-Accord Northern Ireland. Cornell University, 2007
- Jackson, Kenneth H. "The Pictish language." In The problem of the Picts, ed. F.T Wainwright. Edinburgh, 1956. pp. 122–166.
- Maier, Bernhard. Dictionary of Celtic religion and culture. Boydell & Brewer, 1997. Page 230.
- Nic Craith, Máiréad. Plural Identities, Singular Narratives: The Case of Northern Ireland, Berghahn Books, 2002
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí. Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200, Longman, 1995
- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí. "Ireland, 400-800". In A New History of Ireland, ed. Dáibhí Ó Cróinín. Vol 1. 2005. pp. 182–234.
- O'Rahilly, T.F. Early Irish History and Mythology. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.
- Skene, William F. Chronicles of the Picts and Scots Edinburgh, 1867.
- Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989.
- Warner, Richard. "The Lisburn Area in the Early Christian Period Part 2: Some People and Places." Lisburn Historical Society Journals Vol 8. 1991
External links
- Ulster by Dennis Walsh
- The Cruithne at Electric Scotland