DEET

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the former Australian government department known as DEET, see Department of Employment, Education and Training.
Not to be confused with DDT.
DEET
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
Other names
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.004.682 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C12H17NO/c1-4-13(5-2)12(14)11-8-6-7-10(3)9-11/h6-9H,4-5H2,1-3H3 checkY
    Key: MMOXZBCLCQITDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1S/C12H17NO/c1-4-13(5-2)12(14)11-8-6-7-10(3)9-11/h6-9H,4-5H2,1-3H3
    Key: MMOXZBCLCQITDF-UHFFFAOYAE
  • O=C(c1cc(ccc1)C)N(CC)CC
Properties
C12H17NO
Molar mass 191.27 g/mol
Density 0.998 g/mL
Melting point −33 °C (−27 °F; 240 K)
Boiling point 288 to 292 °C (550 to 558 °F; 561 to 565 K)
Pharmacology
QP53GX01 (WHO
)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Danger
H302, H315, H319, H402
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
1
0
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, also called diethyltoluamide or DEET (

leeches
, and many other biting insects.

Unlike Icaridin, DEET emits an odor that many find unpleasant, leaves skin greasy, dissolves plastics and synthetic fabrics[3] and interacts negatively with sunscreen.[4][5]

Effectiveness

DEET and icaridin are the most effective insect repellents available.[6] DEET is effective against a variety of invertebrates, including ticks, flies, mosquitos, and some parasitic worms.[6]

A 2018 systematic review found no consistent performance difference between DEET and icaridin in field studies and concluded that they are equally preferred mosquito repellents, noting that 50% DEET offers longer protection but is not available in some countries.[7]

Concentrations

The concentration of DEET in products may range from less than 10% to nearly 100%, but concentrations greater than 50% do not increase the duration of protection.[8] Higher concentrations can be safely applied to clothing, although it may damage some types of synthetic fibers. In the United Kingdom, the publicly-funded healthcare system, the National Health Service (NHS), recommends that UK citizens should use a concentration of 50% when visiting areas of the world with malaria.[9] A lower concentration of 10% is recommended for infants and children.[10][11] Health Canada decided to limit DEET concentration to 30% in the country since 2002 due to an increased long-term risk observed with repeated applications.[12]

DEET is often sold and used in spray or lotion in concentrations up to 100%.[13] Consumer Reports found a direct correlation between DEET concentration and hours of protection against insect bites. 100% DEET was found to offer up to 12 hours of protection while several lower concentration DEET formulations (20–34%) offered 3–6 hours of protection.[citation needed] Other research has corroborated the effectiveness of DEET.[14] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends 30–50% DEET to prevent the spread of pathogens carried by insects.[15]

A 2008 study found that higher concentrations of DEET have an improved ability to repel insects through fabric.[16]

Contraindications

DEET should not be used on children younger than 2 months of age.[17]

Adverse effects

When used as directed, products containing between 10% and 30% DEET have been found by the American Academy of Pediatrics to be safe to use on children as well as adults.[17]

As a precaution, manufacturers advise that DEET products should not be used under clothing or on damaged skin, and that preparations be washed off after they are no longer needed or between applications.

epidermal reactions.[17]

The authors of a 2002 study published in The New England Journal of Medicine wrote:[19]

... this repellent has been subjected to more scientific and toxicologic scrutiny than any other repellent substance. ... DEET has a remarkable safety profile after 40 years of use and nearly 8 billion human applications. Fewer than 50 cases of serious toxic effects have been documented in ... medical literature since 1960 ... Many of these cases of toxic effects involved long-term, heavy, frequent, or whole-body application of DEET. No correlation has been found between the concentration of DEET used and the risk of toxic effects. ... When applied with common sense, DEET-based repellents can be expected to provide a safe as well as a long-lasting repellent effect ... under circumstances in which it is crucial to be protected against arthropod bites that might transmit disease.

In the DEET Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) in 1998, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported 14 to 46 cases of potential DEET-associated seizures, including four deaths. The EPA states: "... it does appear that some cases are likely related to DEET toxicity," which may underreport the risk as physicians may fail to check for history of DEET use or fail to report cases of seizure subsequent to DEET use.[20]

In 1997, the Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of

cognitive function than lesser exposed co-workers".[21]

Citing human health reasons, Health Canada barred the sale of insect repellents for human use that contained more than 30% DEET in a 2002 re-evaluation "based on a human health risk assessment that considered daily application of DEET over a prolonged period of time". The agency recommended that DEET-based products be used on children between the ages of 2 and 12 only if the concentration of DEET is 10% or less and that repellents be applied no more than 3 times a day, children under 2 should not receive more than 1 application of repellent in a day and DEET-based products of any concentration should not be used on infants under 6 months.[22][23]

A 2020 study performed by students within the University of Florida's College of Public Health and Health Professions analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and identified 1,205 participants who had "DEET metabolic levels recorded at or above detection limits". They analyzed biomarkers related to systemic inflammation, immune, liver, and kidney functions, and found no "evidence that DEET exposure has any impact on the biomarkers identified."[24]

Detection in body fluids

DEET may be measured in blood, plasma, or urine by gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma DEET concentrations are expected to be in a range of 0.3–3.0 mg/L during the first 8 hours after dermal application in persons using the chemical appropriately, >6 mg/L in intoxicated patients and >100 mg/L in victims of acute intentional oral overdose.[25][26]

Overdose

Applying DEET to the skin is safe if done as directed. Adverse reactions are very rare, about 1 in 100 million people. However, repeated use of DEET in very high concentrations can lead to toxic encephalopathy with severe neurological symptoms including seizures, tremors and slurred speech. The risk is higher for children since they have a greater surface area to body weight ratio.[27][28]

Interactions

Limited data indicates that combining insect repellents with DEET and sunscreen decreases the sun protection factor of the sunscreen by about a third.[4] Unlike icaridin, the combination also increases the absorption of both significantly.[5] When the two need to be used together, the repellent should be applied after the sunscreen has been absorbed, about 30 or more minutes later.[29]

When DEET is used in combination with insecticides for

olfactory effects, and that its toxicity is strengthened in combination with other insecticides.[30]

Damage to materials

Unlike icaridin, DEET is an effective solvent[31] and may dissolve some watch crystals,[32] plastics, rayon, spandex, other synthetic fabrics, and painted or varnished surfaces including nail polish. It also may act as a plasticizer by remaining inside some formerly hard plastics, leaving them softened and more flexible. DEET is incompatible with rayon, acetate, or dynel clothing.[33]

Environmental impact

Though DEET is not expected to

ng/L.[37]

A 1975 study analyzed the effects of DEET on communities of freshwater organisms native to Chinese waterways and found that DEET was moderately toxic to aquatic organisms compared to other commercial insect repellants. The most-at-risk organisms were algae colonies which often experienced "significant biomass decline and community composition shift[s]" when exposed to DEET at 500 ng/L.[38]

DEET is biodegraded by fungi into products less toxic to zooplankton.[36] It degrades well under aerobic conditions, but poorly and slowly under anaerobic conditions.[39]

Mechanism of action

DEET is thought to provide protection from mosquitos via two pathways, both by negatively impacting mosquito

odorant receptors at a distance, and by negatively impacting mosquito chemoreceptors upon contact.[6] The exact mechanisms are still being researched, but the two most likely hypotheses are the "smell and avoid hypothesis" (that DEET has an unpleasant odor to insects), and the "bewilderment hypothesis" (that smelling DEET confuses insects).[6]

An alternative hypothesis is that DEET "masks" humans by reducing the volatility of skin odorants that are attractive to insects.[40]

Synthesis

A slightly yellow liquid at room temperature, it can be prepared by converting m-toluic acid (3-methylbenzoic acid) to the corresponding acyl chloride using thionyl chloride (SOCl2), and then allowing that product to react with diethylamine:[41][42]

History

DEET was developed in 1944[43] by Samuel Gertler[43] of the United States Department of Agriculture for use by the United States Army,[44] following its experience of jungle warfare during World War II. It was originally tested as a pesticide on farm fields, and entered military use in 1946 and civilian use in 1957. It was used in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.[45]

In its original form, known as "bug juice", the application solution was composed of 75% DEET and 25% ethanol.

Environmental Protection Agency in 1991.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ "DEET". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  2. ISBN 978-0-323-01125-9
  3. ^ "Picaridin vs DEET: Which Is the Best Insect Repellent?". Appalachian Mountain Club. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods - CDC Yellow Book 2024". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  5. ^
    S2CID 40319483
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 26252744
    .
  7. PMID 29718433
    .
  8. ^ "Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods - CDC Yellow Book 2024". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  9. ^ Team HT. "Mosquito Bite Avoidance - Fit for Travel". www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  10. ^ Canada H (2012-05-11). "Personal Insect repellents". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  11. ^ American Academy of Pediatrics, “Summer Safety Tips,” Dec 2, 2017 https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-play/Pages/Summer-Safety-Tips-Staying-Safe-Outdoors.aspx
  12. ^ "Health Canada to ban bug repellents with high concentrations of DEET". CBC. 24 April 2002. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  13. ^ DEET in the Consumer Product Information Database
  14. ^ Williamson D (3 July 2002). "Independent study: DEET products superior for fending off mosquito bites" (Press release). University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  15. ^ "Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks, Fleas and Other Insects and Arthropods". Travelers' Health – Yellow Book. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-02-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  16. S2CID 18499590.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  17. ^ a b c d "Insect Repellent Use and Safety". West Nile Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007-01-12. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013.
  18. ^ "Bug spray poisoning". U.S. National Library of Medicine. October 2015. Retrieved 2016-06-25.
  19. PMID 12097535
    .
  20. ^ "Reregistration Eligibility Decision: DEET" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. September 1998. pp. 39–40. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-08.
  21. ^ "DEET". Pesticide Information Profile. EXTOXNET. October 1997. Archived from the original on 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  22. ^ "Insect Repellents". Healthy Living. Health Canada. August 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  23. ^ "Re-evaluation Decision Document: Personal insect repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and related compounds)" (PDF). Consumer Product Safety. Health Canada. 2002-04-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
  24. PMID 32458781.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  25. PMID 3625951
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-9626523-9-4
    .
  27. ^ "EWG's 2018 Guide to Bug Repellents". Environmental Working Group. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  28. ^ Toxicological profile for DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) (Technical report). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2017. pp. 74–78.
  29. ^ "How to choose the best bug repellent". Best Health. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. January 2000. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  30. PMID 17450648
    .
  31. doi:10.1038/news.2008.672
    . Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  32. ^
    PMID 20836805.[permanent dead link
    ]
  33. ^ "Diethyltoluamide". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  34. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet) Pesticide Registration Standard. December 1980. 83 pp.
  35. ^ Mathai AT, Pillai KS, Deshmukh PB (1989). "Acute toxicity of deet to a freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica : Effect on tissue glutathione levels". Journal of Environmental Biology. 10 (2): 87–91. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07.
  36. ^
    S2CID 31723995
    .
  37. ^ Zeiger E, Tice R, Brevard B (1999). "N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) [134-62-3] – Review of Toxicological Literature" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2012.
  38. PMID 10
    .
  39. S2CID 5370204
    .
  40. PMID 31630950
    .
  41. doi:10.1021/ed051p631.2
    .
  42. ISBN 978-0-534-40833-6
    .
  43. ^ a b US 2408389, Gertler S, "N,N-diethylbenzamide as an insect repellent", published 1946-10-01 
  44. PMID 18272250
    . Retrieved 2015-08-16.
  45. ISBN 978-0-309-11389-2
    .
  46. PMID 20836805
    .

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to DEET.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DEET&oldid=1229531766"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: DEET. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy