Delairea odorata
Delairea odorata | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
Tribe: | Senecioneae |
Genus: | Delairea |
Species: | D. odorata
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Binomial name | |
Delairea odorata Lem.[1] | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Delairea odorata is a climber within the family Asteraceae that is native to South Africa. One of the two species in the genus Delairea (the other being Delairea aparadensis), it was previously included in the genus Senecio as Senecio mikanioides.[3] It is known as Cape ivy in some parts of the world (US) and German ivy[4] in others (Britain, Ireland). Other names include parlor ivy and Italian ivy.[5]
It is a twining perennial, herbaceous plant that grows 3 metres tall.
Description
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Starr_070621-7440_Delairea_odorata.jpg/220px-Starr_070621-7440_Delairea_odorata.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Delairea_%28Senecio_Mikanioides%29.jpg/220px-Delairea_%28Senecio_Mikanioides%29.jpg)
Delairea odorata is a fast-growing vine[8] that can climb to heights of 2–4 metres (7–13 ft).[7]
The glossy and semi-succulent leaves, which are 3–10 centimetres (1+1⁄4–4 in) long and 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) wide, are alternately arranged along the stems.They have 3-10 rather broad lobes. The upper leaf surface is light green, usually with a somewhat purple cast, while the reverse is somewhat silvery.[9]
The plant's stems and leaves will die between late summer and early autumn, being superseded by new shoots that employ the old stems as climbing support.[10]
Inflorescence
Its sweet-scented
The seeds (or
Habitat and distribution
This plant is somewhat scarce in its native country of South Africa, where it was originally found in the
It is found in wetter, more temperate regions, but it may still be found in cooler subtropical environments, despite being frost tender. It prefers partial shade, but can withstand heavy shade. In cooler, damper areas, it can prosper in full sun. Despite its invasive nature, the plant is grown as an ornamental houseplant for its foliage.[12] Its active growth is from early autumn to late spring, with a dormant period in summer.[13]
Ecological impact
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Starr_070308-5481_Delairea_odorata.jpg/240px-Starr_070308-5481_Delairea_odorata.jpg)
D. odorata has been an invasive species in coastal California[14][15][16][17] since 1892,[18] Hawaii,[17] coastal Oregon,[17] New Zealand[17] and southern Australia[17] (particularly in Victoria). The plant will cover shrubs and trees, inhibiting growth, and will also cover ground intensively over a wide area, thereby impeding the germination and growth of native seeds. It is toxic to animals who eat it and to fish, where it trails into waterways.[14]
D. odorata reaches reproductive maturity in two years, and can produce over 30,000 seeds annually.[7] In Hawaii, a purposely-introduced species of arctiinid moth (Galtara extensa), for the biological control of Senecio madagascariensis – both species originally from Madagascar – proved to feed also on D. odorata.[19]
D. odorata is the host of the
Another organism from D. odorata's native range, the acrolepiid moth Digitivalva delaireae, can also be used as a biocontrol for D. odorata.[21] Mehelis et al., 2015 test its food preferences and find it is very selective for D. odorata.[21] Because it avoids any vulnerable native plants in California and Oregon it is a good choice specifically to control the infestations there.[21]
A report originating in
Cultivation
Germany ivy is grown as a vine or groundcover, where it can vigorously climb up posts, hedges, trees and shrubs, fences, banks, and walls.
Although it can tolerate drought, it thrives better in moist soils, but it cannot withstand soggy soils. When overwatered, its leaves turn brown and have curled edges. Conversely, underwatering will cause its leaves to fall. The plant flourishes in moister winter months and particularly after rainfalls where it displays bright green foliage. During the dry months it may die back to its stems or maintain a minimal growth.
History
The plant was introduced to the United States in the 19th century as a
Similar species
German ivy is very similar to Senecio angulatus, Senecio tamoides and Senecio macroglossus.[9] A feature that distinguishes this plant from Senecio angulatus and S. tamoides are the small ear-shaped appendages at the base of the stalks of the leaves and its pompom-like flowers which do not have obvious 'petals', whereas S. angulatus and S. tamoides have daisy-like flowers.[9][24] Atlas of Living Australia has misapplied S. tamoides for its D. odorata observations in Australia.[25]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Senecio_vines_leaf_comparison.jpg/220px-Senecio_vines_leaf_comparison.jpg)
Gallery
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Hawaii
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Leaf closeup
References
- ^ Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS) (1999). "Delairea Lem". Integrated Taxonomic Information System on-line database. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ The Plant List, Delairea odorata Lem.
- ^ Eda, Sayaka (1999). "The Biogeography of Cape Ivy (Delairea odorata)". Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b c d e f Delairea odorata Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope. United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division. Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i. January, 2003.Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ Delairea odorata Lem. NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA ONLINE, PlantNET. G. J. Harden, 1992. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Delairea odorata PlantFileonline
- NSW Department of Industry
- ^ a b c d e Delairea odorata Environmental Weeds of Australia
- ^ DiTomaso, J. M., Kyser, G. B., Oneto, S. R., Wilson, R. G., Orloff, S. B., Anderson, L. W., ... & Mann, J. J. (2013). Weed Report: Delairea odorata Cape-ivy In: Weed control in natural areas in the western United States. Weed Research and Information Center, University of California, 544.
- ^ Cape Ivy Collated by HerbiGuide
- ^ CABI(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-11-24. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ Delairea odorata Lem. WEEDS AUSTRALIA - PROFILES. Retrieved 21 May, 2023
- ^ a b "Delairea odorata Profile". California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC). 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ "Delairea odorata". Calflora. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ "Delairea odorata". University and Jepson Herbaria. 2022-06-23. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ Invasive.Org. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (September 24, 2013). Weed Risk Assessment for Delairea odorata Lem. (Asteraceae) – Cape ivy (PDF) (Report).
{{cite report}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CABI ISC 20143118470. - ^ "Miracle moth from Madagascar". North Hawaii News. October 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.
- ^ a b c
- Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; Braun, Uwe; Chomnunti, Putarak; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Dong-Qin; Diederich, Paul; Dissanayake, Asha; Doilom, Mingkhuan; Doveri, Francesco; Hongsanan, Singang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika; Lawrey, James D.; Li, Yan-Mei; Liu, Yong-Xiang; Lücking, Robert; Monkai, Jutamart; Muggia, Lucia; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Pang, Ka-Lai; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Shearer, Carol A.; Suetrong, Satinee; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Thambugala, Kasun M.; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Wikee, Saowanee; Wu, Hai-Xia; Zhang, Ying; Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña; Alias, S. Aisyah; Aptroot, André; Bahkali, Ali H.; Bezerra, Jose L.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Camporesi, Erio; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hirayama, Kazuyuki; De Hoog, Sybren; Kang, Ji-Chuan; Knudsen, Kerry; Li, Wen-Jing; Li, Xing-Hong; Liu, Zou-Yi; Mapook, Ausana; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Miller, Andrew N.; Mortimer, Peter E.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Raja, Huzefa A.; Scheuer, Christian; Schumm, Felix; Taylor, Joanne E.; Tian, Qing; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Wang, Yong; Xu, Jian-Chu; Yacharoen, Supalak; Yan, Ji-Ye; Zhang, Min (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes". S2CID 38490654.
- Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; Liu, Jian-Kui; Ariyawansa, Hiran; Boehm, Eric; Boonmee, Saranyaphat; Braun, Uwe; Chomnunti, Putarak; Crous, Pedro W.; Dai, Dong-Qin; Diederich, Paul; Dissanayake, Asha; Doilom, Mingkhuan; Doveri, Francesco; Hongsanan, Singang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika; Lawrey, James D.; Li, Yan-Mei; Liu, Yong-Xiang; Lücking, Robert; Monkai, Jutamart; Muggia, Lucia; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Pang, Ka-Lai; Phookamsak, Rungtiwa; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Shearer, Carol A.; Suetrong, Satinee; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Thambugala, Kasun M.; Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Wikee, Saowanee; Wu, Hai-Xia; Zhang, Ying; Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña; Alias, S. Aisyah; Aptroot, André; Bahkali, Ali H.; Bezerra, Jose L.; Bhat, D. Jayarama; Camporesi, Erio; Chukeatirote, Ekachai; Gueidan, Cécile; Hawksworth, David L.; Hirayama, Kazuyuki; De Hoog, Sybren; Kang, Ji-Chuan; Knudsen, Kerry; Li, Wen-Jing; Li, Xing-Hong; Liu, Zou-Yi; Mapook, Ausana; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Miller, Andrew N.; Mortimer, Peter E.; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Raja, Huzefa A.; Scheuer, Christian; Schumm, Felix; Taylor, Joanne E.; Tian, Qing; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Wang, Yong; Xu, Jian-Chu; Yacharoen, Supalak; Yan, Ji-Ye; Zhang, Min (2013). "Families of Dothideomycetes".
- ^ a b c
- Gaedike, R.; Krüger, M. (2002). "Digitivalva (Digitivalva) delaireae sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), a potential biological control agent for Delairea odorata (Asteraceae)" (S2CID 419847.
- Gaedike, R.; Krüger, M. (2002). "Digitivalva (Digitivalva) delaireae sp. n. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), a potential biological control agent for Delairea odorata (Asteraceae)" (
- ^ a b How to grow and care for German Ivy (Senecio mikanioides) Indoors homeplantsguide.com. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Cape Ivy (Delairea odorata)". Weeds of Melbourne. July 4, 2019.
- ^ Cape ivy (Delairea odorata) NSW WeedWise
- ^ "Search: species: Senecio tamoides - Occurrence records". Atlas of Living Australia. 1994. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
Bibliography
- ISBN 9780809411214.
- Nelson, Dave (1999). "Invasive Exotic Cape Ivy". Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- Greater Wellington Regional Council, New Zealand. "Greater Wellington - German ivy (Senecio mikanioides)". Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
- Greater Wellington Regional Council, New Zealand. "Greater Wellington - Cape ivy (Senecio angulatus)". Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
External links
Media related to Delairea odorata at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Delairea odorata at Wikispecies
- "Delairea odorata". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2022-06-23.