Demographics of Peru
Demographics of Peru | |
---|---|
Population | 34,352,719[1] (2023 est.) |
Growth rate | 0.51% (2022 est.) |
Birth rate | 14.0 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Death rate | 4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Life expectancy | 68.94 years |
• male | 65.38 years |
• female | 72.67 years |
Fertility rate | 1.90 children per woman (2020 est.) |
Infant mortality rate | 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births |
Net migration rate | -0.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 24.54% |
15–64 years | 66.25% |
65 and over | 9.21% |
Nationality | |
Major ethnic | Mestizo - 60.2% |
Language | |
Official | Spanish, Quechua and Aymara |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
5000 BC | 603,000 | — |
2000 BC | 1,040,000 | +72.5% |
1000 BC | 1,250,000 | +20.2% |
0 | 1,590,000 | +27.2% |
1000 | 3,000,000 | +88.7% |
1500 | 10,000,000 | +233.3% |
1570 | 2,500,000 | −75.0% |
1600 | 1,300,000 | −48.0% |
1700 | 1,500,000 | +15.4% |
1800 | 1,270,000 | −15.3% |
1900 | 3,690,000 | +190.6% |
1940 | 7,023,111 | +90.3% |
1961 | 10,420,357 | +48.4% |
1972 | 14,121,564 | +35.5% |
1981 | 17,762,231 | +25.8% |
1993 | 22,639,443 | +27.5% |
2007 | 28,220,764 | +24.7% |
2017 | 31,237,385 | +10.7% |
2018 Estimate | 32,162,184 | +3.0% |
2020 Estimate | 32,950,901 | +2.5% |
2025 Estimate | 34,817,495 | +5.7% |
2030 Estimate | 36,530,592 | +4.9% |
2050 Estimate | 40,373,420 | +10.5% |
Source:[2][3][4][5] |
This is a
Peru is a
Population
According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[6][7] the total population was 33,715,471 in 2021, compared to only 7,728,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 27.9%, 65.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.8% were 65 years or older.[8]
Total population (x 1000) | Population aged 0–14 (%) | Population aged 15–64 (%) | Population aged 65+ (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 7728 | 41.6 | 55.0 | 3.5 |
1955 | 8787 | 42.1 | 54.5 | 3.4 |
1960 | 10062 | 43.0 | 53.6 | 3.5 |
1965 | 11608 | 43.9 | 52.5 | 3.5 |
1970 | 13341 | 43.8 | 52.6 | 3.5 |
1975 | 15230 | 43.1 | 53.3 | 3.6 |
1980 | 17359 | 41.8 | 54.5 | 3.7 |
1985 | 19545 | 40.3 | 55.9 | 3.8 |
1990 | 21827 | 38.5 | 57.5 | 4.0 |
1995 | 24039 | 36.3 | 59.3 | 4.4 |
2000 | 25915 | 34.3 | 60.8 | 4.9 |
2005 | 27610 | 31.6 | 62.8 | 5.6 |
2010 | 29374 | 29.3 | 64.5 | 6.2 |
2015 | 31115 | 27.9 | 65.3 | 6.8 |
2020 | 32950 | 25.7 | 65.4 | 6.7 |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 43.9 | 1985–1990 | 64.3 |
1955–1960 | 46.3 | 1990–1995 | 66.7 |
1960–1965 | 49.1 | 1995–2000 | 69.3 |
1965–1970 | 51.5 | 2000–2005 | 71.7 |
1970–1975 | 55.6 | 2005–2010 | 73.1 |
1975–1980 | 58.5 | 2010–2015 | 74.2 |
1980–1985 | 61.6 |
Source: UN World Population Prospects[9]
Vital statistics
Registration of vital events in Peru is not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[8]
Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 394000 | 179000 | 215000 | 47.8 | 21.7 | 26.1 | 6.95 | 164 |
1955–1960 | 446000 | 187000 | 259000 | 47.3 | 19.8 | 27.5 | 6.95 | 152 |
1960–1965 | 506000 | 191000 | 315000 | 46.7 | 17.6 | 29.1 | 6.95 | 138 |
1965–1970 | 552000 | 195000 | 357000 | 44.3 | 15.7 | 28.6 | 6.70 | 128 |
1970–1975 | 577000 | 182000 | 395000 | 40.4 | 12.7 | 27.7 | 6.00 | 111 |
1975–1980 | 623000 | 177000 | 446000 | 38.3 | 10.9 | 27.4 | 5.40 | 99 |
1980–1985 | 628000 | 167000 | 461000 | 34.0 | 9.1 | 24.9 | 4.65 | 82 |
1985–1990 | 654000 | 161000 | 493000 | 31.6 | 7.8 | 23.8 | 4.10 | 68 |
1990–1995 | 658000 | 157000 | 501000 | 28.7 | 6.9 | 21.8 | 3.57 | 48 |
1995–2000 | 635000 | 152000 | 483000 | 25.4 | 6.1 | 19.3 | 3.10 | 39 |
2000–2005 | 615000 | 150000 | 465000 | 22.4 | 5.4 | 17.0 | 2.72 | 30 |
2005–2010 | 608000 | 158000 | 450000 | 21.9 | 5.3 | 16.6 | 2.68 | 21 |
2010–2015 | 619000 | 171000 | 448000 | 19.2 | 5.3 | 13.9 | 2.40 | 16 |
2015–2020 | 605000 | 181000 | 424000 | 18.1 | 5.5 | 12.6 | 2.27 | 13 |
2020–2025 | 16.9 | 5.9 | 11.0 | 2.16 | ||||
2025–2030 | 15.4 | 6.1 | 9.3 | 2.07 | ||||
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) |
Births and deaths
Year | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase | Crude birth rate | Crude death rate | Rate of natural increase | TFR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 559,595 | 185,338 | 374,275 | |||||
1971 | 183,052 | |||||||
1972 | 574,458 | 180,767 | 393,691 | |||||
1973 | 582,922 | 182,608 | 400,314 | |||||
1974 | 591,386 | 184,449 | 406,397 | |||||
1975 | 599,850 | 186,291 | 413,559 | |||||
1976 | 608,314 | 188,132 | 420,182 | |||||
1977 | 616,778 | 189,973 | 426,805 | |||||
1978 | 618,799 | 190,450 | 428,349 | |||||
1979 | 620,820 | 190,727 | 430,093 | |||||
1980 | 622,842 | 191,403 | 431,439 | |||||
1981 | 624,863 | 191,880 | 432,983 | |||||
1982 | 626,884 | 192,357 | 434,527 | |||||
1983 | 628,636 | 190,628 | 438,008 | |||||
1984 | 639,338 | 188,899 | 450,439 | |||||
1985 | 632,139 | 187,169 | 444,970 | |||||
1986 | 633,891 | 185,440 | 448,451 | |||||
1987 | 523,492 | 183,711 | 339,781 | |||||
1988 | 555,003 | 181,549 | 373,454 | |||||
1989 | 644,939 | 179,386 | 465,553 | |||||
1990 | 649,588 | 177,224 | 472,364 | |||||
1991 | 665,734 | 175,061 | 490,673 | |||||
1992 | 667,743 | 172,889 | 494,854 | |||||
1993 | 667,435 | 171,188 | 496,247 | |||||
1994 | 665,342 | 171,476 | 493,866 | |||||
1995 | 660,354 | 156,000 | 504,354 | |||||
1996 | 656,435 | 156,800 | 499,635 | |||||
1997 | 652,467 | 160,830 | 491,637 | |||||
1998 | 648,075 | 161,615 | 486,460 | |||||
1999 | 642,874 | 162,457 | 480,417 | |||||
2000 | 25,983,588 | 636,064 | 2.90 | |||||
2001 | 26,366,533 | 630,947 | ||||||
2002 | 26,739,379 | 626,714 | ||||||
2003 | 27,103,457 | 623,521 | ||||||
2004 | 27,460,073 | 620,991 | 2.56 | |||||
2005 | 27,810,540 | 611,459 | 103,207 | 508,252 | 22.0 | 3.7 | 18.3 | 2.56 |
2006 | 28,151,443 | 637,974 | 105,074 | 532,900 | 22.7 | 3.7 | 18.9 | 2.56 |
2007 | 28,481,901 | 663,056 | 107,249 | 555,807 | 23.3 | 3.8 | 19.5 | 2.56 |
2008 | 28,807,034 | 679,122 | 108,100 | 571,022 | 23.6 | 3.8 | 19.8 | |
2009 | 29,132,013 | 660,716 | 110,811 | 549,905 | 22.7 | 3.8 | 18.9 | 2.60 |
2010 | 29,461,933 | 637,902 | 108,178 | 529,724 | 21.7 | 3.7 | 18.0 | 2.50 |
2011 | 29,797,694 | 794,040 | 118,456 | 675,584 | 26.6 | 4.0 | 22.7 | 2.60 |
2012 | 30,135,875 | 698,954 | 119,652 | 579,302 | 23.2 | 4.0 | 19.2 | 2.60 |
2013 | 30,475,144 | 666,999 | 125,581 | 541,418 | 21.9 | 4.1 | 17.8 | 2.40 |
2014 | 30,814,175 | 668,220 | 132,830 | 535,390 | 21.7 | 4.3 | 17.4 | 2.50 |
2015 | 31,151,643 | 652,075 | 134,858 | 517,217 | 20.9 | 4.3 | 16.6 | 2.50 |
2016 | 31,488,625 | 626,259 | 145,521 | 480,738 | 19.9 | 4.6 | 15.3 | 2.50 |
2017 | 31,826,018 | 610,316 | 150,032 | 460,284 | 19.2 | 4.7 | 14.5 | 2.40 |
2018 | 32,162,184 | 601,781 | 151,690 | 450,091 | 18.7 | 4.7 | 14.0 | 2.20 |
2019 | 32,495,510 | 581,022 | 157,680 | 423,342 | 17.9 | 4.9 | 13.0 | 2.00 |
2020 | 32,824,358 | 421,096 | 240,915 | 180,181 | 12.8 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 1.90 |
2021 | 33,035,304 | 514,914 | 269,349 | 245,565 | 15.6 | 8.1 | 7.5 | |
2022 | 33,396,689 | 465,421 | 146,790 | 318,631 | 14.0 | 4.4 | 9.6 |
- Births January - October 2022 = 397,227
- Births January - October 2023 = 346,361[11]
- Deaths January - June 2021 = 168,138
- Deaths January - June 2022 = 85,082
Structure of the population
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 15 271 062 | 15 204 082 | 30 475 144 | 100 |
0-4 | 1 480 990 | 1 421 071 | 2 902 061 | 9.52 |
5-9 | 1 494 879 | 1 439 049 | 2 933 928 | 9.63 |
10-14 | 1 484 138 | 1 434 336 | 2 918 474 | 9.58 |
15-19 | 1 468 223 | 1 425 272 | 2 893 495 | 9.49 |
20-24 | 1 416 897 | 1 382 963 | 2 799 860 | 9.19 |
25-29 | 1 306 593 | 1 283 240 | 2 589 833 | 8.50 |
30-34 | 1 195 857 | 1 179 479 | 2 375 336 | 7.79 |
35-39 | 1 093 901 | 1 083 633 | 2 177 534 | 7.15 |
40-44 | 949 209 | 947 326 | 1 896 535 | 6.22 |
45-49 | 823 574 | 829 474 | 1 653 048 | 5.42 |
50-54 | 691 250 | 705 667 | 1 396 917 | 4.58 |
55-59 | 554 524 | 576 245 | 1 130 769 | 3.71 |
60-64 | 436 614 | 462 886 | 899 500 | 2.95 |
65-69 | 327 821 | 357 853 | 685 674 | 2.25 |
70-74 | 240 978 | 275 844 | 516 822 | 1.70 |
75-79 | 166 611 | 204 668 | 371 279 | 1.22 |
80+ | 139 003 | 195 076 | 334 079 | 1.10 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0-14 | 4 460 007 | 4 294 456 | 8 754 463 | 28.73 |
15-64 | 9 936 642 | 9 876 185 | 19 812 827 | 65.01 |
65+ | 874 413 | 1 033 441 | 1 907 854 | 6.26 |
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 16 394 177 | 16 641 127 | 33 035 304 | 100 |
0–4 | 1 429 061 | 1 363 558 | 2 792 619 | 8.45 |
5–9 | 1 313 359 | 1 288 499 | 2 601 858 | 7.88 |
10–14 | 1 362 451 | 1 350 040 | 2 712 491 | 8.21 |
15–19 | 1 228 918 | 1 265 724 | 2 494 642 | 7.55 |
20–24 | 1 249 221 | 1 402 839 | 2 652 060 | 8.03 |
25–29 | 1 330 977 | 1 398 567 | 2 729 544 | 8.26 |
30–34 | 1 328 246 | 1 292 197 | 2 620 443 | 7.93 |
35–39 | 1 262 203 | 1 226 189 | 2 488 392 | 7.53 |
40–44 | 1 170 794 | 1 121 022 | 2 291 816 | 6.94 |
45–49 | 992 814 | 999 696 | 1 992 510 | 6.03 |
50–54 | 893 909 | 901 725 | 1 795 634 | 5.44 |
55–59 | 783 444 | 780 334 | 1 563 778 | 4.73 |
60–64 | 610 966 | 645 359 | 1 256 325 | 3.80 |
65-69 | 503 321 | 540 532 | 1 043 853 | 3.16 |
70-74 | 382 384 | 395 713 | 778 097 | 2.36 |
75-79 | 258 224 | 288 165 | 546 389 | 1.65 |
80+ | 293 885 | 380 968 | 674 853 | 2.04 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 4 104 871 | 4 002 097 | 8 106 968 | 24.54 |
15–64 | 10 851 492 | 11 033 652 | 21 885 144 | 66.25 |
65+ | 1 437 814 | 1 605 378 | 3 043 192 | 9.21 |
Fertility and births
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[14]
Year | CBR (Total) | TFR (Total) | CBR (Urban) | TFR (Urban) | CBR (Rural) | TFR (Rural) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950–55 | 47.1 | 6.9 | ||||
1955–60 | 48.8 | 6.9 | ||||
1960–1965 | 46.3 | 6.9 | ||||
1965–70 | 43.6 | 6.6 | ||||
1970–1975 | 40.5 | 6.0 | ||||
1975–1980 | 38.0 | 5.4 | ||||
1980–1985 | 36.7 | 5.0 | ||||
1985–1990 | 34.3 | 4.5 | ||||
1986 | 4.12 (2.64) | 6.34 (3.66) | ||||
1991–1992 | 27.8 | 3.5 (2.0) | 23.5 | 2.8 (1.7) | 38.7 | 6.2 (3.0) |
1996 | 27.4 | 3.5 (2.2) | 24.2 | 2.8 (1.9) | 33.5 | 5.6 (3.1) |
2000 | 22 | 2.9 (1.8) | 19 | 2.2 (1.5) | 27 | 4.3 (2.5) |
2004–2006 | 19.2 | 2.6 (1.7) | 17.3 | 2.1 (1.5) | 22.6 | 3.7 (2.2) |
2007–2008 | 18.6 | 2.5 (1.6) | 16.8 | 2.1 (1.5) | 22.2 | 3.7 (2.0) |
2009 | 19.9 | 2.6 (1.8) | 18.7 | 2.3 (1.7) | 22.8 | 3.6 (2.1) |
2010 | 19.0 | 2.5 (1.8) | 17.6 | 2.2 (1.6) | 22.3 | 3.5 (2.1) |
2011 | 19.7 | 2.6 (1.8) | 18.5 | 2.3 (1.7) | 22.5 | 3.5 (2.1) |
2012 | 19.6 | 2.6 (1.8) | 18.5 | 2.3 (1.7) | 22.3 | 3.5 (2.1) |
2013 | 18.4 | 2.4 (1.7) | 17.1 | 2.1 (1.6) | 22.3 | 3.4 (2.1) |
2014 | 19.1 | 2.5 (1.8) | 18.3 | 2.3 (1.7) | 21.7 | 3.3 (2.2) |
2017-2018 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 3.1 |
Metropolitan areas
The
Ethnic groups
Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the amalgamation of different cultures and ethnicities over thousands of years.
As a result of European contact and conquest, the population of the area now known as Peru decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600000 in 1620.[22] This happened mostly because of the unintended spread of germs and infectious diseases. In fact, the spread of smallpox greatly weakened the Inca empire, even before the Spanish arrival. The Amerindians did not have as much natural immunity to the disease as did the Europeans.[23] For this reason, several Amerindian populations were decimated. Furthermore, the disease killed Inca ruler Wayna Capac, triggering a civil war in the Inca empire that preceded the conquest efforts the Spaniards. Thus, the conquest was facilitated by the weakness of the Inca empire which was recovering from both a civil war and epidemics of unknown diseases.
However, other reasons for the decrease of Amerindian population include violence during the conquest followed by the breakdown of the Inca social system and famine. The Amerindian population suffered further decrease as the Spanish exploited an Inca communal labor system called
Since 2014, Peru has experienced a massive rise in the immigrant population from nearby Venezuela. In May 2023, the estimated population of Venezuelans in Peru is 1,600,000, being the second most popular destination for Venezuelans after Colombia.[27]
, to name just a few.
There is also a presence of
The remaining is constituted by
Socioeconomic and cultural indicators are increasingly important as identifiers. For example, Peruvians of Amerindian descent who have adopted aspects of Hispanic culture also are beginning to consider themselves "mestizo". With economic development, access to education, intermarriage, and large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, a more homogeneous national culture is developing, mainly along the relatively more prosperous coast.
The Lima-Callao Metropolitan area is home to over 11 million residents, being one of South America's largest urban areas as well as one of the five megacities in the continent.
Language
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2009) |
According to the
Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's Hispanic mestizo culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional customs, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Hispanic mestizo culture.
According to official sources, the use of Spanish has increased while the knowledge and use of indigenous languages have decreased considerably during the last four decades (1960–2000). At the beginning of the 1960s some 39% of the total Peruvian population were registered as speakers of indigenous languages, but by the 1990s the figures show a considerable decline in the use of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, when only 28% is registered as Quechua-speaking (16% of whom are reported to be bilingual in Spanish) and Spanish-speakers increased to 72%.
For 2017, government figures place Spanish as being spoken by 82.6% of the population, but among Amerindian languages, another decrease is registered. Of the indigenous languages, Quechua remains the most spoken, and even today is used by some 13.9% of the total Peruvian population or a third of Peru's total indigenous population. The number of speakers of Aymara and other indigenous languages is placed at 2.5%, and those of foreign languages at 0.2%.
The drastic decline in use and knowledge of indigenous languages is largely attributed to recent demographic factors. The urbanization and assimilation of Peru's Amerindian plurality into the Hispanic mestizo culture, as well as new socioeconomic factors associated with class structure, have given privilege to the use of Spanish at the expense of the Amerindian languages which were spoken by the majority of the population less than a century ago.
The major obstacle to a more widespread use of Quechua is the fact that multiple varieties of this language exist. Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, was originally and remains essentially an oral language. As a result, there is a lack of modern media which use it, such as books, newspapers, software, magazines, and technical journals. However, non-governmental organizations, as well as state-sponsored groups, are involved in projects to edit and translate major works into Quechua; for instance, in late 2005 a version of Don Quixote was presented in the language. There has also been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where it is spoken.
The percentage of native speakers of Quechua who are illiterate was decreasing as of 2008,
As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous people into national life, the government of
Education
Under the 1993 constitution, primary education is free and compulsory. The system is highly centralized, with the Ministry of Education appointing all public school teachers. Although 83% of Peru's students attend public schools at all levels, over 15% percent (usually the upper-classes and upper middle-class) attend private.
School enrollment has been rising sharply for years, due to a widening educational effort by the government and a growing school-age population. The
See also
- Afro-Peruvians
- Asian Peruvians
- British Peruvian
- European Peruvians
- Indigenous peoples in Peru
- Languages of Peru
- Peruvian people
- Religion in Peru
- Roman Catholicism by country
References
- ^ "DataBank - Population estimates and projections". The World Bank. 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
- ^ "Peru Population - Our World in Data". www.ourworldindata.org.
- ^ "Población y Vivienda". Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
- ^ "El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes". www.inei.gob.pe (in Spanish). INEI. July 11, 2016.
- S2CID 202896817.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
- ^ a b "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved July 15, 2017.
- ^ "PERU Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática INEI". www.inei.gob.pe. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
- ^ "Perú: Se reduce el número de nacimientos". www.ojo.pe. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
- ^ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ "Planeamiento Urbano – Perú: Áreas metropolitanas (Pag. 3)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2014.
- ^ "Peru: Estimated population by sex according to Departamento, province and district 2012 -2015" (PDF). Inie.gob.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 30, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
- ^ "Lima metropolitan area". Inie.gob.pe. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ Plandemetru – Trujillo municipality (ed.). "Plan de desarrollo metropolitano de Trujillo – Plandemetru" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015.
- ^ Chiclayo municipality (ed.). "MODERNIZACIÓN DE LA GESTIÓN DEL DESARROLLO URBANO DE LA PROVINCIA DE CHICLAYO" (PDF). Munichiclayo.gob.pe. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ Arequipa municipality (ed.). "Plan director de Arequipa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214.
- ^ Noble David Cook, Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620, p. 114.
- ^ "Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox - PBS". Pbs.org. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
- ^ Mario Vázquez, "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81.
- ^ "Scottish independence — a historical view and a Peruvian perspective". September 19, 2014.
- ^ Magnus Mörner, Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131.
- ^ "Venezuelan migration and its impacts (translated from Spanish)". December 21, 2022.
- ISBN 9780813033785.
- ^ Baeza, Cecilia (Spring 2015). "Palestinians and Latin America's Indigenous Peoples". Middle East Report. No. 274.
- ^ Cuche, Denys. “Un siècle d’immigration palestinienne au Pérou: La construction d’une ethnicité spécifique.” Revue Européenne de Migrations Internationales 17/3 (2001): 94–95.
- ^ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 197.
- ISBN 9780520255609.
- ^ "Peru Education Facts & Stats". www.nationmaster.com. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- ^ "Peru's indigenous-language push - News they can use". The Economist. Lima. August 26, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ^ Nikolau, Lisa (December 15, 2016). "Peru airs news in Quechua to fight marginalization of country's indigenous". Humanosphere. Retrieved December 7, 2017.