Dipteryx micrantha
Dipteryx micrantha | |
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Dipteryx micrantha - exsiccatum at MNHN herbier (P); ex. Camatian, Amazonas, Brazil; coll. R.L. Froes 1949; det. H.C. de Lima | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Fabales |
Family: | Fabaceae |
Subfamily: | Faboideae |
Genus: | Dipteryx |
Species: | D. micrantha
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Binomial name | |
Dipteryx micrantha Harms, 1926
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Dipteryx micrantha is a tropical
Vernacular names
In northeastern Peru, a local common name which has been recorded for this plant since its discovery by Western scientists is charapilla. This name is shared with
The name kumarut as given in many sources starting in 1926 is only attested to the first collection of this plant by
Taxonomy
The
The
The second time this species was collected was 5 years later by
In 1940 Adolpho Ducke re-described it under the name Coumarouna. A botanical taxonomic congress had decided many years before that the older name Dipteryx should be conserved, to which Ducke found himself unable to comply with at the time objecting primarily because of morphological grounds.[15] Ducke changed his mind in 1949.[20]
In the most recent monograph on the genus Dipteryx, A Checklist of the Dipterygeae species by the Brazilian researcher Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima in 1989, D. ferrae was synonymised with D. micrantha.[21] His taxonomy was accepted by ILDIS (2005)[21] but not noticed or followed by some works such as the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru (1993)[20] or the Tropicos database by the Missouri Botanical Garden.[22][23] By 2010 de Lima had changed his mind and had started to recognise D. ferrae as an independent species again.[22][24]
As of the late 2010s this species is mostly (mis-)identified as Coumarouna odorata in agroforestry in Peru, and is recorded as such by MINAG, the Peruvian institute of forestry, which collects statistics of this species under both this name as well as ....
Description
Habitus: This is a very large tree, sometimes growing up to 60m, although in
The trunk can grow to 2 m in diameter [6]
Leaves: It has
Flowers: leathery
Fruit: The fruit is ovoid or oblong in shape, with a fleshy pericarp.[3] The seed is large.[7] Unlike other some species of Dipteryx, the pods and seeds of this tree do not have the typical scent of coumarin. The seeds are oily and edible.b [1][9][15]
Infraspecific variation
At least in Peru, D. micrantha exists in two discreet, easily distinguished morphotypes, which are furthermore chorologically distinct. These morphotypes have not been named taxonomically.[6]
Morphotype 1:
Morphotype 2:
Similar species
Other species of Dipteryx which are said to grow in the same area (Peru) as this species are D. alata, D. charapilla, D. ferrae, D. odorata and D. rosea.[26] It shares a number of features with D. ferrae (see taxonomy), according to James Francis Macbride differing primarily in the higher number of leaflets which comprise its compound leaves.[1]
Distribution
Bolivia: It is known in Bolivia from the departments of Beni,[12] Cochabamba,[12] La Paz,[12] Pando[12][13] and Santa Cruz.[12]
Brazil: It is found in the Brazilian states of Acre,[3][27] Amazonas[3][14][27] and Rondônia.[3]
Colombia: It is found in Colombia in the departments of Amazonas, Caquetá and Meta in the ecoregions of the Amazon rainforest, the Colombian Guayana region, the Orinoco rainforests and the foothills of the Serranía de la Macarena.[4]
Ecuador: It is known to grow in Aguarico Canton in Orellana Province near the Peruvian border.[28]
Peru: It has been found growing in the departments of Huánuco,[20] Loreto,[1][20] Madre de Dios,[6][7][20] Puno[20] and Ucayali.[6][20]
Ecology
These enormous trees are emergent above the canopy. It is a relatively common species in parts of the rainforest, occurring at densities of 0-6 trees per hectare.[7]
Flowering takes place high in the crown of the tree shortly after the start of the rainy season. The fruit are ripe in the height of the dry season; only a few other tree species fruit in these forests at this time, making them an important food source for local wildlife.[7]
The seedlings are shade-tolerant, but survive to maturity only in or near gaps in the canopy, such as those formed by fallen trees.[7]
Habitat
It occurs in mature, seasonal, evergreen tropical rainforest, which has dry and wet seasons, on
Interspecific relationships
It occurs together with the palms
In Orellana Province in eastern Ecuador, it is found growing together with the there-common trees Cedrelinga catenaeformis, Croton tessmannii and Brownea macrophylla.[30]
This species primarily uses two different groups of animals sequentially to disperse its seeds. Initially fruit-eating bats (
In Peru, other animals seen eating the ripe fruit pulp in the crown of this tree are the spider monkeys
Uses
Food
The seeds are oily and edible.[9][15] These are a prized food in traditional Ese Eja cuisine in southern Peru.[10]
Charcoal and firewood
It makes good firewood. The wood is also heated slowly to make charcoal.
Timber
The wood is hard, beautiful and of high quality, but until recently was only rarely exploited locally.
Exports from Peru to primarily China began in the ... for the parquet industry to supply the North American and European flooring market.[6]
Freshly logged thick planks do not dry well naturally and have a tendency to warp, but planks to 13mm thick behave well when dried artificially slowly over a period of days in a kiln. The lumber is difficult to work as it is cross-grained and very hard, so it is best to use a bandsaw or other suitable power-tools. The lumber is naturally resistant to biological attack and does not need extra treatment.[5]
Culture
Among the Ese Eja people, the plant is mixed with
Conservation
In Bolivia it has been collected from Madidi National Park.[33]
In Brazil, the conservation status of this species has not yet been evaluated by the Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora.[3] It is a common plant in Acre in forests on dry (not flooded) land.[30]
In Colombia the conservation status is also yet to be evaluated.[4] In can be seen in situ at Amacayacu National Park.[10]
In Ecuador it is protected in Yasuní National Park.[28]
In southeastern Peru this is a common species.
Harvesting for timber appears to increase recruitment of this species due to better seedling survival, because of both the increase in gaps in the canopy, and protection by farmers moving into recently logged lands, although researchers warn about over-exploitation, the movement of poor farmers into the region and the subsequent development of logged land as infrastructure modernises in the region. Some form of agroforestry/silviculture appears quite possible with this species.[34]
Notes
^ The holotype was likely lost during the night of 1–2 March 1943 when an Allied bombing raid on the Berlin Botanical Garden destroyed many specimens. Thankfully a photograph survives in the USA.[11]
^ MacBride in 1943 relates that the collector Tessmann says the fruit pulp is oily and edible,[1] but according to Ducke in 1940, Tessmann was probably confused with the seeds.[15] Modern Peruvian sources show Ducke was correct.[9][10]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Macbride, James Francis (1943). "Flora of Peru". Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series. 13 (3/1): 252, 253. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Carvalho, C.S. "Brazilian Flora Checklist - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Dipteryx in Flora do Brasil 2020 under construction. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d Ruiz, L.K.; Gradstein, S.R.; Bernal, R. (2015). "Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia (in Spanish). Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "MADERAS DEL". Government of Peru, INIA. 1999. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ . Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ S2CID 84815578. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ S2CID 24356576. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Delgado Súmar, Hugo E. (April 2004). Plantas alimenticias del Perú - Antropología de la Nutrición, Apuntes N° 001 (PDF). Lima: Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Escuela Profesional de Nutrición y Dietetica, Departamento Academico de Nutrición Clinica y Comunitaria. p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Dipteryx micrantha". Department of Botany Collections. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d Grant S, Niezgoda C (2019). Field Museum of Natural History (Botany) Seed Plant Collection. Version 11.10. Field Museum. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/nxnqzf accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-08-10. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1228398050
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ CiteSeerX 10.1.1.452.5979.
- ^ a b c d e f g "MNHN - Épithète spécifique micrantha, Collection p, Genre Dipteryx, Auteur harms". Consultation des collections de la Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - Paris herbarium. 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Ducke, Walter Adolpho (1 March 1940). "Revision of the species of the genus Coumarouna Aubl. or Dipteryx Schreb" (PDF). Tropical Woods; A Technical Journal Devoted to the Furtherance of Knowledge of Tropical Woods and Forests and to the Promotion of Forestry in the Tropics. 61 (9): 1–10. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "μικρός". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "ἄνθος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- JSTOR 3994448.
- ^ a b Orrell T (2019). NMNH Extant Specimen Records. Version 1.21. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/hnhrg3 accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-08-10. https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1702824830
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Missouri Botanical Garden. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ a b "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Dipteryx". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ^ "Dipteryx Schreb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ISBN 978-85-88742-43-7.
- ^ a b c Casas Villanueva, César Humberto (2014). La Industria Forestal del Carbón Vegetal en el Perú (PDF) (BS) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal, Sección Jaén. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ "Name - Dipteryx Schreb". Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Missouri Botanical Garden. 8 August 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Vascular Plants of the Americas. Missouri Botanical Garden. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ a b c "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de la Selva Central, PERÚ. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Dipteryx micrantha". Virtual Herbarium (WU). Institute of Botany, Universität Wien. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- S2CID 86010877. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b c Garay Vásquez, Kattia (2016). Evaluación del rendimiento y calidad del carbón de Dipteryx micrantha Harms (shihuahuaco) y Cedrelinga cateniformis Ducke (tornillo), en el CIEFOR- Puerto Almendra, Iquitos - Perú - 2015 (PDF) (Ing.). Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Docket 687. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ "Name - Dipteryx micrantha Harms". Listado de la Flora del Parque Nacional Madidi, Bolivia. Missouri Botanical Garden. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ISSN 0378-1127. Retrieved 10 August 2019.