Direct rule

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In

civil administration
of an otherwise largely self-governing territory.

Examples

Chechnya

Main article:
Direct rule over Chechnya

In 1991, Chechen separatists declared independence of unrecognised

Invasion of Militants in Dagestan. By early 2000, Russia almost completely destroyed Grozny and put Chechnya under direct control of Moscow. The Russian government declared that the conflict ended in 2002[1] but operations continued until 2009.[2]

India

Under the British Raj, India was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the

Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma
, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.

President's rule

Main article: President's rule

In the

governor
, who has the authority to appoint retired civil servants or other administrators to assist him.

When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (

Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved
, necessitating a fresh election.

Similarly, in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, failure of governmental function results in "Governor's rule", imposed by invoking Section 92 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. The state’s governor issues the proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India. If it is not possible to revoke Governor's rule within six months of imposition, the President's Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution is imposed. There is little practical difference between the two provisions.

Following its landmark judgment in the 1994 Bommai case, the Supreme Court of India has restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.

Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where President's rule has yet to be imposed. However, while Telangana was part of Andhra Pradesh, it was under President's rule.

Indochina

Main article:
Direct rule over Indochina

French administration in

Cambodia under French protection. On June 18, 1867, the French seized the rest of Cochinchina and conquered the Mekong Delta and later Hanoi
. By 1897, France controlled all of Indochina.

Officially, each of the provinces – Cambodia,

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan – had different legal statuses. In practice, however, all were ruled directly. The French adopted a policy of assimilation rather than association. The Declaration of Rights of Man was based on the principle of egalité, liberté and fraternité for all subjects and citizens of France, and the colonies could not be an exception. French language was to be the language of administration. The whole Indochina would be “Frenchized”. The Napoleonic Code was introduced in 1879 into the five provinces, sweeping away the Confucianism
that has existed for centuries in Indochina.

Spain

Main article:
Direct rule over Catalonia

In 2017, the

constitutional crisis over the result of the independence referendum.[4] The Spanish Senate triggered Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978,[5] and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy dismissed the Executive Council of Catalonia
, dissolving the Parliament of Catalonia.

United Kingdom

Main article: Direct rule (Northern Ireland)

The

Senedd, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the London Assembly and to their associated executive bodies. This devolution may be suspended and replaced by direct rule by the Government of the United Kingdom
.

Direct rule occurred in Northern Ireland from 1972 to 1998 during

Order in Council. Everyday matters were handled by government departments within Northern Ireland itself, and Northern Ireland continued to elect members of parliament to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
.

Elsewhere

Main article: Direct colonial rule

Direct colonial rule was a form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, which is run by colonial officials. The native population may be excluded from all but the lowest level of the colonial government.

Alternatives

Main article: Indirect rule

Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica, at the cost of losing control of their external affairs, and often of taxation, communications, and other matters, usually with a small number of European "advisors" effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas.[6]

References

  1. ^ "Chechen peace amid gunfire". CNN. 21 December 2002. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  2. ^ "Russia 'ends Chechnya operation'". BBC News. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  3. ^ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  4. ^ "Catalan parliament declares independence from Spain". Reuters. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  5. ^ "Catalans declare independence from Spain". BBC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  6. ^ The American Historical Association. "ENGLAND'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES" in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY: BIAFRA, NIGERIA, THE WEST AND THE WORLD. AHA teaching guide, historians.org, n.d. Accessed 2017-10-31 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm
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