Grozny

Coordinates: 43°18′45″N 45°41′55″E / 43.31250°N 45.69861°E / 43.31250; 45.69861
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Grozny (disambiguation).

Grozny
Грозный
City[1]
Other transcription(s)
 • ChechenСоьлжа-ГӀала
Clockwise from the top, Kadyrov Square, Grozny City Towers at night, Vaynakh School of Dance, National Museum of the Chechen Republic, The Courtyard of Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque
at night
Flag of Grozny
Flag
Coat of arms of Grozny
Coat of arms
Location of Grozny
Map
UTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[11])
Postal code(s)[12]
364000, 364001, 364006, 364008, 364011, 364013–364018, 364020–364022, 364024, 364028–364031, 364034, 364035, 364037, 364038, 364040, 364042, 364043, 364046, 364047, 364049, 364051, 364052, 364058, 364060–364063, 364066, 364068, 364700, 366000
Dialing code(s)+7 8712
OKTMO ID96701000001
City DayOctober 5[13]
Websitegrozmer.ru

Grozny[a] (Russian: Грозный, IPA: [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Соьлжа-ГӀала, romanized: Sölƶa-Ġala)[15] is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia.

The city lies on the

1989 census.[18] It was previously known as Groznaya (until 1870).[2]

Names

In

Sunzha River (Соьлжа)".[citation needed
]

In 1996, during the

Chechen republic of Ichkeria renamed the city Dzhokhar-Ghala (Chechen: Джохар-ГӀала, Dƶoxar-Ġala), literally Dzhokhar City, or Dzhokhar/Djohar for short, after Dzhokhar Dudayev, the first president of the republic, killed by the Russian armed forces.[citation needed] In December 2005, the Chechen parliament voted to rename the city "Akhmad-Kala" (after Akhmad Kadyrov)[19] – a proposition which was rejected by his son Ramzan Kadyrov, the prime minister and later president of the republic.[20]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Grozny.

Russian fort

The fortress of Groznaya (Гро́зная; lit. fearsome – a feminine form of Grozny, as the word fortress, "крепость", is feminine in Russian) was founded in 1818

Groznensky Okrug of the Terek Oblast
.

Soviet regional capital

One day after the

Soviet Mountain Republic
, which was formed on 20 January 1921, and was the capital of the Chechen National Okrug inside it.

Entrance sign, built in Soviet-times

On 30 November 1922, the mountain republic was dissolved, and the national

Chechen-Ingush ASSR
in 1936.

Due to its oil, Grozny with

Fall Blau operation in summer of 1942 (See Battle of the Caucasus
).

The failure to take Grozny was a major defeat for Germany and was a factor in holding fast at the

Volga River from Astrakhan. The failure to prioritize Grozny, even transferring critical Panzer divisions north to the Siege of Leningrad, was a major factor in Adolf Hitler taking operational level control of the Wehrmacht from his generals who had repeatedly prioritized the two major cities over the oil supplies – against Hitler's express orders. Soviet doctrine however never failed to prioritize the food of Ukraine
nor the oil of the Caucasus, which resulted in drastic action after Germany's expulsion/retreat in 1943.

In 1944, the entire

deported after being falsely accused of collaborating with advancing armed forces of Nazi Germany. Large numbers of people who were not deemed fit for transport were "liquidated" on the spot,[25] and the adverse situation with transport and the stay in Siberia caused many deaths as well.[26][27] According to internal NKVD data, a total of 144,704 died in 1944–1948 alone (death rate of 23.5% per all groups).[28] Authors such as Alexander Nekrich, John Dunlop and Moshe Gammer, based on census data from the period estimate a death toll of about 170,000–200,000 among Chechens alone,[29][30][31][32] thus ranging from over a third of the total Chechen population that was deported to nearly half dying during those four years (rates for other groups for those four years hover around 20%). All traces of them in the city, including books[33] and graveyards,[34] were destroyed by the NKVD troops. The act was recognized by the European Parliament as an act of genocide in 2004.[35]

Grozny became the administrative centre of

ethnic Russian population, in turn, moved to other parts of the USSR, notably the Baltic states, after inter-ethnic conflict broke out briefly in 1958
.

Soviet-era postage stamp with a view of Grozny's Avgustovskaya Street

According to sociologist Georgy Derluguyan, the Checheno-Ingush Republic's economy was divided into two spheres – much like French settler-ruled Algeria – and the Russian sphere had all the jobs with higher salaries,[36] while non-Russians were systematically kept out of all government positions. Russians (as well as Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in education, health, oil, machinery, and social services. Non-Russians (excluding Ukrainians and Armenians) worked in agriculture, construction, a long host of undesirable jobs, as well as the so-called "informal sector" (i.e. illegal, due to the mass discrimination in the legal sector).[36]

At the same time a great deal of development occurred in the city. Like many other Soviet cities, the

Grozny University buildings being constructed in Grozny. Later projects included the high-rise apartment blocks prominent in many Soviet cities, as well as a city airport. In 1989, the population of the city was almost 400,000 people.[37]

Collapse of Russian authority

After the collapse of the

militants, adding to a harassment and discrimination from the new authorities.[38] These events are perceived by some as an act of an ethnic cleansing of non-Chechens, which has been reflected in the materials of General Prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation.[39][40]

This view is disputed by authors, such as Russian economists Boris Lvin and

Andrei Illarionov, who argue that Russian emigration from the area was no more intense than in other regions of Russia at the time.[41] According to this view of the ethnic situation in Ichkeria, the primary cause of Russian emigration was the extensive bombing of Grozny (where four out of five, or nearly 200,000 Russians in Chechnya lived before the war) by the Russian military during the First Chechen War.[42]

The covert Russian attempts of overthrowing Dudayev by means of armed Chechen opposition forces resulted in repeated failed assaults on the city. Originally, Moscow had been backing the political opposition of

FSB); their capture was sometimes cited as one of the reasons for Boris Yeltsin
's decision to openly intervene. In the meantime, Grozny airport and other targets were bombed by unmarked Russian aircraft.

First Chechen War

See also:
Battle of Grozny (1994–95) and Battle of Grozny (August 1996)

During the

mass graves on the city outskirts. The main federal military base in Chechnya was located in the area of Grozny air base. [citation needed
]

Chechen

MVD troops, while fighting off the Russian Army units from the Khankala base. The battle ended with a final ceasefire and Grozny was once again in the hands of Chechen separatists. The name was changed to Djohar in 1997 by the President of the separatist Ichkeria republic, Aslan Maskhadov. By this time most of the remaining Russian minority had fled.[46]

Second Chechen War

See also: Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)

Grozny was once again the epicentre of fighting after the outbreak of the Second Chechen War, which further caused thousands of fatalities. During the early phase of the Russian siege on Grozny on 25 October 1999, Russian forces launched five SS-21 ballistic missiles at the crowded central bazaar and a maternity ward, killing more than 140 people and injuring hundreds. During the massive shelling of the city that followed, most of the Russian artillery were directed toward the upper floors of the buildings; although this caused massive destruction of infrastructure, civilian casualties were much less than in the first battles.

The final seizure of the city was set in early February 2000, when the Russian military lured the besieged militants to a promised safe passage. Seeing no build-up of forces outside, the militants agreed.[citation needed] One day prior to the planned evacuation, the Russian Army mined the path between the city and the village of Alkhan-Kala and concentrated most firepower on that point. As a result, both the city mayor and military commander were killed; a number of other prominent separatist leaders were also killed or wounded. Afterwards, the Russians slowly entered the empty city and on 6 February raised the Russian flag in the centre. Many buildings and even whole areas of the city were systematically destroyed. A month later, it was declared safe to allow the residents to return to their homes, although demolition continued for some time. In 2003, the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth, with not a single building left undamaged.[47]

After the wars

Grozny-City Towers
Panoramic view of Grozny from Grozny City Towers
Grozny in 2018

The federal government representatives of Chechnya are based in Grozny. Since 2003, the city has been rebuilt from scratch.[48] Out of several dozens of industrial enterprises, three have been partially rebuilt – the Grozny Machine-Building Factory, the Krasny Molot (Red Hammer) and Transmash factories.[49]

Although most of the city's infrastructure was destroyed during the war, the city's sewage, water, electricity and heating systems have since been repaired, along with 250 kilometers (160 mi) of roads, 13 bridges and some 900 shops.[50] Before the war, Grozny had about 79,000 apartments, and the city authorities expected to be able to restore about 45,000 apartments; the rest were in buildings that were completely destroyed.[51]

Grozny's airport was reopened in 2007 with three weekly flights to Moscow. In 2009 the IAC gave Grozny's Severny airport the international certificate after checking and evaluating the airport's airworthiness. On 16 November 2009, the airport had its first international flight, taking pilgrims on Hajj to Saudi Arabia via a Boeing 747.[52]

After four years of construction, the Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque was formally opened to the public on 16 October 2008, and is one of the largest mosques in Europe.[50] In 2009, the city of Grozny was honoured by the UN Human Settlements Program for transforming the war-scarred city and providing new homes for thousands.[53]

Administrative and municipal status

Historical population
YearPop.±%
189716,000—    
192670,898+343.1%
1939172,448+143.2%
1959242,068+40.4%
1970341,259+41.0%
1979375,326+10.0%
1989399,688+6.5%
2002210,720−47.3%
2010271,573+28.9%
2021328,533+21.0%
Source: Census data

Grozny is the

administrative centre of Groznensky Municipal District,[10] but not of the corresponding administrative district.[1]

City divisions

For administrative purposes, the city is divided into four city districts: Akhmatovsky, Baysangurovsky, Visaitovsky, Sheikh-Mansurovsky.

Culture and education

Akhmat Arena

Grozny is known for its modern architecture and as a spa town and although nearly all the town was destroyed or seriously damaged during the Chechen Wars, it has since been entirely rebuilt. It is home to Chechen State University and FC Akhmat Grozny, which after a fifteen-year absence from its home town returned to Grozny in March 2008. Also in Grozny is Chechen State Pedagogical Institute and Grozny State Oil Technical University.

Transportation

Train

Grozny Railway station

The first train pulled into the Grozny Railway station on 1 May 1893.

Trams and trolleybuses

On 5 November 1932, the Grozny tram system was opened to the public, and by 1990 it was 85-kilometer (53 mi) long, with 107 new Russian-built KTM-5 trams that it received in the late 1980s, and two depots. The Grozny trolleybus system began operation on 31 December 1975, and by 1990 was approximately 60-kilometer (37 mi) long, with 58 buses and one depot. Both types of transport came under difficult pressure in the early 1990s, with frequent theft of equipment, staff not being properly paid and resultant strikes. A major planned trolleybus route extension to the airport was cancelled. With the outbreak of the First Chechen War both transport services stopped operation in November 1994. During the destructive battles, the tram tracks were blocked or damaged, and cars and buses were turned into barricades. The trolleybus system was luckier, as most of its equipment, including the depot, survived the war. In 1996 it was visited by specialists from the Vologda Trolleybus Company, who repaired some of the lines, with services planned to restart in 1997. However, after specialists left, most of the equipment was stolen. The surviving buses were transported to Volzhsky where they were repaired and used on the new trolleybus system there.

After the Second Chechen War, little of the infrastructure of either system was left. The Ministry of Transport of the Chechen Republic, created in 2002, decided not to rebuild the tram system (considered too expensive and no longer meeting the city's needs, as it had by then lost half of its population). Rebuilding of the trolleybus system, however, is still under consideration.

Airport

Grozny Airport

The city is served by

Grozny Airport
.

Sharing system

In 2018 the Delimobil

Hyundai Solaris. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company.[54]

In the same year the Delisamokat provided the city with 120 electric scooters and some scooter stations.

Sports

The mascot of FC Akhmat Grozny

Grozny is home to

Russian First Division in 2007, Akhmat Grozny finished 10th in the Russian Premier League in 2008. The team still plays in the top tier. The club is owned by Ramzan Kadyrov and plays in the recently built city's Akhmat Stadium. Ruud Gullit
was the team manager from the beginning of the season 2011, but was later sacked by the club in June.

The city is also home to the

Fort Grozny
motor racing circuit, which opened in 2015.

Geography

The city is located along the

Terek River. The city is located in a valley approximately 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of the main range of the Greater Caucasus Mountains
.

Climate

Grozny has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation peaks during early summer, where sunshine hours also peak.

Climate data for Grozny (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1938–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.7
(92.7) 		38.1
(100.6) 		39.1
(102.4) 		42.0
(107.6) 		41.4
(106.5) 		40.7
(105.3) 		32.5
(90.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		17.3
(63.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.6
(87.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		17.2
(63.0) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.5
(38.3) 		16.7
(62.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		10.8
(51.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		11.6
(52.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.1
(32.2) 		11.1
(52.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.7
(42.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −31.5
(−24.7) 		−30.8
(−23.4) 		−19.1
(−2.4) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−9.6
(14.7) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−26.6
(−15.9) 		−31.5
(−24.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.1) 		24
(0.9) 		34
(1.3) 		43
(1.7) 		67
(2.6) 		84
(3.3) 		53
(2.1) 		48
(1.9) 		48
(1.9) 		51
(2.0) 		36
(1.4) 		33
(1.3) 		550
(21.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.9 5.2 4.9 5.1 7.2 8.0 6.2 5.7 4.6 5.9 5.8 6.3 69.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 59 67 104 167 219 242 247 234 186 136 68 49 1,778
Source 1: Погода и Климат[55]
Source 2:
NOAA (sunshine and precipitation days 1961–1990)[56]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Grozny is twinned with:

Former twin towns:

Notable people

Visitor attractions

Notes

  1. ^ Also sometimes spelled as Groznyy or Grozniy.

References

  1. ^ a b c Decree #500
  2. ^
    ISBN 5-7107-7399-9
    .
  3. ^ Charter of Grozny, Article 28
  4. ^ Official website of Grozny. [1], Mayor of Grozny
  5. ^ Charter of Grozny, Article 47
  6. ^ Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
  7. ^ a b c Constitution of the Chechen Republic
  8. ^ a b Constitution of the Chechen Republic, Article 59
  9. ^ a b c Law #44-RZ
  10. ^ a b Law #12-RZ
  11. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  12. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  13. ^ Charter of Grozny, Article 2
  14. ^ "Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2023 года (с учётом итогов Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 г.)". rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  15. ^ "Chechen table of correspondence Cyrillic-Roman (BGN/PCGN 2008 Agreement)" (PDF). National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  16. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  17. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  18. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  19. ^ RIA Novosti. City of Grozny. Reference Information (in Russian)
  20. ^ RIA Novosti. Путин считает закрытой тему переименования города Грозного (Putin Considers the Proposal to Rename the City of Grozny Closed) (in Russian)
  21. ^ John F. Baddeley, Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, Ch VII
  22. ^ a b "Записки краеведа - А.А. Ваксман". grozny.vrcal.com. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  23. ISBN 0-275-96395-0
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-375-50614-7
    .
  25. ^ "The Soviet War against 'Fifth Columnists': The Case of Chechnya, 1942–1944" by Jeffrey Burds Archived November 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, p.39
  26. ^ Dunlop, John. Russia Confronts Chechnya: The Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Pages 67–69
  27. ^ Bugai, Nikolai Fedorovich. The Truth about the Deportation of the Chechen and Ingush People. Printed in English in Soviet Studies in History, Fall 1991. Originally in Russian in Voprosy istorii, June 1990.
  28. ^ Wood, Tony. Chechnya: The Case for Independence. page 37-38
  29. ^ Nekrich, Punished Peoples
  30. ^ Dunlop.Russia Confronts Chechnya, pp 62–70
  31. ^ Gammer.Lone Wolf and the Bear, pp166-171
  32. ^ Soviet Transit, Camp, and Deportation Death Rates
  33. ^ "Chechnya: Rewriting History". Iwpr.net. 23 February 1944. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  34. ^ [2] Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944, 27 February 2004
  36. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-14283-8
    .
  37. doi:10.33868/0365-8392
    .
  38. ISBN 978-0812202311
    . Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  39. ^ "Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати: Судьба русских из Грозного". rusk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  40. ^ "CHECHNYA. THE WHITE BOOK". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  41. ^ Boris Lvin and Andrei Illarionov. Moscow News. February 24- March 2, 1995
  42. ^ Carlotta Gall and Thomas de Waal. Pages 197, 227
  43. ^ Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. Small Victorious War. p151-2
  44. ^ Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal. Small Victorious War. p151
  45. ^ Carlotta Gall and Thomas De Waal.Chechnya:Calamity in the Caucasus.Pages 155–157
  46. OCLC 808059507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  47. ^ "Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Scars remain amid Chechen revival". BBC News. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  48. RBTH
    .
  49. ISBN 9781501705823
    , retrieved 25 February 2022
  50. ^ a b The Glittering New Face Of The Once War-Torn Capital Of Chechnya Archived June 28, 2013, at archive.today Retrieved on April 23, 2012
  51. ^ Under the Kremlin's iron hand, Chechnya is reborn
  52. ^ International Certificate goes to Grozny Airport Archived November 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ The 2009 Scroll of Honour Award Winners Archived September 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ "Делимобиль - каршеринг для твоих достижений". delimobil.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  55. ^ "Climate Groznyj" (in Russian). Погода и Климат. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  56. ^ "GROZNYJ 1961–1990". NOAA. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  57. ^ Uzaklar Yakinlaşti – Sivas Twin Towns Archived December 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine(in Turkish)
  58. ^ "Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom" (in Polish). 3 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.

Sources

  • Совет депутатов города Грозного. Решение №02 от 27 марта 2013 г. «Устав муниципального образования "городской округ "город Грозный"», в ред. Решения №54 от 26 сентября 2013 г. (Council of Deputies of the City of Grozny. Decision #02 of March 27, 2013 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "Urban Okrug of "the City of Grozny", as amended by the Decision #54 of September 26, 2013. ).
  • Президент Чеченской Республики. Указ №500 от 30 ноября 2005 г. «Об утверждении перечня субъектов административно-территориального устройства Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу 30 ноября 2005 г.. Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (President of the Chechen Republic. Decree #500 of November 30, 2005 On Adopting the List of the Entities Within the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of November 30, 2005.).
  • Референдум. 23 марта 2003 г. «Конституция Чеченской Республики», в ред. Конституционного закона №1-РКЗ от 30 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования по результатам голосования на референдуме Чеченской Республики. (Referendum. March 23, 2003 Constitution of the Chechen Republic, as amended by the Constitutional Law #1-RKZ of September 30, 2014 On Amending the Constitution of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of the day of the official publication in accordance with the results of the referendum of the Chechen Republic.).
  • Парламент Чеченской Республики. Закон №44-РЗ от 14 июля 2008 г. «Об образовании муниципального образования город Грозный, установлении его границы и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №21-РЗ от 28 июня 2010 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести Республики", №162 (844), 26 августа 2008 г. (Parliament of the Chechen Republic. Law #44-RZ of July 14, 2008 On Establishing the Municipal Formation of the City of Grozny, on Establishing Its Border, and on Granting It the Status of an Urban Okrug, as amended by the Law #21-RZ of June 28, 2010 On Amending Several Legislative Acts of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication date have passed.).
  • Парламент Чеченской Республики. Закон №12-РЗ от 20 февраля 2009 г. «Об образовании муниципального образования Грозненский район и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, установлении их границ и наделении их соответствующим статусом муниципального района и сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №21-РЗ от 28 июня 2010 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Чеченской Республики». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести Республики", №33 (965), 25 февраля 2009 г. (Parliament of the Chechen Republic. Law #12-RZ of February 20, 2009 On Establishing the Municipal Formation of Groznensky District and the Municipal Formations Comprising It, on Establishing Their Borders, and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District and Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #21-RZ of June 28, 2010 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Chechen Republic. Effective as of after 10 days from the official publication date have passed.).
  • Olga Oliker, Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat. (Santa Monica CA: RAND Arroyo Center, 2001)

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Grozny

External links

Grozny travel guide from Wikivoyage

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grozny.
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