Dumitru Coroamă
Dumitru Coroamă | |
---|---|
People's Republic of Romania | |
Buried | Eternitatea Cemetery, Piatra Neamț |
Allegiance | Romania Anti-communist resistance |
Service/ | Romanian Army |
Years of service | 1907–1941 1944–1948 |
Rank | Major general |
Commands held | 1st Guard Division Bucharest Military Command 4th Army Corps |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Order of the Star of Romania Order of Michael the Brave |
Alma mater | Higher War School |
Dumitru Coroamă (July 19, 1885 – 1956) was a Romanian soldier and fascist activist, who held the rank of
While stationed in
Coroamă returned to public life after the
Biography
Early decades and rise
Coroamă was born on July 19, 1885, in Răpciune, a village in Hangu commune, Neamț County, nowadays covered by Lake Bicaz.[1] He was the eighth of ten children born to Toma and Ecaterina Coroamă. His father, a likely immigrant from the neighboring Duchy of Bukovina, was mayor of Hangu in 1876–1881; as such, he represented his constituents in litigation against landowner Grigore Sturdza.[2] Dumitru was the eighth of ten children born to the couple;[1] his more distant relatives included Eustochia Ciucanu, who was Staritsa at Agapia Monastery from 1960 to her death in 1992.[3] After graduating primary school in Schitu, the future general studied at the Petru Rareș High School, and worked as a substitute schoolteacher in Suceava County, at Broșteni, and then in Neamț, at Farcașa.[4][5] Opting for a career in the Romanian Land Forces, he graduated from the Infantry Officers' School (1907), emerging as a Sub-lieutenant, and then took a graduate diploma from the Higher War School.[6]
Assigned to the 15th Dorobanți Regiment in Piatra Neamț, Coroamă first saw action during the Second Balkan War of 1913.[7] He was again called to action during the campaign of World War I, overseeing defensive maneuvers on the fortified lines of the Trotuș, Oituz, and Uz river valleys.[4] By 1916, Coroamă was a captain,[8] and in full command the 3rd Infantry Battalion.[4] He earned distinction following the Battle of Mărășești: he was cited on October 11, 1916, for his "initiative and energy in holding on to a difficult position", and, on December 27, was made a Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania.[8] He continued to receive other distinctions, including the Order of Michael the Brave 3rd Class[7] (presented by Eremia Grigorescu) and various medals of the Allied countries.[4][5] He was later an Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania.[7]
On December 6, 1918, Coroamă, by then a Major, led his troops into Transylvania, arriving by train at Bistrița (see Union of Transylvania with Romania). Upon entering that city, he met with the Hungarian Republican administration, which he did not immediately depose. When the incumbent mayor, Gábor Ajtai Nagy, asked him to "spare the city", Coroamă replied that this his only mandate was to reestablish order "together with city leaders".[9] He was subsequently in charge of the Romanian garrison for the entire County of Bistrița.[10] Following the outbreak of a Hungarian–Romanian War, Coroamă led the assault battalion that secured Baia Mare on January 6, 1919.[11] An accidental ecrasite explosion[12] wounded Coroamă in the train station of Dej.[7] He was badly hurt, and had to be sent to Cluj for recovery.[12]
Coroamă's interwar career saw him returning to Piatra Neamț, where he was made Garrison Commander.[4][5] In October 1927, he was promoted to Colonel[13] and in 1929 was officially made Commander of the 15th Regiment.[7] The interval also witnessed Coroamă's involvement in far-right politics. In 1930, together with his wife, he established a Piatra Neamț chapter of the Iron Guard and sponsored its network of "Cross Brotherhoods". The family home featured a portrait of the Guardist leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, whom Coroamă had met during the previous war.[14] The building was flooded and suffered damages during the heavy rains of May 1930,[15] but was swiftly restored.[16]
1940 coup and 1941 rebellion
In November 1937,[17][13] Coroamă became General Officer Commanding 1st Guard Division at the Royal Palace in Bucharest, in service to Carol II. However, he secretly supported the Iron Guard's leader Horia Sima, who was in conflict with Carol's National Renaissance Front.[23][24] Sima's rise had been made possible by Carol's decision to arrest, and then assassinate, Codreanu. Coroamă's contacts with Sima were at the core of an enduring controversy between Guard factions: Codreanu's loyalist cells, which distrusted Sima, also viewed Coroamă as an agent of the Front and an appeaser. They noted in particular Coroamă's acknowledgement that he had mediated a September 1938 encounter between Sima and Carol's spymaster, Mihail Moruzov.[25] During these contacts, Coroamă was expected to present Carol with a memorandum on behalf of Codreanu, who had been detained and would later be killed in custody. Coroamă himself claimed that the initiative was curbed by Sima, who did not want Codreanu alive.[26]
As acknowledged by Sima, by May 1940 there were other encounters involving himself, Coroamă and Moruzov. During these parlays, they agreed that the Iron Guard should merge into the Front, which, on Coroamă's suggestion, was to be renamed "Front of the Nation".[27] On June 6, 1940, he was promoted to the rank of major general.[17] Coroamă rose to prominence after the events of autumn 1940, when the Second Vienna Award, which lost Romania rule over Northern Transylvania, engendered a political crisis. The Iron Guard began preparing for violent takeover, with Nicolae Petrașcu tasked with arming the would-be revolutionaries. As historian Ilarion Țiu notes, these "terrorist cells" were formed "from the second half of August, but on 3 September each member barely managed to have a revolver and the available hand grenades were very few".[28] In this context, Coroamă cooperated with Sima; he also came into contact with another authoritarian figure, General Ion Antonescu, who was reluctantly appointed Premier by Carol. In early September, as a sign of his cooperation with Sima, Antonescu appointed Coroamă to the post of General Officer in charge of Bucharest's Military Command, replacing the loyalist Gheorghe Argeșanu.[23][24][29]
On September 4, Carol received Antonescu, who informed him that the Iron Guard wanted a new king; on the occasion Antonescu also commented that the Front's government "cannot count on the commanders, and especially not on General Coroamă, who has switched completely toward the Iron Guard."[30] Soon afterward, Antonescu was told that two other loyalist generals, Gheorghe Mihail and Paul Teodorescu, were planning to have him killed.[23][24] He consequently demanded Carol's abdication. In tandem, General Coroamă refused to comply with the royal order of shooting down Guardists who marched in front of the Palace.[4][23][24][31] According to several period witnesses, his resistance persuaded Antonescu to follow suit, and allowed for a bloodless transition.[4][32] An account originating with the Guardist Ilie-Vlad Sturdza has it that "the two generals said they could not order to shoot at the population as long as no bullets [had been] fired for the lost territories."[33]
Coroamă himself confessed that he was an active participant in the coup, bringing up reserve troops to support the Guard. For this reason, Carol arrested him; Antonescu ordered his release, thus signaling to the king that he was no longer in control of the country.[29] An anecdote relayed by the old-regime politician Constantin Argetoianu presents another version of events, claiming that Antonescu had asked Coroamă to storm the area outside the Palace, though "without firing a shot." Also according to Argetoianu, Coroamă never showed up for duty, and claimed that he was "besieged in my own house" by the Guardists, who had mistaken him for the detested Argeșanu, also a mustachioed general. Coroamă's "inane" request was to have dispatches aired by Radio Bucharest, informing his assailants that "General Coroamă and General Argeșanu both wear mustaches"; an amused Antonescu urged him to "shave it off".[34]
Like other Guardists, Coroamă was dissatisfied with Antonescu's regime, or "National Legionary State". Already on September 9, 1940,[13] he was sent over as General Officer of the 4th Army Corps, stationed at Iași, which equated with a demotion.[4][34][35] Coroamă survived Antonescu's violent split with the Guard and the Legionary Rebellion of January 1941. As reported by diarist Mihail Sebastian, rumor spread that Coroamă and Corneliu Dragalina were marching on Bucharest to assist Sima against Antonescu.[36] This scenario was upheld by the Guardist poet Radu Gyr: on January 22, he addressed "several hundreds" of his comrades, informing them that the Coroamă–Dragalina march was both welcomed and imminent.[37]
However, Coroamă had again resumed his mitigating position and, alongside other Iași Guardists, including Ilie-Vlad Sturdza, he fought to pacify the city and minimize bloodshed. According to Nazi German diplomatic cables, he did so because he feared that the Soviet Union would profit from the unrest and invade Romania.[38] Coroamă also sought an understanding with the Guardist leader, Gheorghe Grijincu, asking him to return control over government buildings, and also to pledge resistance in case of a Soviet attack.[39] Another army leader, Constantin Sănătescu, noted that despite his standing as a "Guard sympathizer" Coroamă "behaved well, managing to peacefully quell the rebellion".[40] Coroamă resigned his commission as commander of the 4th Army Corps in January 1941.[17][35]
Repression and imprisonment
In February, following the resumption of government control over Iași, Coroamă was sent to the reserves.
Such initiatives failed and, over the following three years, the country underwent steady communization, ultimately reemerging as a communist state. As reported by the Guardist Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu in a 1999 interview, "in 1946–1947" Coroamă integrated with the anti-communist resistance, though as an army representative rather than as a Guard member. Ogoranu identifies Coroamă and Dragalina as members of the resistance coordinating committee, answering to the National Peasants' Party and the Romanian National Committee; Guardist cells were represented therein by Nicolae Petrașcu.[42] Gavrilă Ogoranu also recalled that in autumn 1947 Coroamă, who was based in Sibiu, traveled to Sâmbăta de Sus Monastery and met Arsenie Boca, with whom he planned various anti-communist activities.[43]
On May 15, 1948,
Another survivor of Ocnele Mari, Ioan Dumitrescu-Borșa, recalls: "[Coroamă was] a short, gentle, congenial, wise little old man. He was incapable of ever offending anyone. He always urged us to be self-contained and peaceful. He never spoke of himself."
Notes
- ^ a b Dieaconu et al., p. 107
- ^ Dieaconu et al., pp. 107–108
- Valeriu Anania, "Primim: 'Salvați Agapia!'", in România Literară, Issue 13/1992, p. 2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o (in Romanian) N. Sava, "Generalul Dumitru Coroamă: 'Majestate, nu pot să execut ordinul de a trage în tineretul țării!'", in Ceahlăul, July 19, 2014
- ^ a b c d Dieaconu et al., p. 108
- ^ Trașcă, p. 230. See also Dieaconu et al., p. 108
- ^ a b c d e f "Extrase din memoriile originale ale foștilor comandanți", in În Slujba Patriei, January 2007, p. 8
- ^ a b c d Traian D. Lazăr, "Azi căpitan, mâine...", in Magazin Istoric, June 2018, pp. 60–61
- ^ Ioana Dragotă, "Școala civilă de stat pentru fete Baia Mare (1893–1948).—Radiografie istorică.—Partea a III-a. Trecerea în administrația românească", in Bibliotheca Septentrionalis, Vol. XVI, Issue 2, 2008, p. 81
- ISBN 978-973-595-971-5
- ^ Liviu Tătaru, "Actul Marii Uniri de la 1 decembrie 1918. Desfășurări în Lăpuș, Chioar, Codru și zona Baia Mare", in Bibliotheca Septentrionalis, Vol. XXV, Issue 2, December 2017, p. 58
- ^ a b Cornel Țucă, "Activitatea Senatului Național Român (Cluj) oglindită în notițele Sidoniei Docan", in Document, Issue 1/2009, p. 30
- ^ a b c d e f Trașcă, p. 230
- ^ Silvian-Emanuel Man, "Alegerile parlamentare din județul Neamț în anul 1931 în documente de arhivă", in Zilele Cercetării Științifice Studențești din Universitatea Constantin Brâncuși, Issue IV, 2012, p. 153
- ^ Neptun, "Inundațiile catastrofale din orașul Piatra-Neamț", in Avântul, Issue 56/1930, p. 2
- ^ a b c A. A. Rotundu, "Colonelul Coroamă", in Avântul, Issue 150/1934, p. 1
- ^ a b c d e f Generals from Romania, at Generals.dk
- ^ "D-l colonel Coroamă a reușit întâiul pe țară la examenul de general", in Avântul, Issue 143/1934, p. 1
- ^ I. Fuioagă, "În sprijinul cercetășiei", in Avântul, Issue 122/1934, p. 1
- ^ Porumbăcean & Câmpean, pp. 95–99
- ^ Porumbăcean & Câmpean, pp. 105–106
- ^ Porumbăcean & Câmpean, p. 70
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4039-9341-0
- ^ ISBN 978-973-9155-43-4
- ^ Mihai Demetriade, "Victor Biriș, cel mai important agent de influență din penitenciarul Aiud (1957–1963)", in Caietele CNSAS, Issues 1–2/2012, p. 87. See also Dieaconu et al., pp. 109–110
- ^ a b Dieaconu et al., pp. 109–110
- ^ Miskolczy, p. 926
- ^ Țiu, p. 37
- ^ a b Miskolczy, p. 937
- ^ Carol II of Romania, Însemnări zilnice. 1937–1951. Volumul III: 15 decembrie 1939–7 septembrie 1940 (Caietele 11–11A), pp. 299–300. Bucharest: Editura Scripta, 1998
- ^ Miskolczy, p. 936; Țiu, p. 38
- ^ Dieaconu et al., pp. 108–109
- ^ Țiu, p. 38
- ^ a b c Constantin Argetoianu, Însemnări zilnice. Volumul IX: 21 aprilie—31 decembrie 1941, p. 31. Bucharest: Editura Machiavelli, 2008
- ^ a b c Dieaconu et al., p. 109
- ISBN 978-0-7126-8388-3
- ^ Dan Tudorache "Radu Gyr, de la 'cântăreț oficial' al Mișcării Legionare la poetul rezistenței din închisorile comuniste", in Altarul Reîntregirii, Issue 1/2020, p. 139
- ^ Trașcă, pp. 226–234
- ^ Trașcă, pp. 232–233
- ^ ISBN 978-973-28-0381-3
- ^ Mircea Tănase, "1945 — ripostă sovietică la operațiunile 'Parașutiștii' și 'Deșteptarea Primăverii'", in Cetatea Bihariei. Revistă de Cultură și Istorie Militară, Issue 1/2007, pp. 62–63
- ISBN 978-973-664-521-1
- ^ Eugen Șahan, "Aspecte din rezistența românească împotriva sovietizării în perioada martie 1944—1962", in Romulus Rusan (ed.), Instaurarea comunismului. Între rezistență și represiune (Analele Sighet 2). Comunicări prezentate la simpozionul de la Sighetu Marmației (9—11 iunie 1995), p. 175. Bucharest: Fundația Academia Civică, 2016
- ^ Dieaconu et al., pp. 109–110, 111
- ISBN 978-973-645-440-0
- ^ a b c d Dieaconu et al., p. 110
- ^ a b Dieaconu et al., p. 111
References
- Daniel Dieaconu, Mirela Topoliceanu, Cristian Vatamanu, "Rezistență și represiune pe valea Muntelui în timpul regimului comunist", in Karina Ingrid Cojocariu, Emanuel Bălan, Ioan Romeo Roman, Marius-Emanuel Sandu (eds.), Anticomunism și represiune comunistă, 1945–1989. Simpozion regional cu participare internațională. Ediția a V-a. Târgu-Neamț, 30 octombrie 2020, pp. 96–120. Iași: Editura PIM, 2020. ISBN 978-606-775-490-2
- Ambrus Miskolczy, "A Vasgárda útja a hatalomhoz", in Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, Vol. 129, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 909–940.
- Claudiu Porumbăcean, Viorel Câmpean, Caietele liberale sătmărene, II. Ștefan Benea (1889–1961). Cluj-Napoca: Editura Argonaut, 2014. ISBN 978-973-109-466-3
- Ilarion Țiu, "Romanian Fascism during World War II. The National-Legionary Government (September 1940 – January 1941)", in Cogito. Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VIII, Issue 1, March 2016, pp. 34–49.
- Ottmar Trașcă, "Rebeliunea legionară în viziunea Consulatului german din Iași, 19–25 ianuarie 1941", in Archiva Moldaviae, Vol. II, 2010, pp. 235.