Transylvania

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation).
"Siebenbürgen" redirects here. For the band, see Siebenbürgen (band).
Transylvania
Transilvania / Ardeal (Romanian)
Erdély (Hungarian)
Siebenbürgen (German)
Siweberjen (German)[a]
Flag of Transylvania
Flag
Coat of arms of Transylvania
Coat of arms
  Transylvania
  Banat, Crișana and Maramureș
  Bukovina, Dobruja, Moldavia, Muntenia, and Oltenia
Largest cityCluj-Napoca
Official languagesRomanian[1]
Recognised minority
languages[2]
See here
Ethnic groups
(2021)[3]
Religion
(2021)[4]
  • 0.27% undeclared /
    no religion
  • 0.0% no data
  • 8.31% others
Demonym(s)Transylvanian
Establishment history
Area
• Total
100,390 km2 (38,760 sq mi)[5] (106th)
• Water (%)
3
Population
• January 2023 estimate
6,478,126[6] (107th)
• 2021 census
Neutral decrease 6,461,780[b][7]
• Density
64.5/km2 (167.1/sq mi) (122nd)
GDP (PPP)estimate
• Per capita
Increase $41,633[8]
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $194.00 billion[8] (57th)
• Per capita
Increase $28,574[8] (39th)
HDI (2022)Increase 0.829[9]
very high (33rd)
CurrencyRomanian leu (RON)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving sideright
Calling code+40
ISO 3166 codeRO
Internet TLD.roa
  1. Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal; Hungarian: Erdély; German: Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring Western Moldavia and even a small part of south-western neighbouring Bukovina to its north east (represented by Suceava County). The capital of the region is Cluj-Napoca.

Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, coupled with its multi-cultural character. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, Cluj-Napoca, and other very well preserved medieval iconic cities and towns such as Brașov, Sibiu, Târgu Mureș, Bistrita, Alba Iulia, Mediaș, and Sighișoara. It is also the home of some of Romania's UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the Villages with fortified churches, the Historic Centre of Sighișoara, the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains and the Roșia Montană Mining Cultural Landscape.

It was under the rule of the

Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries), the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian tribes, and Gyula's family from the seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled it in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary
in 1002.

After the

suzerainty (Ottoman and Habsburg).[14][15]

In 1690, the Habsburg monarchy gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown.[16][17][18] After the failure of Rákóczi's War of Independence in 1711,[19] Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Hungarian Transylvanian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors.[20][21] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the April Laws of 1848.[22] After the failure of the revolution, the March Constitution of Austria decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.[23] The separate status of Transylvania ended with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867,[24] and it was reincorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[25] It was also during this period that Romanians experienced the awakening of self-consciousness as a nation, manifested in cultural and ideological movements such as Transylvanian School,[26] and drafted political petitions such as Supplex Libellus Valachorum.[27] After World War I, the National Assembly of Romanians from Transylvania proclaimed the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918, and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Romania by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. In 1940, Northern Transylvania reverted to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award, but it was returned to Romania after the end of World War II.

In popular culture, Transylvania is commonly associated with

vampires because of the influence of Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula and the many subsequent books and films that the story has inspired.[28][29] Many Transylvanian Saxons were furious with Vlad the Impaler for strengthening the borders of Wallachia, which interfered with their control of trade routes, and his extreme sadism and barbarity, which by a collection of credible historical accounts of diverse origins, most of which were non-Saxon, led to the industrial-scale execution of over 100,000 people[citation needed] by impaling, some of whom were Saxons. The victims were often arranged in grotesque displays intended to terrorize various groups, including the Saxons. In retaliation, the Saxons distributed poems of cruelty and other propaganda characterising the sadistic Vlad III Dracula as a drinker of blood.[30]

Etymology

Main article: Historical names of Transylvania

The earliest known reference to Transylvania appears in a Medieval Latin document of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1078 as ultra silvam, meaning "beyond the forest" (ultra meaning "beyond" or "on the far side of" and the accusative case of Sylva (sylvam) "woods, forest"). Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". The Medieval Latin form Ultrasylvania, later Transylvania, was a direct translation from the Hungarian form Erdő-elve, later Erdély, from which also the Romanian name, Ardeal, comes.[31][32] That also was used as an alternative name in German überwald ("beyond the forest") (13th–14th centuries) and Ukrainian Залісся (Zalissia).

Historical names of Transylvania are:

History

Main article: History of Transylvania
Map of Dacia under Burebista

The first known civilization to inhabit the territory was the

Celtic La Tène culture came to domination. The indigenous Dacian tribes engaged in politics from the 1st century BC and united under King Burebista, forming their kingdom Dacia.[36]

The

Slavic tribes who accepted their suzerainty. The expansion of the Frankish Empire, however, imposed a growing threat on them and their khaganate was crushed in the Avar Wars.[40][41] The Avars and Slavs, although substantially depleted in number, continued to inhabit the Carpathian Basin.[42] The First Bulgarian Empire expanded into Southern Transylvania in the 9th century.[43] Smaller Slavic polities were also present, nevertheless they could hardly keep their independence.[44]

In the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian conquerors. There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the demographics in Transylvania at the time. According to the theory of Daco-Roman continuity, Romanians continuously lived on the territory. Opponents of that hypothesis point to the lack of written, archaeological and linguistic evidence to support it.[45] Hungarian medieval chronicles claimed that the Székely people descended from the Huns, who remained in Transylvania, and later, in combination with the returning Hungarians, conquered the Carpathian Basin.[46][47][48][49] According to the Gesta Hungarorum, the Vlach (Blacorum, Blacus) leader Gelou ruled part of Transylvania before the Hungarians arrived. Historians debate whether he was a historical person or an imaginary figure. The gyulas from the seven chieftains of the Hungarians governed Transylvania in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords. He personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III and Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002.[50] Place names derived from the Hungarian tribes evidence that major Hungarian groups settled in Transylvania from the 950s.[51][52] In the 12th and 13th centuries, Southeast and Northeast Transylvania was settled by Saxon colonists. In Romanian historiography, Romanians constituted an important part of Transylvania's population even on the eve of the Mongol Invasions.[53][54] Hungarian historiography claims that the Vlach population entered Transylvania from the Balkans only in the 12th century,[55] and the devastating invasion of Mongols had also as consequence the large-scale immigration by Romanians, however the immigration of Romanians did not happen all at once, the process of settlement stretched over several centuries.[56] After the Battle of Kosovo and Ottoman arrival at the Hungarian border, thousands of Vlach and Serbian refugees came to Transylvania.

Administrative divisions in Eastern Hungary, Voivodate of Transylvania's in color
Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Eastern Hungarian king became the first prince of Transylvania, according to the treaty. The Principality of Transylvania continued to be part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the sense of public law, which stressed in a highly significant way that John Sigismund's possessions belonged to the Holy Crown of Hungary and he was not permitted to alienate them.[59]

Principality of Transylvania
in 1606–60

The

Peace of Szatmár, when Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. The Grand Principality of Transylvania
was reintroduced 54 years later in 1765.

The Hungarian revolution against the Habsburgs started in 1848, and grew into a war for the total independence of the Kingdom of Hungary from the Habsburg dynasty. Julius Jacob von Haynau, the leader of the Austrian army, was appointed plenipotentiary to restore order in Hungary after the conflict. He ordered the execution of The 13 Hungarian Martyrs of Arad, and Prime Minister Batthyány was executed the same day in Pest. After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the empire came close to the brink of collapse. Thus, the new young emperor Franz Joseph I had to call for Russian help under the Holy Alliance. Czar Nicholas I answered, and sent an army of 200,000 men with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law. Following the Hungarian Army's surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania) in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to Russia by the Tsarist troops and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems (in 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the Horthy government).

After the

Austro-Hungarian Empire. Romanian intellectuals issued the Blaj Pronouncement in protest.[69]

The region was the site of an important battle during World War I, which caused the replacement of the German Chief of Staff, temporarily ceased German offensives on all the other fronts and created a unified Central Powers command under the German Kaiser. Following defeat in World War I, Austria-Hungary disintegrated. Elected representatives of the ethnic Romanians from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș backed by the mobilization of Romanian troops, proclaimed Union with Romania on 1 December 1918. The Proclamation of Union of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania.

Romania's territorial losses in 1940, showing Northern Transylvania being ceded to Hungary. The region was returned to Romania after World War II

The

Romanian Revolution, and marks the unification not only of Transylvania but also of the provinces of Banat, Bessarabia and Bukovina with the Romanian Kingdom. These other provinces had all joined with the Kingdom of Romania a few months earlier. In 1920, the Treaty of Trianon established new borders and much of the proclaimed territories became part of Romania. Hungary protested against the new state borders, as they did not follow the real ethnic boundaries, for over 1.3 or 1.6 million Hungarian people, representing 25.5 or 31.6% of the Transylvanian population (depending on statistics used),[71][72] were living on the Romanian side of the border, mainly in the Székely Land of Eastern Transylvania, and along the newly created border.

Territorial evolution of Romania in the 20th century, excluding changes during World War II

In August 1940, with the arbitration of Germany and Italy under the Second Vienna Award, Hungary gained Northern Transylvania (including parts of Crișana and Maramureș), and over 40% of the territory lost in 1920. This award did not solve the nationality problem, as over 1.15–1.3 million Romanians (or 48% to more than 50% of the population of the ceded territory) remained in Northern Transylvania while 0.36–0.8 million Hungarians (or 11% to more than 20% of the population) continued to reside in Southern Transylvania.[73] The Second Vienna Award was voided on 12 September 1944 by the Allied Commission through the Armistice Agreement with Romania (Article 19), and the 1947 Treaty of Paris reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary as originally defined in the Treaty of Trianon, 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.[67]

From 1947 to 1989, Transylvania, along with the rest of Romania, was

fall of the communist regime
and became the most notable inter-ethnic incident in the post-communist era.

Geography and ethnography

Cluj county
Geogel, Romanian Orthodox wooden church
Geographical map of Romania

The

Eastern, Southern and Romanian Western branches of the Carpathian Mountains. The area includes the Transylvanian Plain
. Other areas to the west and north are widely considered part of Transylvania; in common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical.

Ethnographic areas:

Administrative divisions

The area of the historical Voivodeship is 55,146 km2 (21,292 sq mi).[74][75]

The regions granted to Romania in 1920 covered 23 counties including nearly 102,200 km2 (39,460 sq mi) (102,787–103,093 km2 in Hungarian sources and 102,282 km2 in contemporary Romanian documents). Nowadays, several administrative reorganisations make the territory cover 16 counties (Romanian: județ), with an area of 100,290 km2 (38,722 sq mi), in central and northwest Romania.

The 16 counties are: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Caraș-Severin, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramureș, Mureș, Sălaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, and Timiș.

Transylvania contains both largely urban counties, such as Brașov and Hunedoara counties, as well as largely rural ones, such as Bistrița-Năsăud and Sălaj counties.[76]

Since 1998, Romania has been divided into eight development regions, acting as divisions that coordinate and implement socio-economic development at regional level. Six counties (Alba, Brașov, Covasna, Harghita, Mureș and Sibiu) form the Centru development region, another six (Bihor, Bistrița-Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureș, Satu Mare, Sălaj) form the Nord-Vest development region, while four (Arad, Caraș-Severin, Hunedoara, Timiș) form the Vest development region.

Cities and towns

 
 
Largest cities of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș historical regions in Romania
"NIS 2021 Census" (2021 population by place of residence)
Rank
Name
 County Pop. Rank
Name
 County Pop.
Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca
Timișoara
Timișoara 		1 Cluj-Napoca Cluj 286,598 11 Alba Iulia Alba 64,227 Brașov
Brașov
Oradea
Oradea
2 Timișoara Timiș 250,849 12 Reșița Caraș-Severin 58,393
3 Brașov Brașov 237,589 13 Deva Hunedoara 53,113
4 Oradea Bihor 183,105 14 Zalău Sălaj 52,359
5 Arad Arad 145,078 15 Hunedoara Hunedoara 50,457
6 Sibiu Sibiu 134,309 16 Sfântu Gheorghe Covasna 50,080
7 Târgu Mureș Mureș 116,033 17 Turda Cluj 43,319
8 Baia Mare Maramureș 108,759 18 Mediaș Sibiu 39,505
9 Satu Mare Satu Mare 91,520 19 Lugoj Timiș 35,450
10 Bistrița Bistrița-Năsăud 78,877 20 Miercurea Ciuc Harghita 34,484

Maramureș
) being similar.

Transylvanian Saxon culture and between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania
.

Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia also has historical importance: after the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 to proclaim the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. In Transylvania, there are many medieval smaller towns such as Sighișoara, Mediaș, Sebeș, and Bistrița
.

Population

See also: Demographics of Romania

Historical population

See also:
Hungarian minority in Romania, Székelys, Transylvanian Saxons, and List of Transylvanians
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910.

Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century. On May 1, 1784 the Emperor

Hungarians.[79]

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hungarian population of Transylvania increased from 24.9% in 1869 to 31.6%, as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian census (the majority of the Jewish population reported Hungarian as their primary language, so they were also counted as ethnically Hungarian in the 1910 census). At the same time, the percentage of the Romanian population decreased from 59.0% to 53.8% and the percentage of the German population decreased from 11.9% to 10.7%, for a total population of 5,262,495. Magyarization policies greatly contributed to this shift.[80]

The percentage of the Romanian majority has significantly increased since the declaration of the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. The proportion of Hungarians in Transylvania was in steep decline as more of the region's inhabitants moved into urban areas, where the pressure to assimilate and Romanianize was greater.[72] The expropriation of the estates of Magyar magnates, the distribution of the lands to the Romanian peasants, and the policy of cultural Romanianization that followed the Treaty of Trianon were major causes of friction between Hungary and Romania.[81] Other factors include the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the Old Kingdom to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to Bucharest).[72]

Current population

According to the results of the 2011 census, the total population of Transylvania was 6,789,250 inhabitants and the ethnic groups were: Romanians – 70.62%, Hungarians – 17.92%, Roma – 3.99%, Ukrainians – 0.63%, Germans (mostly Transylvanian Saxons and Banat Swabians, but also Zipsers, Sathmar Swabians, or Landlers) – 0.49%, other – 0.77%. Some 378,298 inhabitants (5.58%) have not declared their ethnicity.[82] The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania form a majority in the counties of Covasna (73.6%) and Harghita (84.8%). The Hungarians are also numerous in the following counties: Mureș (37.8%), Satu Mare (34.5%), Bihor (25.2%), and Sălaj (23.2%).

Economy

The former salt mine of Salina Turda, now repurposed as a tourist attraction
Rural landscape in Transylvania, including meadows and small hilly forests.

Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt, and sulfur.[citation needed]

Transylvania's GDP (nominal) is $194 billion and its GDP per capita measures around $28,574.[

Bucharest-Ilfov and makes it comparable to countries like the Czech Republic, Poland and Estonia.[citation needed
]

There are large iron and

Timber
is another valuable resource.

Cluj Napoca and Târgu Mureș are connected with a strong medical tradition, and according to the same classifications top performance hospitals exist there.[83]

Native brands include:

Timișoreana of Timișoara (alcoholic beverages), the state owned Cugir Arms Factory,[84]
and others.

The

mining area
throughout the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, but many mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of the communist regime, forcing the region to diversify its economy.

During the Second World War, Transylvania (the Southern/Romanian half, as the region was divided during the war) was crucial to the Romanian defense industry. Transylvanian factories built until 1945 over 1,000 warplanes and over 1,000 artillery pieces of all types, among others.[85]

Culture

George Coșbuc, Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life

The culture of Transylvania is complex because of its varied history and longstanding multiculturalism, which has incorporated significant Hungarian (see Hungarians in Romania) and German (see Germans of Romania) influences.[86]

The region was the birthplace of the Transylvanian School movement, its members, namely Samuil Micu-Klein, Petru Maior, and Gheorghe Șincai, being responsible for the early version of Romanian alphabet.[87]

With regard to architecture, the Transylvanian

Hunyad Castle in Hunedoara
(15th century).

Notable writers such as Emil Cioran, Lucian Blaga, George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Octavian Goga, Liviu Rebreanu, Endre Ady, Elie Wiesel, Elek Benedek and Károly Kós were born in Transylvania. Liviu Rebreanu wrote the novel Ion, which introduces the reader to a depiction of the life of Romanian peasants and intellectuals of Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century. Károly Kós was one of the most important writers supporting the movement of Transylvanianism.

Religion

Transylvania has a very rich and unique religious history. Since the

Habsburgs, Transylvania served as a place for "religious undesirables". People who arrived in Transylvania included those that did not conform to the Catholic Church
and were sent here forcibly, as well as many religious refugees. Transylvania has a long history of religious tolerance, ensured by its religious pluralism.

Transylvania has also been (and still is) a center for Christian denominations other than

Germans in Romania), followed by Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodox.[91] There are also Pentecostals and Baptists, particularly in Banat and Crișana. UBB, located in Cluj-Napoca is the only university in Europe that has four faculties of theology (Orthodox, Reformed, Roman Catholic, and Greek Catholic).[92]

1930 2011
Denomination Number Percent Number Percent
Eastern Orthodoxy 1,933,589 34.85 4,478,532 65.96
Greek Catholicism 1,385,017 24.96 142,862 2.10
Latin Catholicism 946,100 17.05 632,948 9.32
Mainline Protestantism
 1,038,464 18.72 675,107 9.34
Evangelical Protestantism
 37,061 0.66 339,472 4.70

There are also small denominations like Adventism, Jehovah's Witnesses and more.

Others

  • Nowadays, there is a very small number of Muslims (Islam) and Jews (Judaism), but back in 1930, with 191,877 inhabitants, Jews represented 3.46% of Transylvania's population.[93]
  • Atheists, agnostics and unaffiliated account for 0.27% of Transylvania's population.

Data refers to extended Transylvania (with Banat, Crișana and Maramureș).[94][95]

Tourist attractions

Drone footage of the Fortress of Deva (Hungarian: Déva vára, German: Diemricher Burg)
Corvin Castle, Hunedoara (Hungarian: Vajdahunyad, German: Eisenmarkt)
Râșnov Fortress, Râșnov (Hungarian: Barcarozsnyó, German: Rosenau)
Biertan fortified church, Biertan (Hungarian: Berethalom, German: Birthälm)
Bran Castle, Bran (Hungarian: Törcsvár, German: Die Törzburg)
Gate to Alba Carolina Citadel

Festivals and events

Film festivals

Music festivals

Others

Historical coat of arms of Transylvania

Main article:
Coat of arms of Transylvania
Blue, red and yellow shield with an eagle, the sun, moon and seven castle turrets
The historical coat of arms of Transylvania

The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations (Unio Trium Nationum (Union of the Three Nations)) in Transylvania's coat of arms. It depicted a black eagle (Turul) on a blue background, representing the Hungarians, the Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons.[100] The flag and coat of arms of Transylvania were granted by Queen Maria Theresa in 1765, when she established a Grand Principality within the Habsburg monarchy.

In 1596, Levinus Hulsius created a coat of arms for Transylvania, consisting of a shield with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "Chronologia", issued in Nuremberg the same year.[101] The seal from 1597 of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers. The coat of arms of Sigismund Báthory beside the coat of arms of the Báthory family, included the Transylvanian, Wallachia and Moldavian coat of arms, he used the title Prince of Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia. A short-lived heraldic representation of Transylvania is found on the seal of Michael the Brave. Besides the Wallachian eagle and the Moldavian aurochs, Transylvania is represented by two lions holding a sword standing on seven hills. Hungarian Transylvanian princes used the symbols of the Transylvanian coat of arms usually with the Hungarian coat of arms since the 16th century because Transylvanian princes maintained their claims to the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary.

While neither symbol has official status in present-day Romania, the Transylvanian coat of arms is marshalled within the national Coat of arms of Romania, it was also a component of the Coat of arms of Hungary.

  • Coat of arms of Transylvania by Levinus Hulsius (1596)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania by Levinus Hulsius (1596)
  • Coat of arm of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)
    Coat of arm of Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)
  • Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (1599–1600)
    Seal of Michael the Brave during his personal union of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania (1599–1600)
  • Coat of arms of Sophia Báthory, Princess of Transylvania (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)
    Coat of arms of
    Princess of Transylvania
    (1642–1657, 1657–1658, 1659–1660)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hristofor Žefarović (1741)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hristofor Žefarović (1741)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hugo Gerard Ströhl
    Coat of arms of Transylvania by Hugo Gerard Ströhl
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania (1765)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania in an Austrian coat of arms (1850)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in an Austrian coat of arms (1850)
  • kingdom hungary 1867
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1915)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1915–1918)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary (1915–1918)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1921–1947)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania (1921–1947)
  • Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of Romania (2016)
    Coat of arms of Transylvania in the coat of arms of Romania (2016)

In popular culture

Main article: Transylvania in popular culture
Lugosi as Count Dracula

Following the publication of Emily Gerard's The Land Beyond the Forest (1888), Bram Stoker wrote his gothic horror novel Dracula in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. With its success, Transylvania became associated in the English- and Spanish-speaking world with vampires. Since then it has been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a Romani mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique.[citation needed] The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by Miklós Bánffy, The Writing on the Wall, is an extended treatment of the 19th- and early 20th-century social and political history of the country. Among the first actors to portray Dracula in film was Bela Lugosi, who was born in Lugos (now Lugoj), in present-day Romania. There is also an American animated movie franchise called Hotel Transylvania. The Principality of Transylvania is also a playable nation in Europa Universalis IV.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In the Transylvanian Saxon dialect
  2. ^ The sixteen counties that form the historical region of Transylvania.

References

  1. ^ "Constitution of Romania". Cdep.ro. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  3. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după etnie (Recensământ 2021)". www.insse.ro (in Romanian). INSSE. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
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Further reading

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Transylvania.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transylvania.
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