Dunster

Coordinates: 51°10′57″N 3°26′45″W / 51.1825°N 3.4459°W / 51.1825; -3.4459
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For other uses, see Dunster (disambiguation).

Dunster
Avon and Somerset
FireDevon and Somerset
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
WebsiteDunster Village website
List of places
UK
England
Somerset
51°10′57″N 3°26′45″W / 51.1825°N 3.4459°W / 51.1825; -3.4459

Dunster is a village and

civil parish in Somerset, England, within the north-eastern boundary of Exmoor National Park. It lies on the Bristol Channel 2.5 miles (4 km) southeast of Minehead and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Taunton. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 817.[1]

There are

benedictine Dunster Priory was established in about 1100. The Priory Church of St George, dovecote and tithe barn
are all relics from the Priory.

The village became a centre for wool and cloth production and trade, of which the Yarn Market, built by George Luttrell (d.1629), is a relic. There existed formerly a harbour, known as Dunster Haven, at the mouth of the River Avill, but today, the coast having receded, it is now about one-half mile (0.80 km) from the village and no sign of the harbour can be seen on the low lying marshes between the village and the coast. Dunster has a range of heritage sites and cultural attractions which combine with the castle to make it a popular tourist destination with many visitors arriving on the West Somerset Railway, a heritage railway running from Minehead to Bishops Lydeard.

The village lies on the route of the Macmillan Way West, Somerset Way and Celtic Way.[citation needed]

Name

The name Dunster derives from: Dun," A dun is an ancient or medieval fort" and chester, commonly indicates that the place is the site of a Roman castrum.

History

Within two miles (3.2 km) of the village itself are several

hillforts showing evidence of early human occupation. These include Bat's Castle and Black Ball Camp on Gallox Hill,[4][5] Long Wood Enclosure[6][7][8] and a similar earthwork on Grabbist Hill.[9]

Upper sections of castle walls and towers showing above trees.
Dunster Castle

Dunster is mentioned as a parish and

National Trust, which operates it as a tourist attraction. It is a Grade I listed building and scheduled monument
.

Carhampton,[23] but St George's was the seat of the local deanery
, overseeing the area's parish churches.

Gallox Bridge

The manors of Alcombe, Stanton (or Staunton), and Avill were also mentioned as settlements in the 1086 Domesday Book.[24][25]

Dunster had become a centre for woollen and clothing production by the 13th century, with the market dating back to at least 1222, and a particular kind of kersey or broadcloth became known as 'Dunsters'.[26][27] The prosperity of Dunster was based on the wool trade, with profits helping to pay for the construction of the tower of the Priory Church of St George and provide other amenities. The 15th century Gallox Bridge was one of the main routes over the River Avill on the southern outskirts.[28] The market was held in "The Shambles" however these shops were demolished in 1825 and now only the Yarn Market remains.[29]

Dunster Beach, which includes the mouth of the

British anti-invasion preparations, though the north coast of Somerset was an unlikely invasion site.[31] Some of the structures remain to this day. Most notable are the pillboxes on the foreshore of Dunster Beach.[32] These are strong buildings made from pebbles taken from the beach and bonded together with concrete. From these, soldiers could have held their ground if the Germans had ever invaded.[33] The beach site has a number of privately owned beach huts (or chalets as some owners call them) along with a small shop, a tennis court and a putting green. The chalets, measuring 18 by 14 feet (5.5 by 4.3 m), can be let out for holidays; some owners live in them all the year round.[34]

Governance

The Nunnery

The

neighbourhood watch
groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the

Somerset County Council
.

As Dunster falls within the

Exmoor National Park, some functions normally administered by district or county councils have, since 1997, fallen under the Exmoor National Park Authority, which is known as a 'single-purpose' authority, whose purpose is to "conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks" and "promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the Parks by the public",[36] including responsibility for the conservation of the historic environment.[37]

Dunster is the most populous area of the

electoral ward Dunster and Timbercombe. The ward extends North East to the Bristol Channel and South West to Timberscombe. The total population at the 2011 Census was 1,219.[38]

It is also part of the

first past the post system of election. Before Brexit in 2020, it was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament
.

Geography

Dunster Butter Cross

Dunster Castle was positioned on a steep, 200-foot (61 m) high hill. Geologically, the hill is an outcrop of Hangman Grits, a type of red sandstone.[39] During the early medieval period the sea reached the base of the hill, close to the mouth of the River Avill, offering a natural defence and making the village an inland port.[40][41][42]

Nearby is the Dunster Park and Heathlands Site of Special Scientific Interest noted for nationally important lowland dry heath, dry lowland acid grassland, wood-pasture with veteran trees and ancient semi-natural oak woodland habitats. The fauna of the lowland heath includes the heath fritillary (Mellicta athalia), a nationally rare butterfly. The assemblage of beetles associated with the veteran trees is of national significance because of the variety and abundance of species.[43]

Along with the rest of

Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection, caused by the sun heating the land surface more than the sea, sometimes forms rain clouds and at that time of year a large proportion of the rainfall comes from showers and thunderstorms. Annual precipitation is around 800 mm (31 in).[45] Local weather data is collected at Nettlecombe.[46]

Climate data for Nettlecombe 96 m asl, 1971–2000
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.8
(56.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		3.0
(37.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		2.9
(37.2) 		5.8
(42.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 123.6
(4.87) 		87.6
(3.45) 		80.6
(3.17) 		66.3
(2.61) 		62.6
(2.46) 		58.7
(2.31) 		43.4
(1.71) 		66.5
(2.62) 		85.4
(3.36) 		108.6
(4.28) 		106.6
(4.20) 		128.7
(5.07) 		1,018.6
(40.10)
Source:
MetOffice[47]

Economy and demographics

The Exmoor National Park visitor centre

The village provides a variety of shops and amenities for both local residents and visitors. These are largely situated in West Street and the

day-trippers and those staying for longer periods are catered for with shops, pubs, cafes and hotels.[50] 52.6% of people within the parish are employed which is slightly lower than the 61.9% in England and Wales and the 65.2% in Somerset.[1]

At the time of the 2011 census there were 817 people living in the parish. 13.2% were children up the age of 15 years. 52.3% were between 16 and 64 with 34.5 being 65 and older. This is an older population than in the rest of Somerset and England and Wales in general. In line with the rest of Somerset the majority of the population (95%) describes themselves as White British. 69.7% of the population live in property which they own, with 14.3% living in social rented accommodation and 12.9% privately rented. There is a higher proportion of people living alone than in other areas. The housing is fairly evenly divided between detached, semi-detached and terraced house, with 5.7% living in flats.[1]

Culture

Priory Church of St George

Dunster was the birthplace of the song "

Cecil Alexander was staying with Mary Martin, the daughter of one of the owners of Martins Bank. The nearby hill, Grabbist, was originally heather-covered before its reforestation and was described as the "Purple-headed mountain".[51]

On the evening of 1 May each year the Minehead Hobby Horse visits Dunster and is received at the Castle. A local newspaper printed in May 1863 says "The origin professes to be in commemoration of the wreck of a vessel at Minehead in remote times, or the advent of a sort of phantom ship which entered the harbour without Captain or crew. Once the custom was encouraged, but now is much neglected, and perhaps soon will fall into desuetude." Another conjecture about its origin is that the hobby horse was the ancient King of the May. The Hobby Horse tradition begins with the waking of the inhabitants of Minehead by the beating of a loud drum. The hobby horse dances its way about the town and on to Dunster Castle.[52][53]

Annually on the third Friday in August the village hosts the well known Dunster Show where local businesses and producers come together to showcase the very best that Exmoor and West Somerset has to offer. A major part of the show is the showing of livestock especially horses, cattle and sheep. The 2023 show was the 175th show.[54] No shows were held in 2020 or 2021 due to the Coronavirus pandemic.

A more recent tradition (started in 1987) is Dunster by Candlelight which takes place every year on the first Friday and Saturday in December when this remarkably preserved medieval village turns its back on the present and lights its streets with candles. To mark the beginning of the festival on Friday at 5 pm, there is the Lantern Lighting Procession that starts on the Steep and continues through the village until all the lanterns in the streets have been lit. The procession of children and their families is accompanied by colourful stilt walkers in costumes who put up the lanterns.[55]

The old English Christmas tradition of burning the Ashen faggot takes place at the Luttrell Arms hotel every Christmas Eve.[56] The pub was formerly a guest house for the Abbots of Cleeve; its oldest section dates from 1443.[57]

Bells ringing at St George's Church, Dunster.[58]

Religious sites

The Priory Church of St George is predominantly 15th century with evidence of 12th- and 13th century work. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.[59] The church was started by William de Moyon during the 11th century.[60]The tower was built by Jon Marys of Stogursey who received a contract from the parish in 1442. He was paid 13s 4d (approx. 67p) for each foot in height and £1 for the pinnacles. The work was completed in three years.[19] Aisles were added in 1504.[61]

The church was shared for worship between the monks of Dunster Priory and the parishioners, however this led to several conflicts between them. One outcome was the carved rood screen which divided the church in two with the parish using the west chancel and the monks the east.[17] It was restored in 1875–77 by George Edmund Street. The church has a cruciform plan with a central four-stage tower, built in 1443 with diagonal buttresses, a stair turret and single bell-chamber windows.[18]

Landmarks

Conygar Tower

Dunster lies within Exmoor National Park and has many listed buildings, including 200 Grade II, two Grade II* and two Grade I.

The 17th century Yarn Market is a market cross which was probably built in 1609 by the Luttrell family who were the local lords of the manor to maintain the importance of the village as a market, particularly for wool and cloth. The Yarn Market is an octagonal building constructed around a central pier. The tiled roof provides shelter from the rain.[62] The building contains a hole in one of the roof beams, a result of cannon fire in the Civil War. A bell at the top was rung to indicate the start of trading.[63]

Nearby was an older cross known as the Butter Cross which was constructed in the late 14th or early 15th century and once stood in the High Street, possibly at the southern end of the high street,[64] and was moved to its current location on the edge of the village possibly in 1825, however a drawing by J. M. W. Turner made in 1811 suggests it was in its present position by then.[65] The site where the cross now stands was leveled in 1776 by workman, paid by Henry Fownes Luttrell, and it may have been on this occasion that the cross was moved.[66] The cross has an octagonal base and polygonal shaft, however the head of the cross has been lost.[67][68] It stands on a small area of raised ground on a plinth. The socket stone is 0.85 metres (2 ft 9 in) wide and 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) high. The surviving shaft is 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) high and changes from square to octagonal as it rises.[69] There is an inscription on the northern face which says "WC, 1871, WS" recording a restoration.[68] It is in the care of English Heritage for the state and managed by the National Trust.[70][71]

Other notable buildings include the Nunnery, Dunster Watermill, Dovecote and the Priory barn, which belonged to Dunster Priory. Dunster Working Watermill (also known as Castle Mill) is a restored 18th century watermill, situated on the River Avill, close to Gallox Bridge, in the grounds of Dunster Castle. It is a Grade II* listed building.[72] The mill stands on a site where a mill was first recorded in the Domesday Book, but the present building was constructed around 1780. It closed in 1962 but was restored in 1979 and is still used to grind flour. The equipment is powered by two overshot wheels.[73][74] It is owned by the National Trust but operated as a tourist attraction by a private company.[75]

Dunster Dovecote

The Dovecote was probably built in the late 16th century. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building and Scheduled Monument.[76] It is approximately 19 feet (5.8 m) high and 19 feet (5.8 m) in diameter,[77] with walls around 4 feet (1.2 m) thick.[78] In the 18th century the floor level and door were raised among several major alterations. The lower tiers of nest holes were blocked to protect against brown rats which had arrived in the Britain in 1720 and reached Somerset by 1760. A revolving ladder, known as a "potence", was installed to allow the pigeon keeper to search the nest holes more easily. In the 19th century two feeding platforms were added to the axis of the revolving ladder.[79] When the ladder was installed in the 16th century the base rests on a pin driven into a beam on the floor. The head of the pin sits in a metal cup in the base of the wooden pillar, which means the mechanism has never had to be oiled.[80] When the Dunster Castle estate was sold the dovecote was bought by the Parochial church council and opened to the public. Extensive repairs were undertaken in 1989.[81]

Tithe Barn

The Tithe Barn was originally part of a Benedictine Dunster Priory, has been much altered since the 14th century and only a limited amount of the original features survive. In the "Valor Ecclesiasticus" of 1535 the net annual income of the Dunster Tithe Barn is recorded as being £37.4s.8d (£37.23p), with £6.13s.7d ( £6.68p ) being passed on to the priory in Bath.

Heritage Lottery Fund and others to support the work.[83]

The Crown Estate identified cracks in the walls which were repaired in 2000.[86]

Dunster Doll Museum houses a collection of more than 800 dolls from around the world, based on the collection of the late Mollie Hardwick, who died in 1970 and donated her collection to the village memorial hall committee.[87] Established in 1971, the collection includes a display of British and foreign dolls in various costumes.[88] Thirty-two of the dolls were stolen during a burglary in 1992 and have never been recovered.[89]

Transport

An engine on the West Somerset Heritage Railway arrives at Dunster railway station

British Railways in 1948 and from 1964, when goods traffic was withdrawn on 6 July, the line was run down until it was eventually closed on 4 January 1971. The line was reopened as a heritage railway operated by the West Somerset Railway on 28 March 1976. The signal box was moved to Minehead in 1977 but the goods yard is now home to the railway's civil engineering team.[91] It is a Grade II listed building.[92]

Road access is via the

Exeter or Bristol
.

Education

Dunster First School provides primary education for children from 4 to 9 years. In 2015 the school had 143 pupils.[94] The Grade II listed building was originally constructed in the 1870s.[95] It has since been modified and expanded and now includes a heated outdoor swimming pool.[94] Middle education in the area is provided by Danesfield School and Minehead Middle School; while secondary education in the area is provided by West Somerset College in Minehead.[96][97]

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Bibliography

External links

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