Education in the Philippines during American rule
During the United States colonial period of the Philippines (1898–1946), the United States government was in charge of providing education in the Philippines.
Public system of education
Every child from age 7 was required to register in schools located in their own town or province. The students were given free school materials. There were three levels of education during the American period. The "
In some cases those students who excelled academically were sent to the U.S. to continue their studies and to become experts in their desired fields or professions. They were called "scholars" and "pensionados" because the government covered all their expenses.
Many elementary and secondary schools from the Spanish era were recycled and new ones were opened in cities and provinces, among which there were normal,
Schools were also built in remote areas like
Thomasites
In response to the teacher shortage resulting from the creation of a centralized public education system volunteer American soldiers became the first teachers of the Filipinos. Part of their mission was to build classrooms in every place where they were assigned. In response to the teacher shortage, the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction 1,000 teachers from the United States. They began to arrive in August 1901 aboard U.S. Army Transport (ASAT) ships named Sheridan and Thomas and came to be called Thomasites.[7]
The original batch of Thomasites was composed by 365 males and 165 females, who sailed from United States on July 23, 1901. The
Pensionado Act
The word pensionado originated with the Spanish language. It means to receive pension from the government. As the Pensionado Act started in 1903, the purpose was to "Educate and bind current and future Filipino leaders to the American colonial administration."
The United States government agreed to having Filipinos in the United States to acquire knowledge on Western culture and civilization. This program encouraged Filipinos to obtain education in the United States and return to the Philippines. The first year of the program there were about 20,000 applicants with only one hundred of Filipinos men ultimately selected to study abroad in the United States. About forty boys and eight girls were chosen each year in 1904 and 1905.[10] Students were spread across the United States to participate in higher education. ... The program, which ended in 1943 and sought to train future Philippine leaders in preparation for post-
Criticisms
Monroe Commission on Philippine Education
The Monroe Commission on Philippine Education was created in 1925 with the aim of reporting on the effectiveness of the education in the Philippines during the period of
The Commission declared that although Filipino students were on the same level as their American counterparts in subjects like Math or Science, they lagged far behind in English-language related subjects.
The report also informed that teacher training was inadequate and that 82 per cent of the pupils did not go beyond grade 4. Many of the problems identified were attributed to the attempt to impose an English-based education system in just one generation, concluding that "Upon leaving school, more than 99% of Filipinos will not speak English in their homes. Possibly, only 10% to 15% of the next generation will be able to use this language in their occupations. In fact, it will only be the government employees, and the professionals, who might make use of English."[13]
Other recommendations of the Commission asking for a "curtailment of the type of industrial work found on schools" and the elimination of the General Sales Department that had been set up to distribute the sale of items made in schools, pushed the implementation of several changes in the educational system to try to prioritize on the instruction of the pupils to be taught over the teaching of "industrial" education that until then had been focusing on the production of handicrafts such as basketry for boys and embroidery for girls, farming techniques, and other skills deemed favorable for the future of the pupils.[14]
See also
- Education in the Philippines
- Education in the Philippines during Spanish rule
- Department of Education (Philippines)
- Cebu Normal University
- History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
References
- ^ "NHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002" Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 0-345-32816-7
- ^ Suri 2011, p. 108
- ^ Suri 2011, pp. 82–121
- ^ "AN ACT ESTABLISHING A DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND APPROPRIATING FORTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL AND A TRADE SCHOOL IN MANILA, AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF AN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL IN THE ISLAND OF NEGROS FOR THE YEAR NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ONE". Philippine Commissiondate=January 20, 1901 – via Philippine Supreme Court E-library.
- ^ "Pensionados". Filipino American Heritage Website. Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-61735-846-3.
- ^ "The Thomasites:An Army Like No Other", News.Ops.gov.ph October 12, 2003 Archived May 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-313-38459-2.
- ^ Orosa, Mario. "The Philippine Pensionado Story." Journal (2007).
- ISBN 978-1-4833-6560-2.
- ^ Counts, George (October 1925). "Education in the Philippines". The Elementary School Journal (The University of Chicago Press): 26.
- ^ Monroe, Paul. A Survey of the Educational System of the Philippine Islands. Manila: Bureau of Printing. pp. 24–25.
- ISBN 978-0-299-23104-0.
- Suri, Jeremi (27 September 2011). "Reconstruction After Empire". Liberty's Surest Guardian: American Nation-Building from the Founders to Obama. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-4170-0.
Further reading
- Francisco Benitez (1906). "American Education in the Philippines". The Filipino. Filipino Company. pp. 24–26.
- United States. Office of Education (1901). Report of the Commissioner of Education. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1599.
- The Filipino Teacher. Philippine Teachers' Association. 1907.
- Acierto, Maria Guillen (1980). "American Influence in Shaping Philippine Secondary Education: An Historical Perspective, 1898-1978 An Historical Perspective, 1898-1978". Loyola University Chicago.