Egyptian Public Works
The Egyptian Department of
- The Classic Period (1818–1882).
- The Occupation Period (1882–1952).
- The Modern Period (1952 to present).
The Classic Period (1818–1882)
This period was characterized by the strong influence of French engineers and/or French educated Egyptian engineers. Numerous public works projects were constructed in both Upper and Lower Egypt during this period, but the most notable of these were the construction of the three major irrigation canals (Mahmoudiyah, Ismailia, and Ibrahimiya) and the Delta Barrages.
Early Beginnings under Muhammad Ali
After his rise to power in 1805,
The Mahmoudiyah Canal
Around 1818, Muhammad Ali conceived the idea of digging a canal that would allow the barges bringing cargoes from Upper, Middle and Lower Egypt to reach Alexandria without passing Rosetta and the mouth of the river, a point where many ships sank due to the turbulence of the waters. He chose a Turkish engineer, Shakir Effendi, to be in charge of the design and execution of the work. The canal would begin in the village of Atfa, below Fuwwa; would be a little over 80-kilometer (50 mi) long. Shakir Effendi seems to have bungled his assignment, and was replaced by the French engineer Pascal Coste (1787–1879) who completed the canal in a record time of few months in 1820. This canal, which linked the Nile with the city's western harbor, gave Alexandria access to the Egyptian heartland and put Egypt face to face with the sea. It also provided Alexandria with Nile's fresh water for the first time in history.[1]
It should be mentioned here however that the entire canal was constructed using the hated
The Delta Barrages
With the great expansion of commercial cotton and sugarcane cultivation, river banks were initially raised and strengthened to protect summer crops from flood water. In the Nile Delta old canals were deepened and small weirs built across them to raise the water level. But this was an enormous undertaking, and since the canals were badly laid out and graded they became full of mud during flood season and required to be continually re-excavated. Muhammad Ali Pasha was then advised to raise the water surface by erecting a dam (or, as the French called it, a barrage) across the apex of the Nile Delta, twelve miles (19 km) north of Cairo.
In 1843 the foundations were laid for the two great barrages across the
By the time the barrages were finally completed in 1862, during the early reign of Viceroy
Following the British occupation, engineers decided if any good could be done, they must either repair the old barrage, or build a new one; it was absolutely necessary to get control of the Nile water and thus improve irrigation and exports. They resolved to see what the cracked dam was worth, quite literally. In 1884, with initial safety testing, immediate repairs, and controlled filling, the existing structure held a pool about seven feet above the natural level. The cost to this work, totaled £26,000; the increased water provided to canals produced 30,000 tons more cotton than the previous year, which was worth over £1 million. This was so encouraging that, the following year, Lord Cromer, despite the state of finances, provided £1 million to improve Egypt's irrigation works.[5] Between 1885 and 1890, Sir Colin Scott-Moncrieff successfully completed repairs of the barrages at a cost of $2.5 million; it provided a maintainable and desired depth of eight feet of water on downstream parts of the Nile.[6] Maintenance and continuing repair of the Delta Barrages for irrigation purposes would continue into the mid-1930s.[3]
Establishment of the Department
Up until construction of the
Under Abbas Hilmi I
Under Sa'id Pasha
Under
The Suez Canal
In 1854 the first act of concession of land for the
The Ismailia Canal
The first major project the department under Linant (now under his new title as director general) constructed was the Ismailia canal. It was constructed between 1861 and 1863, in virtue of agreements between the Egyptian Government and the Suez Canal Company, for the purpose of creating a navigable waterway between the Nile and the planned Suez maritime canal; to furnish water for irrigating some lands conceded to the company, and finally to provide for the needs of the maritime canal and the towns and stations established along its course a daily supply of 70,000 cubic meters of fresh water. It was designed by Linant who also managed its construction.
The Ismailia canal has its inlet at
The line of the Ismailia canal conforms at many points to the direction followed by the ancient canal, which, according to historians, put the Nile in communication with Lake Timsah, or with the Red Sea itself, and of which traces have been found on the surface. The length of the canal between the Nile and Lake Timseh is 136 kilometers, and the length of the Suez branch is 89 kilometers.[8]
Under Ismail Pasha
During the reign of
The Ibrahimiya Canal
The Ibrahimiya Canal was the most important public work executed under the newly established Ministry of Public Works. It was built during the reign of
Troubled years
Between 1849 and 1879, was the time of the great expansion and development of a centralized Egyptian bureaucracy, and important structural changes occurred in the Egyptian system of government. A trend of discontinuity of entities within the Egyptian government became apparent during these years. Departments of the government (Public Works included) were continuously being combined and recombined, abolished and reformed, or otherwise modified. From 1864 to 1866 that time, the Department of Public Works assumed jurisdiction over railways and was also given supervision of the Delta Barrages. In 1866, railways administration was separated from the Department of Public works which was reduced into an office (qalam) within the Department of Interior. Public Works was subsequently reconstituted as a department and with combined with Education into a single administration under
Following the Egyptian military's
The British Occupation Period (1882–1922)
After the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, British engineers took control of the department. They concentrated on building coffer dams, and facilitating the growing barrage trade. The impact of hydraulic developments was a dramatic increase in the output of Egyptian agriculture.[12] Some of the greatest civil engineers of the 19th century worked in the department in this era, including Sir
The Modern Period (1922 to present)
Egyptian engineers operated the Department after Egypt was liberated from the British rule. The biggest and most complicated of all public works in Egyptian history (Aswan High Dam) was constructed during this period. This period experienced influence of Soviet engineers in the 1950s and the 1960s. This was replaced by some influence of American engineers in the 1980s and the 1990s.
Currently, all the public works in Egypt are controlled by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. The goal of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation is to implement feasible projects that will increase agricultural productivity. The lrrigation Improvement Project was designed to do that through improving the conveyance efficiency on both the main system, the mesqa system and on-farm level.[14]
References
- ^ Al-Ahram Weekly, Issue No.536, 31 May – 6 June 2001
- ^ a b Sir Hanbury Brown, Irrigation; its principles and practice as a branch of engineering, p.26, Third Edition, London, 1920
- ^ a b c Raye R. Platt, Mohammed Bahy Hefny, Egypt: A Compendium Archived 11 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine[ISBN missing], p. 198—204, American Geographical Society, 1958.
- ^ Lockyer, Norman. Nature, London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1905
- ^ Hollings, Mary Albright, The life of Sir Colin C. Scott-Moncrieff, (1917)
- ^ S. Rappoport, History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12), Grollier Society c. 1910
- ^ Knowles, James, The Nineteenth Century, London, 1885
- ^ J. Barois, Irrigation in Egypt, Paris, 1887
- ^ Willcocks, William, Sir. Egyptian Irrigation, Third Edition, London: E & F. N. Spon. Ltd., 1913
- ^ Robert Hunter, Egypt Under the Khedives (1805–1879), The American University in Cairo, 1999
- ^ A.M. Broadly, How we Defended Arabi and his Friends, (Chapman & Hall, 1884), p.318.
- ^ Peter Mansfield, "The Water Engineers in Egypt." History Today 21.5 (1971): 359-366.
- ^ Samir Raafat, The Delta Barrage, Cairo Times, 21 August 1997
- ^ Mohammed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IN IRRIGATION PROJECTS UTILIZING VALUE ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES, port Said, Egypt: Suez Canal University (Port Said University), 2004, retrieved 24 January 2012
Further reading
- Mansfield, Peter. "The Water Engineers in Egypt." History Today 21.5 (1971): 359–366, online.