Suez
Suez
السويس | |
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UTC+3 (EGY) | |
Website | Suez.gov.eg |
Suez (
29°58′N 32°33′E / 29.967°N 32.550°ERailway lines and highways connect the city with Cairo, Port Said, and Ismailia. Suez has a petrochemical plant, and its oil refineries have pipelines carrying the finished product to Cairo. These are represented in the flag of the governorate: the blue background refers to the sea, the gear refers to Suez's status as an industrial governorate, and the flame refers to the petroleum firms of Suez.
The modern city of Suez is a successor of the ancient city of
Etymology
The city's name is derived from a
History
Achaemenid era
Text of the Suez Inscriptions
Partial transliteration and translation of the inscription:
Transliteration of the Old Persian text: xâmanišiya \ thâtiy \ Dârayavauš \ XŠ \ adam \ Pârsa \ amiy \ hacâ \ Pâ rsâ \ Mudrâyam \ agarbâyam \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ imâm \ yauviyâ m \ katanaiy \ hacâ \ Pirâva \ nâma \ rauta \ tya \ Mudrâyaiy \ danuvatiy \ ab iy \ draya \ tya \ hacâ \ Pârsâ \ aitiy \ pasâva \ iyam \ yauviyâ \ akaniya \ avathâ \ yathâ \ adam \ niyaštâyam \ utâ \ nâva \ âyatâ \ hacâ \ Mudrâ yâ \ tara \ imâm \ yauviyâm \ abiy \ Pârsam \ avathâ \ yathâ \ mâm \ kâma\ âha
English translation: "King Darius says: I am a Persian; setting out from Persia I conquered Egypt. I ordered to dig this canal from the river that is called Nile and flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. Therefore, when this canal had been dug as I had ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, as I had intended."
Early Islamic era
In the 7th century AD a town named "
The
Ottoman and Egyptian rule
To prevent
Portuguese attacks
In trying to limit the Ottoman fleet to the Red Sea, after the Battle of Diu in 1538, a Portuguese Armada was sent in 1541 to seek out and destroy the Ottoman fleet.
After the conquest of El Tor on the Egyptian coast, the commander Estevão da Gama gave the order to attack Suez, but failed to burn the Ottoman fleet as the Ottomans had received intelligence about the incoming raid beforehand. Instead, the Portuguese fleet spent the next 7 months in the Red Sea sailing from port to port and waiting in Massawa for the monsoon to India.
German explorer Carsten Niebuhr noted that in the 18th century a 20-vessel fleet sailed annually from Suez to Jeddah—which served both as Mecca's port and Egypt's gateway for trade with India. However, by 1798, during the Napoleonic invasion, Suez had once again devolved into an unimportant town. Fighting between the French and the British in 1800 left most of the town in ruins.[7] Its importance as a port increased after the Suez Canal opened in 1869[14]
Modern era
The city was virtually destroyed during battles in the late 1960s and early 1970s between Egyptian and Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula. The town was deserted following the Six-Day War in 1967. Avraham Adan tried to capture the city but it failed, it cost the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) 80 troops killed, 120 wounded and 40 tanks destroyed. Reconstruction of Suez began soon after Egypt reopened the Suez Canal, following the Yom Kippur War with Israel.
Suez was the first city to hold major protests against the government of
In 2021, the container ship Ever Given became stuck across the Suez canal near Suez. This came to be known as the 2021 Suez Canal obstruction.
City districts
The city is divided into five main districts:
El Arbaeen District
The most populous district of the city, it has most of the government buildings and public institutions. It also has the city's main fruit and vegetable markets in addition to other markets and stores selling various commodities.
Suez District
Suez district is considered the most affluent area in the city. The real estate there is significantly more expensive than any other district in the city. Its buildings have more modern architectural style than those in the El Arbaeen District. It includes the affluent neighbourhood of Port Tawfik, which directly overlooks the Suez Canal. Port Tawfik includes some old-style houses that date back to the era of English occupation. The district also includes two of Egypt's most important oil refineries; El-Nasr Petroleum Company and Suez Petroleum Company. Also, Suez Port, one of Egypt's main ports, lies within the perimeter of Suez District.
El Ganayen District
This district stretches all the way to the border with Ismailia Governorate and contains the entire Asian territory of the city. It has all the rural areas of the city and can be thought of as the city's "countryside".
Faisal District
It includes the newer neighbourhoods of the city. Most of the areas at Faisal District were established after the 1973 Yom Kippur war, which had destroyed vast areas of the city. Examples of neighborhoods in Faisal District include Al-Sabbah, Al-Amal and Al-Mushi, to name a few.
Ataqah District
It is characterised by the existence of many industrial areas. There are plants and factories specialising in fertilisers, cement, steel, cooking oil, flour products, oil rigs, ceramic tiles, sugar, and many other products. There is also the Attaka Power Plant.
The district also includes Ain Sokhna, one of Egypt's most important sea resorts, overlooking the Gulf of Suez. Ain Sokhna has numerous high-class sea resorts and is frequented by many tourists, Egyptians and foreigners, all over the year due to its warm weather. The district is also home to the Ain Sokhna Sea Port, one of Egypt's main sea ports operated by the Dubai-based DP World Company and the Al-Ataka Fishing Port, which is the city's main fish production port.
Suez Canal
In ancient times, there was a canal from the Nile delta to the Gulf of Suez, when the gulf extended further north than it does today.[17] This canal fell into disuse, and the present canal was built in the nineteenth century.
The Suez Canal offers a significantly shorter passage for ships, as compared to passing round the
In July 1956, just a few days after the fourth anniversary of the
On March 23, 2021, a container ship called the Ever Given ran aground in the canal and blocked it.[18]
Today, the Canal is a vital link in world trade, and contributes significantly to the Egyptian economy; in 2009 the income generated from the canal accounted for 3.7% of Egypt's GDP.[19]
Geography
The Isthmus of Suez is considered the boundary between Africa and Asia.[20]
Climate
The hottest recorded temperature was 49 °C (120 °F) on June 14, 1965 while the coldest recorded temperature was 1 °C (34 °F) on February 23, 2004.[21]
Climate data for Suez (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.4 (84.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
36.9 (98.4) |
42.8 (109.0) |
43.5 (110.3) |
46.1 (115.0) |
44.1 (111.4) |
45.8 (114.4) |
41.2 (106.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
28.4 (83.1) |
46.1 (115.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.1 (95.2) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.2 (91.8) |
30.1 (86.2) |
25.4 (77.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.7 (78.3) |
28.1 (82.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.3 (84.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.8 (53.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
17 (0.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
58 | 56 | 53 | 45 | 44 | 47 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 57 | 58 | 60 | 53 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Source: NOAA[22] |
Twin towns and sister cities
Suez is twinned with:
- Djibouti City, Djibouti
- Skopje, North Macedonia[23]
Notable people
- Ismail Yassine (1912-1972), singer, comedian and actor[24]
- Ebrahim Nafae (1934–2018), journalist and a former editor-in-chief of Al-Ahram Newspaper.
- Abdel Latif Moubarak (born 1964), poet
See also
References
William Matthew Flinders Petrie, A History of Egypt. Volume 3: From the XIXth to the XXXth Dynasties, Adamant Media Corporation,
- ^ a b c "Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "GDP BY GOVERNORATE", mped.gov.eg
- ^ Peust, Carsten (2010). Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypte. Göttingen. p. 75.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - S2CID 163029985.
- ^ Stefan, Timm (1988). Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit. p. 2425.
- ^ Freytag, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1830). Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus, adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum. Accedit Index vocum latinarum locupletissimus. Robarts - University of Toronto. Halis Saxonum C.A. Schwetschke.
- ^ a b c d Chisholm, p.22.
- ^ Houtsma, p.498.
- ^ a b c Houtsma, p.1115.
- al-Muqaddasi.
- ^ Houtsma, 1993, p.341.
- ^ Brummett, p.85 and p.115.
- ISBN 9788120605008.
- ^ "Opening of the Suez Canal".
- ^ Suez: Cradle of Revolt Archived 2012-03-09 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English. 2012-01-17. Retrieved on 2012-03-10.
- ^ Could Suez be Egypt's Sidi Bouzid? Archived 2014-11-26 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 2011-01-27. Retrieved on 2012-03-10.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25.
- ^ A huge ship is blocking a vital trade artery. It could get costly Julia Horowitz, CNN Business; updated 25 March 2021 www.cnn.com, accessed 1 April 2021
- ^ The Economist, July 17–23, 2010, A Favored Spot: Egypt is making the most of its natural advantages.
- ^ Hughes, William; Williams, J.F. (1908). The advanced class-book of modern geography. p. 332. Archived from the original on 2018-05-01. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
- ^ "Ismailia (Port Taufiq), Egypt". Voodoo Skies. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "El Suez Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
- ^ "Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities". Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
- ^ Ismail Yasin Archived 2016-04-20 at the Wayback Machine at ElCinema.com (Arabic)
Bibliography
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 22. .
- Forgotten Books, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries, Forgotten Books, ISBN 1440060096
- Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor; Wensinck, A.J. (1993), E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, BRILL, ISBN 9004097961
External links
- Suez Online Archived 2019-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Suez Canal photos
Media related to Suez at Wikimedia Commons