Emperor of the Serbs

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Emperor of the Serbs
Imperial
Divellion (Emperor's personal banner)
Coronation of Emperor Dušan, in The Slavonic Epic (1926)
Details
First monarchStefan Dušan
Last monarchStefan Uroš V
Formation16 April 1346
Abolition2/4 December 1371
AppointerHereditary

Between 1345 and 1371, the Serbian

Romans"][c] in Greek. This title was soon enlarged into "Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians and Albanians".[1][2][3]
The Serbian Empire was ruled by only two monarchs; Stefan Dušan (r. 1346–1355) and Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371). Two other claimants of the title ruled in Thessaly, Central Greece.

Establishment and titles

Main article: Serbian Empire

Taking advantage of the

Thessalonica.[4] This growth in power made Serbia the de facto dominant state in the Balkans, and fuelled Dušan's imperial ambitions: already in early 1343, the Serbian ruler elevated his titles to "tsar and autokrator of all the Serbian and Maritime Lands and čestnik of the Greek [Byzantine] Lands".[5]

Following his conquest of Serres, which crowned his conquest of Macedonia, in November or December 1345 Stefan Dušan proclaimed himself emperor (

Bulgarian Patriarch and the Archbishop of Ohrid.[7] His imperial title was recognised by Bulgaria and various other neighbors and trading partners, but not by the Byzantine Empire. According to imperial tradition, only one emperor could exist, the emperor of Roman Empire. Others may be only Caesars (the second in rank). Mount Athos addressed him as Emperor, though rather as Emperor of Serbs than Emperor of Serbs and Greeks.[8] In Serbian charters, ethnic terms are used – "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks" (Serbian: цар Срба и Грка / car Srba i Grka).[9]

In Greek, the title was "basileus and autokrator of Serbia and of Romania" (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας). The use of "Romania" (i.e. the 'land of the

Serbian Church, or why his official biography, alone among the medieval Serbian rulers, was never completed.[10]

On his early Western-style coinage, issued between his proclamation as emperor and his coronation, Dušan continued to use the abbreviated Latin title Rex Rasciae ("King of Rascia"), and simply added the title I[m]p[erator] Roma[niae] ("Emperor of the Roman lands"), but also I[m]p[erator] Ro[ma]io[ru]m ("Emperor of the Romans"). After his coronation, the title of king was dropped.[11]

Monarchs

When Stefan Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V succeeded him. Uroš V's uncle Simeon Uroš in Thessaly claimed the title in rivalry, continued by his son John Uroš. With the extinction of the main line of the Nemanjić dynasty with the death of heirless Stefan Uroš V in 1371, the imperial title became obsolete. The fall of the Serbian Empire saw the state fragmenting into provinces ruled by magnates, holding various titles, except the imperial. In 1527, a renegade Serbian commander in Hungary, Jovan Nenad, styled himself Emperor.

Monarch Reign Comments

Stefan Dušan 		16 April 1346 – 20 December 1355

Stefan Uroš V 		20 December 1355–2/4 December 1371

Simeon Uroš 		1359–1370 Rival Emperor in Epirus, and later Thessaly.

John Uroš 		1370–1373 Rival Emperor in Thessaly.

Titles

Stefan Dušan
  • "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks"
    • (царь Срьблѥмь и Гркωмь), in 1349.[12]
    • (царь Срьблемь и Грькωмь), in 1349 (Skopje),[13] and in September 1349.[14]
    • (царь Сербомь и Геркомь), in 1351.[15]
    • (царь Срьблѥмь и Грькωмь), on 20 December 1356, obituary.[16]
  • "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks and the Western Provinces" (царь Срблемь и Гркωмь и Западнимь Странамь), in 1349.[12]
  • "Emperor of Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians". („Царь Србљем, Грком и Блгаром".)[17]
  • "Emperor of Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians". („Царь Србљем, Грком, Блгаром и Арбанасом".)[18]
  • "Emperor of the Serbs", by the Athonite community.[8]
  • "Emperor and Autocrat of Serbia and Romania" (
    Iveron Monastery.[19]
  • "Emperor of all Serb and Greek lands, the Maritime Region, Arbania and the Western Provinces (цар свију српских и грчких земаља, Поморја, Арбаније и Западних Страна).
  • "Emperor of Greece and King of All Serb Lands and the Maritime" (царь грьчкїи и краль все срьбскїе земли и поморскїе), between 1347 and 1356.[20]
  • "Emperor of Serbia and the Maritime Region" (царь србкχ и пморски), between 1347 and 1356.[21]
  • "Emperor of
    Latin: imperator Raxie et Romanie, dispotus Lartae et Blachie comes) in 1348, after the Serb conquest of Epirus ("Arta") and Thessaly ("Vlachia").[22]
Stefan Uroš V

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Serbian: цар Срба и Грка, romanized: car Srba i Grka
  2. ^ Serbian: цар Срба и Грка и Бугара, romanized: car Srba i Grka i Bugara
  3. ^ Greek: βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας, romanized: vasilèfs kaì aftokrátor Servías kaì Romanías

References

  1. ^ Hupchick 1995, p. 141
  2. ^ Darby & Clissold 1968, p. 98
  3. ^ White 2000, p. 246
  4. ^ Soulis 1984, pp. 10–26.
  5. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 19.
  6. ^ Soulis 1984, pp. 26, 29.
  7. ^ Fine 1994, p. 309.
  8. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 324.
  9. ^ Franjo Barišić (1986). Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije. Naučna knjiga.
  10. ^ Maksimovic 2011, pp. 333–336.
  11. ^ Soulis 1984, p. 30.
  12. ^ a b Miklosich 1858, p. 142.
  13. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 142–145.
  14. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 146–148.
  15. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 149–152.
  16. ^ Miklosich 1858, p. 155.
  17. ^ Car, Book 3 of Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige, Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige. Vladan Đorđević Edition reprint, Publisher K. Stilos, p. 122.
  18. ^ Car, Book 3 of Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige, Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige. Vladan Đorđević, Edition reprint, Publisher K. Stilos, p. 135.
  19. ISBN 978-88-6655-632-9
    . In una crisobolla dello stesso mese Stefano concedeva privilegi al monastero di Iveron sul monte Athos in qualità di βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας («imperatore e autocratore di Serbia e Romanía»)
  20. ^ Miklosich 1858, p. 154.
  21. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 154–155.
  22. ^ Soulis 1963, pp. 272–273.
  23. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 158–159.
  24. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 165–167.
  25. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 155–156.
  26. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 168–169.
  27. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 160–163, 164–165.
  28. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 169–171.
  29. ^ Miklosich 1858, pp. 172–173.
  30. ^ Miklosich 1858, p. 174.

Sources

Further reading

  • Ćirković, Sima (1999). Ćirković S.; Mihaljčić R. (eds.). "Car". Leksikon Srpskog Srednjeg Veka. Belgrade: 789–792.
  • ISBN 9781405142915
    .
  • Dinić, Mihailo (1958). "Srpska vladarska titula za vreme Carstva". Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta (5): 9–17.
  • Dinić, Mihailo (1951). "Dušanova carska titula u očima savremenika". Zbornik u čast šeste stogodišnjice Zakonika cara Dušana. Belgrade: SAN: 87–118.
  • Maksimović, Ljubomir (1970). "Грци и Романија у српској владарској титули". ЗРВИ. 12.
  • Maksimović, Ljubomir (1998). "Српска царска титула". Глас САНУ. 384.
  • ISBN 9788637906377
    .
  • Novaković, Stojan (1912). Законски споменици Српских држава средњега века. Državna štamparija Kraljevine Srbije.
  • Ostrogorsky, George (1935). "Avtokrator i Samodržac: prilog za istoriju vladalačke titulature u Vizantiji i u južnih Slovena". Glas Srpske Kraljevske Akademije (CLXIV). Srpska kraljevska akademija: 95–187.
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