Five Races Under One Union
Five Races Under One Union | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin wǔzú gònghé | | |
Wade–Giles | wǔ-tsú kùng-hé | |
Yale Romanization | wǔdzú gùnghé | |
IPA | [ùtsǔ kʊ̂ŋxɤ̌] | |
Yue: Cantonese | ||
Yale Romanization | ngh juhk guhng wòh | |
Jyutping | ng5 zuk6 gung6 wo4 | |
IPA | [ŋ̬̍ tsʊ̀k kʊ̀ŋ wɔ̏ː] | |
Southern Min | ||
Hokkien POJ | gō͘ cho̍k kiōng-hô |
Five Races Under One Union was one of the major principles upon which the Republic of China was founded following the 1911 Revolution.[1][2][3][4] Its central tenet was the harmonious existence under one nation of what were considered the five major ethnic groups in China: the Han, the Manchu, the Mongols, the Hui (Muslims), and the Tibetans.[5]
"Five-Colored Flag" (五色旗; Wǔsèqí) | |
Use | Civil and state flag |
---|---|
Proportion | 5:8 |
Adopted | 10 January 1912 |
Design | Five horizontal bands of red, yellow, blue, white and black. |
Description
This principle emphasized harmony between what were considered the five major
The term "Hui" (回) presently refers specifically to the Hui people. Previously, it was used to refer to Muslims as a whole,[7] or to the Uyghurs of Western China. The term "Muslim Territory" (回疆; Huíjiāng) was an older name for Xinjiang during the Qing dynasty.[8] The meaning of the term "Hui" gradually shifted to its current sense during the first half of the 20th century.
Color scheme |
Red | Yellow | Blue | White | Black |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pantone | 2347 C | 7548 C | 307 C | White Color | Black Color |
CMYK |
0-88-92-13 | 0-22-100-0 | 99-37-0-38 | 0-0-0-0 | 0-0-0-100 |
HEX | #DF1B12 | #FFC600 | #02639D | #FFFFFF | #000000 |
RGB | 223-27-18 | 255-198-0 | 2-99-157 | 255-255-255 | 0-0-0 |
Chinese ethnic group represented | Han | Manchus | Mongols | Muslims | Tibetans |
History
Records from the Sui dynasty show a system of military banners using the five colors to represent the Five Elements: red for fire, yellow for earth, blue for wood, white for metal, and black for water. The Tang dynasty inherited this system, and has arranged the colors in a united flag according to the above order of the elements, for military use. During the
After the
Despite the uprisings targeting a Manchu-dominated regime, Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated racial integration, which was symbolized by the five-color flag.[9] They promoted a view of the non-Han ethnicities as also being Chinese, despite them being a relatively small percentage of the population.[10]
The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the Northern Expedition ended in 1928.
A variation of this flag was adopted by
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the flag was used by several Japanese puppet governments, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in the northern part of the country and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in central China.
Gallery
China
-
National flag, 1912–1928 (used again by the Provisional Government 1937–1940)
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National flag of the Reformed Government 1938–1940
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Beiyang Army insignia, 1912–1928
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National flag of the Empire of China, 1915–1916
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Air force roundel, 1920–1921
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Commander-in-chief flag of the Republic of China (Beiyang Government), 1927–1928
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Reformed Government Army insignia, 1938–1940
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One of the proposed national flags of the People's Republic of China, August 1949
Manchukuo
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Manchuria Aviation Company roundel, 1931–1945
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National flag of Manchukuo, 1932–1945
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War ensign of Manchukuo, 1932–1945
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Manchukuo Army insignia, 1932–1945
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Manchukuo Air Force roundel, 1937–1945
Inner Mongolia ("four races")
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Mongol Military Government banner, 1936–1937
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Mongol Military Government banner, 1937–1939
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South Chahar Autonomous Government banner, 1937–1939
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North Shanxi Autonomous Government banner, 1937–1939
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Flag of Mengjiang, 1939–1945
See also
References
- ISBN 1-56324-193-5. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ISBN 9780133029765. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Making of America Project (1949). Harper's magazine, Volume 198. Harper's Magazine Co. p. 104. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- S2CID 164753522– via CambridgeCore.
- ^ ISBN 0-8047-3337-6.
- ^ "China's Islamic Heritage". 5 March 2006.
The Nationalist government had recognised all Muslims as one of "the five peoples"—alongside the Manchus, Mongols, Tibetans and Han Chinese—that constituted the Republic of China
- ISBN 0-8047-5001-7. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-415-58264-3. pg 7.
- ISBN 978-1-4039-8394-7. pg 31.