Yunnan
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Yunnan
云南 | ||
---|---|---|
Name transcription(s) | ||
• Chinese | 云南省 (Yúnnán Shěng) | |
• Nuosu | ꒊꆈ or ꒊꆈꌜ (Yypnuo or Yypnuose) | |
• Standard Zhuang | Yinznanz | |
• Abbreviation | YN / 滇 (Diān) or 云 (Yún) | |
Kingdom of Nanzhao 738 | | |
Dachanghe | 902 | |
Conquered by the Ming Empire | 1381–1382 | |
Yunnan clique | 1915–1945 | |
Takeover by the People's Liberation Army | 1951 | |
Capital (and largest city) | Kunming | |
Divisions | 16 prefectures, 129 counties, 1565 townships | |
Government | ||
• Type | Province | |
• Body | Yunnan Provincial People's Congress | |
• CCP Secretary | Wang Ning | |
• Congress chairman | Wang Ning | |
• Governor | Wang Yubo | |
• CPPCC chairman | Liu Xiaokai | |
Area | ||
• Total | 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) | |
• Rank | 8th | |
Highest elevation | 6,740 m (22,110 ft) | |
Population (2020)[2] | ||
• Total | 47,209,277 | |
• Rank | 12th | |
• Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) | |
• Rank | 24th | |
Demographics | ||
• Ethnic composition | ||
• Languages and dialects |
| |
• Per capita | CN¥ 57,882 US$ 8,970 | |
ISO 3166 code | CN-YN | |
HDI (2019) | 0.691[4] medium · 27th | |
Website | www |
Yunnan | ||
---|---|---|
Tibetan ཡུན་ནན་ | yun nan | |
Northern Thai name | ||
Northern Thai | ᩅᩥᩮᨴᩉᩁᩣ᩠ᨩ Witheharat | |
Yunnan[a] is an inland province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi and Tibet, as well as Southeast Asian countries Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.[7]
Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the Northwest and low elevations in the Southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.[8] Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel. Historically, the southwestern Silk Road to Bhitargarh in Bangladesh passed through modern Yunnan.
Parts of Yunnan formed the Dian Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Han dynasty conquered the Dian Kingdom in the late 2nd century BC, establishing the Yizhou Commandery in its place. During the chaos of the Three Kingdoms period, imperial Chinese authority in Yunnan got weakened, and much of the region came under the control of the Cuanman. The area was later ruled by the Sino-Tibetan-speaking kingdom of Nanzhao from (738–937), followed by the Bai-ruled Dali Kingdom (937–1253). After the Mongol conquest of the region in the 13th century, Yunnan was conquered and ruled by the Ming dynasty.
From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China.[9] As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population.[10] Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, and Miao.[11] Yunnan has also been identified as "the birthplace of tea ... the first area where humans figured out that eating tea leaves or brewing a cup could be pleasant",[12] and as the region of origin of the plant genus Cannabis.[13]
Etymology
The name "Yunnan" first referred to a place when the Han dynasty created Yunnan County near modern Xiangyun.[14] During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong gave Piluoge, the chief of Nanzhao, the title of "King of Yunnan",[15] because Nanzhao originated from Yunnan county.[16] Gradually the king of Yunnan controlled more and more territory, and "Yunnan" became the common name of this area.[17] Therefore, the Yuan dynasty created the Yunnan Province after it occupied the Dali Kingdom.[15]
Han dynasty literature did not record the etymology of "Yunnan", and there are many theories about its origin. One common theory states that the name means "south of colorful clouds" (彩云之南; cǎiyún zhī nán). Some annals in the Ming dynasty, for example Dian Lüe (滇略) and Yunnan General Annals (云南通志), support this.[16] However, modern historian Tan Qixiang states that this theory is a superficial explanation of the literal meaning.[17] Another common theory is that the name means "south of Yun Range" (云岭之南) However, this has been disproven because the name "Yunling Mountains" first appeared in Tang dynasty (618–907) literature, but the name "Yunnan" first appeared during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).[16] Modern research gives more conjectures. You Zhong said "Yunnan" means "south of the mountain (referring to the Cang Mountain) with clouds".[15] Wu Guangfan said "Yunnan" might be a Loloish or Bai name.[16]
History
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Prehistory
The
Dian Kingdom
Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day
Qin and Han dynasties
In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan – the "Five Foot Way" – was extended south to around present day Qujing, in eastern Yunnan. In 109 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Dian during its southern expeditions. Under orders from Emperor Wu, General Guo Chang [zh] (郭昌) was sent south to Yunnan, eventually establishing the Yizhou commandery.[21] By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese.[citation needed]
During the Three Kingdoms, the territory of present-day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong. The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. His seven captures of Meng Huo, a local magnate, is mythologized in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[22]
Cuan Kingdom
In the 4th century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan (爨) clan migrated into Yunnan.
International trade flowed through Yunnan.[23] An ancient overland pre-Tang trade route from Yunnan Province passed through Irrawaddy in Burma to reach Bengal. Yunnan was inhabited by so-called barbarians not fully under the control of the Tang government and the route, though ancient, was not used much in pre-Tang times, and Chinese attempts to control the route were disrupted by the rise of Nanzhao.[24]
Nanzhao period
By the 730s Nanzhao had succeeded in bringing the Erhai Lake–area under its authority. In 738, the western Yunnan was united by Piluoge, the fourth king of Nanzhao, who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty as king of Yunnan.[26] Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a vital role in the dynamic relationship between the Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire as a buffer state.[27]
By the 750s, Nanzhao had conquered Yunnan and became a potential rival to Tang China. The following period saw several conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 750, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan. In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong (鮮于仲通), the regional commander of Jiannan (present-day Sichuan), led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao. The king of Nanzhao, Geluofeng, regarded the previous incident as a personal affair and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. However, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal. Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to the Tibetan Empire.[28] The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be "fraternal states"; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong ("younger brother"). The Nanzhao-Tubo alliance ensured a disastrous defeat for Xianyu's expedition, with the Tang general's army of 80,000 men being reduced to a quarter of its original size.[29]
Tang China did not give up after one failure. In 753, another expedition was prepared, but this was also defeated by Nanzhao. In 754, the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao.
Nanzhao's expansion lasted for several decades. In 829, Nanzhao suddenly plundered
While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 869, Shilong (世隆), the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao, invaded Sichuan. In 874, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again.
In 902, Zheng Maisi, the Qingpingguan (清平官,"Prime Minister") of Nanzhao, murdered the infant king of Nanzhao, and established a new kingdom called Dachanghe. Nanzhao, a once-powerful empire, disappeared. In 928, Yang Ganzhen (楊干貞) usurped the Dachanghe king and established Zhao Shanzheng, a qingpingguan as emperor of Datianxing (大天興). In 929, Yang Qianzhen abolished Zhao Shanzheng and established himself as Emperor of Dayining (大義寧).
Dali Kingdom
In 937,
Ming and Qing dynasties
The Ming installed Mu Ying and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan.
During the
Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule.[33] Migrants moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule.[34] During the Ming dynasty, 3 million Han Chinese mostly from Nanjing (the original Nanjing population was later largely replaced by Wu-speakers), and some from Shanxi and Hebei, settled in Yunnan.
Although largely forgotten, the bloody
In 1894,
The
Post-Imperial
Yunnan was transformed by the events of the
University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to
Naturalists
Thousands of plant, insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the
Geography
Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China, with the
Geology
Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the
Paleontology
- Yunnanozoon – Lower Cambrian possible chordate
- prosauropod dinosaur
Climate
Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province's location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little
Topography
The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east. Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains.
The average elevation is 1,980 m (6,500 ft). The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft); in the south they rise no higher than 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The highest point in the north is the
The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nu Jiang (
Borders
Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are
). The main border crossings are:- Hekou–Lào Cai, by road and rail, is the only Sino-Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Vietnamese.
- Sino-Laotian at Boten
- Museis the only Sino-Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Burmese.
Lakes
There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 km2 (12 sq mi). They include:
- Dianchi Lake, near Kunming
- Fuxian Lake, in Yuxi, the second deepest lake in China
- Xingyun Lake, directly south of Fuxian Lake and connected with it by a short river
- Qilu Lake, south of Fuxian and Xingyun Lakes, separated from them by mountains, in Tonghai County
- Erhai Lake, near Dali City
- Ninglangnear the border with Sichuan
- Yangzong Lake, in Yiliang County
- Yilong Lake
Rivers
Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the Xi River (there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui) and the Yuan River. The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region. Flowing for 345 km (214 mi), it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River
The province is drained by six major river systems:
- the Jinsha Jiang(River of Golden Sands), drains the province's north.
- the Pearl River, with its source near Qujing, collects the waters from the east.
- the
- the Dali and enters the South China Sea through Hanoi, Vietnam
- the Salween (Nujiang), which flows into the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Seathrough Burma
- the Burma, has a few small tributaries in Yunnan's far west, such as the Dulongjiang and Taping River, and rivers in the prefecture of Dehong.
Biodiversity
Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally.[47] The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia (Camellia reticulata) is the provincial emblem.[48]
During summer, the
This topographic range combined with a
Yunnan has less than 4% of the land of China, yet the province harbors around 42.6% of all protected plant species and 72.5% of all protected wild animals in the country, of which 15% are strictly endemic to Yunnan.
The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are introduced).[55] This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened.[55] Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably Dian, Erhai, Fuxian and Yilong) are likely already are extinct.[56] By far, the most diverse order in Yunnan are Cypriniformes, both in total species number and number of endemics.[55]
The unique Sinopyrophorus bioluminescent beetles were described from Yunnan in 2019.[57]
Designation
Yunnan has been designated:
- "Center of Plant Diversity" (IUCN/WWF: Davis et al. 1995)
- "Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion" for biodiversity conservation (WWF: Olsen and Dinerstein 1998)
- "Endemic Bird Area" (Birdlife International: Bibby, C. et al. 1992) and
- "Global Biodiversity Hotspot", as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem (Conservation International: Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997)
Natural resources
A main source of wealth lies in its vast
Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the Yellow River. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
Scenic areas
National parks
- Shangri-La County
- Lijiang, pending approval[58]
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- Old Town of Lijiang, accepted in 1997 as a cultural site
- Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, accepted in 2003 as a natural site
- South China Karst, accepted in 2007 as a natural site[59]
- Maotianshan Shales, accepted in 2012 as a natural site
- Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, accepted in 2013 as a cultural site
Governance
Administrative divisions
Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities and eight autonomous prefectures:
Division code[60] | Division | Area in km2[61] | Population 2020[62] | Seat | Divisions[63] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Districts
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities | |||||
530000 | Yunnan Province | 394,000.00 | 47,209,277 | Kunming city | 17 | 65 | 29 | 18 |
530100 | Kunming city | 21,001.28 | 8,460,088 | Chenggong District |
7 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
530300 | Qujing city | 28,939.41 | 5,765,775 | Qilin District |
3 | 5 | 1 | |
530400 | Yuxi city | 14,941.53 | 2,249,502 | Hongta District |
2 | 4 | 3 | |
530500 | Baoshan city | 19,064.60 | 2,431,211 | Longyang District |
1 | 3 | 1 | |
530600 | Zhaotong city | 22,439.76 | 5,092,611 | Zhaoyang District |
1 | 9 | 1 | |
530700 | Lijiang city | 20,557.25 | 1,253,878 | Gucheng District |
1 | 2 | 2 | |
530800 | Pu'er city | 44,264.79 | 2,404,954 | Simao District |
1 | 9 | ||
530900 | Lincang city | 23,620.72 | 2,257,991 | Linxiang District |
1 | 4 | 3 | |
532300 | Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture | 28,436.87 | 2,416,747 | Chuxiong city | 8 | 2 | ||
532500 | Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture | 32,167.67 | 4,478,422 | Mengzi city | 6 | 3 | 4 | |
532600 | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture | 31,409.12 | 3,503,218 | Wenshan city | 7 | 1 | ||
532800 | Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture | 19,107.05 | 1,301,407 | Jinghong city | 2 | 1 | ||
532900 | Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture | 28,299.43 | 3,337,559 | Dali city | 8 | 3 | 1 | |
533100 | Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | 11,171.41 | 1,315,709 | Mang city | 3 | 2 | ||
533300 | Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture | 14,588.92 | 552,694 | Lushui city | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
533400 | Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
|
23,185.59 | 387,511 | Shangri-La city | 1 | 1 | 1 |
English | Chinese | Pinyin |
---|---|---|
Yunnan Province | 云南省 | Yúnnán Shěng |
Kunming city | 昆明市 | Kūnmíng Shì |
Qujing city | 曲靖市 | Qǔjìng Shì |
Yuxi city | 玉溪市 | Yùxī Shì |
Baoshan city | 保山市 | Bǎoshān Shì |
Zhaotong city | 昭通市 | Zhāotōng Shì |
Lijiang city | 丽江市 | Lìjiāng Shì |
Pu'er city | 普洱市 | Pǔ'ěr Shì |
Lincang city | 临沧市 | Líncāng Shì |
Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture | 楚雄彝族自治州 | Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu |
Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture | 红河哈尼族彝族自治州 | Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu |
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture | 文山壮族苗族自治州 | Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu |
Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture | 西双版纳傣族自治州 | Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu |
Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture | 大理白族自治州 | Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu |
Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture | 德宏傣族景颇族自治州 | Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu |
Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture | 怒江傈僳族自治州 | Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu |
Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture |
迪庆藏族自治州 | Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu |
These 16 prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 129
Urban areas
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
# | Cities | 2020 Urban area[64] | 2010 Urban area[65] | 2020 City proper |
1 | Kunming[b] | 5,273,144 | 3,140,777[c] | 8,460,088 |
2 | Qujing | 1,043,665 | 468,437[d] | 5,765,775 |
3 | Xuanwei | 691,922 | 584,076 | see Qujing |
4 | Zhaotong | 589,260 | 255,861 | 5,092,611 |
5 | Yuxi | 549,610 | 306,879[e] | 2,249,502 |
6 | Dali | 549,189 | 367,122 | part of Dali Prefecture |
7 | Mengzi | 430,355 | [f] | part of Honghe Prefecture |
8 | Chuxiong | 426,823 | 331,991 | part of Chuxiong Prefecture |
9 | Wenshan | 424,760 | [g] | part of Wenshan Prefecture |
10 | Anning | 399,779 | 242,151 | see Kunming |
11 | Baoshan | 378,240 | 263,380 | 2,431,211 |
12 | Jinghong | 358,517 | 205,523 | part of Xishuangbanna Prefecture |
13 | Pu'er | 327,733 | 185,473 | 2,404,954 |
14 | Gejiu | 310,521 | 163,528 | part of Honghe Prefecture |
15 | Mile | 287,637 | [h] | part of Honghe Prefecture |
16 | Tengchong | 238,974 | [i] | see Baoshan |
17 | Lijiang | 238,828 | 151,744 | 1,253,878 |
18 | Kaiyuan | 227,231 | 210,801 | part of Honghe Prefecture |
19 | Mangshi[j] | 216426 | 131,425 | part of Dehong Prefecture |
20 | Lincang | 211,878 | 142,095 | 2,257,991 |
21 | Ruili | 208,658 | 99,148 | part of Dehong Prefecture |
22 | Dongchuan[b] |
160,192 | 113,632 | see Kunming |
23 | Lushui | 148,759 | [k] | part of Nujiang Prefecture |
24 | Chengjiang | 81,492 | [l] | see Yuxi |
25 | Shangri-La | 75,300 | [m] | part of Dêqên Prefecture
|
26 | Shuifu | 68,389 | [n] | see Zhaotong |
- ^ UK: /juːˈnæn/,[5] US: /ˌjuːˈnɑːn/;[6] Chinese: 云南; pinyin: Yúnnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [y̌nnǎn] ⓘ
- ^ a b Dongchuan is a satellite urban area separated from Kunming and it is not included in the urban area count.
- Jinning (Jinning County). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- Malong (Malong County). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- Jiangchuan (Jiangchuan County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
- ^ Mengzi County is currently known as Mengzi CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Wenshan County is currently known as Wenshan CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Mile County is currently known as Mile CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Tengchong County is currently known as Tengchong CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Mangshi CLC formerly known as Luxi CLC until 20 July 2010.
- ^ Lushui County is currently known as Lushui CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Chengjiang County is currently known as Chengjiang CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Shangri-La County is currently known as Shangri-La CLC after 2010 census.
- ^ Shuifu County is currently known as Shuifu CLC after 2010 census.
Politics
Secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Yunnan Committee: The Secretary of the CCP is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan.[66]
- Song Renqiong (宋任穷): 1950–1952
- Xie Fuzhi (谢富治): July 1952 – August 1959
- Yan Hongyan (阎红彦): August 1959 – January 1967
- Zhou Xing(周兴): June 1971 – October 1975
- Jia Qiyun(贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977
- An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – July 1985
- Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): July 1985 – June 1995
- Gao Yan (高严): June 1995 – August 1997
- Linghu An (令狐安): August 1997 – October 2001
- Bai Enpei (白恩培): October 2001 – August 2011[66]
- Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): August 2011 – October 2014
- Li Jiheng (李纪恒): October 2014 – August 2016
- Chen Hao (陈豪): August 2016 – November 2020
- Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): November 2020 – October 2021
- Wang Ning (王宁): October 2021 – present
Governors of Yunnan: The
- Chen Geng (陈赓): March 1950 – February 1955
- Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋): February 1955 – November 1958
- Ding Yichuan (丁一川): November 1958 – January 1965
- Zhou Xing(周兴): January 1965 – 1966
- Tan Furen (谭甫仁): August 1968 – October 1970
- Zhou Xing: October 1970 – October 1975
- Jia Qiyun(贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977
- An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – December 1979
- Liu Minghui (刘明辉): December 1979 – April 1983
- Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): April 1983 – August 1985
- He Zhiqiang (和志强): August 1985 – January 1998
- Li Jiating (李嘉廷): January 1998 – June 2001
- Xu Rongkai (徐荣凯): June 2001 – November 2006
- Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): January 2007 – August 2011[66]
- Li Jiheng (李纪恒): August 2011 – October 2014
- Chen Hao (陈豪): October 2014 – December 2016
- Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): December 2016 – November 2020
- Wang Yubo (王予波): November 2020 – present
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1912[67] | 9,468,000 | — |
1928[68] | 13,821,000 | +46.0% |
1936–37[69] | 12,042,000 | −12.9% |
1947[70] | 9,066,000 | −24.7% |
1954[71] | 17,472,737 | +92.7% |
1964[72] | 20,509,525 | +17.4% |
1982[73] | 32,553,817 | +58.7% |
1990[74] | 36,972,610 | +13.6% |
2000[75] | 42,360,089 | +14.6% |
2010[76] | 45,966,239 | +8.5% |
2020[77] | 47,209,277 | +2.7% |
According to Yunnan government statistics, there are approximately 2.5 million overseas Chinese whose ancestral homeland is Yunnan province.
Ethnicity
Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity.
Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the
Languages
Most
Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include
The
Literacy
By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million senior middle school education, 8.3 million junior middle school education, 18.25 million primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above were illiterate or semi-literate.
Religion
According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan, almost 90% of the population belonged to ethnic minorities;[79] however, as of 2005 the province had around 4 million believers of the five government-sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China. Of these:
- 2.6 million or about 6% of the total population are Buddhists;
- 620,000 or 1.4% are Muslims;
- 530,000 or 1.2% are Protestants;
- 240,000 or 0.5% are priests);
- 66,000 or 0.1% are Catholics.
According to surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007, in those years approximately 32.22% of the province's population was involved in
Most of the population of the province practices traditional
Image gallery
-
Xinjiao Temple in Shaxi.
-
Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains (Xishan) of Kunming.
-
Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition.
-
Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming.
-
Anning Confucian Memorial
-
Zhongdian Sumzênling goinba
-
Zhongding Catholic Church, Bingzhongluo, Gongshan County
-
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Kunming
Agriculture
The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation.
Yunnan produces most of coffee grown in China (although there are also much smaller plantations in Fujian and Hainan). Large-scale coffee cultivation started in Yunnan in 1988. The most commonly grown variety in the province is catimor.[81]
Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP.[82] Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples.
Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms. In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called 'pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities.
Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors.
The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China's total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2.3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion. Export amounted to US$18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. [citation needed]
Economy
As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou. They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books.[83]
Yunnan is one of China's relatively
Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to
The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major
Yunnan's four pillar industries include
Yunnan's employment rate remain stable. The total number of newly-entered-employee were 49.35 thousand people. The unemployment rate at the end of 2020 was 3.92%. Yunnan's nominal GDP in 2020 was 24521.9 billion Yuan( US$3850.92 billion), an annual growth rate of 4.0%. Its per capita GDP was 50,299 Yuan ( US$ 7,898.96). The share of GDP of Yunnan's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 3598.91 billion Yuan, 8287.54 billion Yuan, and 12635.45 billion Yuan respectively. [85]
Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China.
The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong.
Economic and Technological Development Zones
- Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone
First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by the State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years' development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology.[86]
The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming. It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture. It has covers an area of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station, 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport.[87]
- Kunming Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone
- Kunming AirportEconomic Zone
- Ruili Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone
Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (RLBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The area's import and export trade include the processing industry, local agriculture and biological resources are very promising. Sino-Burmese business is growing fast. Burma is now one of Yunnan's biggest foreign trade partners. In 1999, Sino-Burmese trade accounted for 77.4% of Yunnan's foreign trade. In the same year, exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US$55.28 million. Main exports here include fiber cloth, cotton yarn, ceresin wax, mechanical equipments, fruits, rice seeds, fiber yarn and tobacco.[88]
Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone (WTBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town, Ruili, Dehong, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The zone spans 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) and is focused on developing trading, processing, agriculture resources and tourism.[89]
- Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone
Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992. It is located in the east of urban Qujing, the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths. The location of the development zone is the economic, political and cultural center of Qujing. As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government, the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level. It has 106 km2 (41 sq mi) under its jurisdiction. It shoulders the task of building a new 40-square-kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years.[90]
- Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone
- DaliEconomic and Technological Development Zone
- Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone
Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan. Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects. It is an important industry for the development of new-type industry platform. The zone covers an area of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi), composed of four parks.[91]
- SongmingYanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries
- Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone
First established in 1992, Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino-Vietnamese trade. It has a planned area of 4.02 km2 (1.55 sq mi). The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment, trade, finance, taxation, immigration, etc.[92]
- Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone
- Yulong Snow MountainTourism Zone
- Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali
- XishuangbannaTourism and Vacation Zone
- Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone
- Yangzonghai LakeTourism and Vacation Zone
- Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone
Education
Since the 1960s, improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level, which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received. The development of part-time
In
Health
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) |
Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50% of officially reported malaria cases in China.[95]
It is presently considered to be the main source of plague in China.[96]
HIV-AIDS
The
Transport
Railways
The first railway in Yunnan was the
Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China's domestic rail network until 1966 when the
Within the province, the
The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. From
Burma Road
The
Highways
Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province.[citation needed] Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020.
All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access.
Second-level national highways stretch 958 km (595 mi), third-level highways, 7,571 km (4,704 mi) and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km (32,465 mi). The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.
National highways running through Yunnan province are:
- China National Highway 108
- China National Highway 213
- China National Highway 214
- China National Highway 320
- China National Highway 323
- China National Highway 324
- China National Highway 326
Expressways
After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie section, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and
Expressways running through Yunnan province are:
- Kunming–Bangkok Expressway (G8511 Kunmo Expressway)
- Lijiang
- G78 Shankun Expressway from Shantou to Kunming
- G80 Guangkun Expressway from Guangzhou to Kunming
- Kaiyuan to Hekouon the Vietnamese border
Waterways
Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.
In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km (501 mi) of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million.
Airports
The province has twenty domestic air routes from
.Replacing Kunming Wujiaba International Airport is Kunming Changshui International Airport, which opened June 28, 2012.[99]
Bridges
Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the
Metro
Culture
Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in
Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan
Cuisine
Tea
Yunnan has several different tea growing regions.
Music
Chinese medicine
Yunnan is host to more than 19,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.[102]
Tourism
Yunnan Province, due to its landscapes, mild climate and cultural diversity, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism. At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's.
In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12.6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition.
Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016.[103]
Tourist centres in Yunnan include:
- Dalikingdoms.
- Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
- Xishuangbanna Daiminority autonomous prefecture.
- Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Sitesince 1997.
- Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetantownship and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.
- .
- Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
- Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.
Places of interest
- Black Dragon Pool
- Baishuitai
- Cangshan
- Erhai Lake
- Ganlan Basin
- Green Lake Park
- Jade Dragon Snow Mountain
- Lancang River(Mekong River)
- Manting Park (Chunhuan Park) in Jinghong
- Meili Snow Mountainin Deqin
- Pujian Temple
- Sanchahe Nature Reserve in Jinghong
- ShaPing Market, Dali
- Shaxi
- Stone Forest
- Three Pagodas
- Tengchong (hot springs)
- Tiger Leaping Gorge
- Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan
- Wase markets, near Dali
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower & Plant Garden
- Yuantong Temple
- Yunnan Provincial Museum
Sport
Professional sporting teams in Yunnan have included the now defunct
Notes
- ^ This is a common interpretation of "Yunnan", but the original etymology is uncertain.
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- ^ "Literacy Co-ordination Office of Yunnan Province". Portal.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
- ^ Yunnan DQ Testing Turns Up Fake Artesunates, Health Officials Alerted Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine USP Drug Quality and Information Program
- ^ Zhang Z, Hai R, Song Z, Xia L, Liang Y, Cai H, Liang Y, Shen X, Zhang E, Xu J, Yu D, Yu XJ. (2009) Spatial variation of Yersinia pestis from Yunnan Province of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 81(4):714–717
- ^ Settle E. AIDS in China: an annotated chronology: 1985–2003. Montreal: China AIDS Survey, 2003
- ^ Ma Y, Li ZZ, Zhang KX. Identifi cation of HIV infection among drug users in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1990; 11:184–85 (in Chinese).
- ^ 昆明长水国际机场2012年6月28日08:00正式启用. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Thomson Reuters Foundation | News, Information and Connections for Action". Alertnet.org. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Article on the tea growing regions of Yunnan". The-leaf.org. 1985-06-11. Archived from the original on 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
- PMID 33094199.
- ^ "Yunnan catches up". TTGmice. Retrieved 10 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
Further reading
- Books
- Dillon, Michael (26 July 1999), China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects, Richmond, UK: Routledge / Curzon Press, ISBN 0-7007-1026-4, retrieved 28 June 2010
- Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K
- Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
- Fytche, Albert (1878), Burma past and present, London: C. K. Paul & Co, retrieved 28 June 2010
- Jim Goodman (2002). The Exploration of Yunnan. ISBN 7-222-03276-2.
- Stephen Mansfield (2007). China: Yunnan Province. (Bradt Travel Guide China: Yunnan Province) ISBN 1-84162-169-2.
- Ann Helen Unger and Walter Unger. (2007) Yunnan: China's Most Beautiful Province. (Orchid Press) ISBN 3-7774-8390-7.
- Damien Harper (2007). China's Southwest. (Lonely Planet Country & Regional Guides) ISBN 1-74104-185-6.
- Patrick R. Booz (1998). Yunnan. (Odyssey Passport: McGraw-Hill Contemporary) ISBN 0-8442-9664-3.
- Susan K. McCarthy (2009). Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China (University of Washington Press) ISBN 0-295-98909-2.
- Tim Summers (2013), "Yunnan – A Chinese Bridgehead to Asia: A case study of China's political and economic relations with its neighbours" (Chandos) ISBN 978-0-85709-444-5.
- Web
- Population Profile of Yunnan – United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
- Economic Profile of Yunnan – Hong Kong Trade Development Council
- Economic Integration of Yunnan with the Greater Mekong Subregion Asian Economic Journal Volume 20 Issue 3, Pages 303–317
External links
- Definitions from Wiktionary
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- Texts from Wikisource
- Textbooks from Wikibooks
- Resources from Wikiversity
- Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Data from Wikidata
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