Forest of Compiègne
Forest of Compiègne National Forests Office (France) | |
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Ecology | |
Dominant tree species | Oak, Beech |
The Forest of Compiègne (French: Forêt de Compiègne, French pronunciation: [fɔʁɛ də kɔ̃pjɛɲ]) is a large forest in the region of Picardy, France, near the city of Compiègne and approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Paris.[1]
The forest is notable as the site of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 between the Allies and Germany which marked the end of fighting in World War I, as well as the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the Battle of France in World War II.
Geography
The forest of Compiègne is roughly circular with a diameter of about 14 kilometres (9 mi);[2] it is approximately 93 kilometres (58 mi) in circumference[3] and its area is roughly 14,414 hectares (35,620 acres).[4] The forest is lushly irrigated, being adjacent to the rivers Oise and Aisne, as well as many smaller tributaries and streams.[5]: 749
On its northwest, the forest hugs its small namesake city, and to its north and northeast, beyond the Aisne, lies the large national forest of Laigue (Forêt Domaniale de Laigue). Around its remaining perimeter, it contains or is adjacent to numerous communes including Vieux-Moulin, Lacroix-Saint-Ouen, Saint-Sauveur, Béthisy-Saint-Pierre, Saint-Jean-aux-Bois, and Pierrefonds.[6] On its south it borders the Forest of Halatte.
Just outside the city of Compiègne, a grand entrance to the forest begins at the resplendent Château de Compiègne, a former royal residence on the city's western edge. Stretching forward from the château, the Avenue de Beaux Monts scales the heights of the same name, providing a scenic promenade into the woods.[7]: 101
Characteristics
The forest of Compiègne is famous for its picturesque natural attractions, with its arrays of oak and beech trees projecting a "noble and ordered beauty".[5]: 749
The most prominent tree species are oak (Quercus robur), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).[8][9]: 776 Much of the oak was heavily harvested over the centuries but was replanted aggressively in the nineteenth century when fears of deforestation began to be addressed.[10] Since the late twentieth century, the North American black cherry tree (Prunus serotina) has spread vigorously throughout the forest, eliciting mixed reactions from local arborists.[11]
Numerous flowering plants thrive in the woods,
The forest sustains a great number of game animals including deer, rabbit and wild boar,
The forest of Compiègne is a popular destination for all types of tourists. Horse-riders and bicyclists particularly enjoy the forest;[16] a long-running bicycle event, the Paris-Roubaix race,[17] has an established path through the forest.[18]
History
Prehistoric and classical eras
The forest of Compiègne area shows evidence of prehistoric habitation,
Early Middle Ages
The earliest Frankish kings established the forest as their privileged hunting grounds,
Later Middle Ages
As Empress Eugénie's signposts attest, the thick and heavy forest can be a disorienting and potentially fatal place. In the twelfth century, at the age of fourteen, the future King
Early modern era
Further avenues connected by an octagonal ring were opened through the woods for the formal hunting parties of
Second Empire
The forest of Compiègne witnessed much activity during the reign of the
Armistices of 1918 and 1940
The forest of Compiègne was the site of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany which marked the end of fighting in World War I on 11 November 1918.[31] The French commander-in-chief Marshal Foch convened the armistice talks deep in the forest beside the tiny village of Rethondes,[32]: 261 with an eye towards secrecy because he wanted to shield the meeting from intrusive journalists,[33] as well as spare the German delegation any hostile demonstrations by French locals.[34]
During World War II, a second treaty was signed in the forest, this time arranging the Armistice between France and Nazi Germany (22 June 1940).[35] With an unmistakable desire to humiliate his defeated enemy,[34] German dictator Adolf Hitler gave orders that the surrender should be received in exactly the same spot, even the same railway car, where the Germans had surrendered in 1918.[34]
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Ferdinand Foch outside the armistice train.
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The Great War concludes, 11 November 1918.
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Hitler observing the statue of Marshal Foch, before launching the negotiations, 21 June 1940.
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The second Treaty of Compiègne, 22 June 1940.
Armistice Clearing
A memorial site called Clairière de l'Armistice ("Glade of the Armistice", or "Armistice Clearing") covers the historic treaty area. Additions include a statue of Marshal Foch and the large
For bringing the German delegation to the 1918 meeting, the French had assembled the train with a special
The Armistice Clearing remains open to the public six days a week.[38] Visitors routinely leave photographs and other mementos to be displayed or stored in the museum, making it "an ever-changing place of pilgrimage".[15]
References
- ^ https://www.oisetourisme.com/la-foret-de-compiegne</ref[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "Compiègne Forest". Office de Tourisme de Pierrefonds. 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-548-07018-5. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
Compiègne Forest history.
- OCLC 3794852. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
Compiègne Forest.
- ^ OCLC 447927755. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ "Compiègne Forest". Google Maps. 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ OCLC 1737047. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
Battle of Compiègne +forest.
- ^ New York Times current history: the European war, Volume 16. New York: The New York Times Co. 1918. p. 6. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ Dana, Samuel T. (November 1914). "French Forests in the War Zone". American Forestry. 20 (11). American Forestry Association. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 978-1-84593-564-1. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 2-8317-0602-5. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- OCLC 476229043. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
flora of Compiègne Forest.
- ISBN 0-691-08661-3. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- OCLC 68605315. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
spring of Saint-Sauveur Oise.
- ^ a b c d Sciolino, Elaine (2 November 2008). "North of Paris, a Forest of History and Fantasy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ^ "The city and forest of Compiegne near Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
- ISBN 0-02-862929-9. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ "Foret de Compiegne and Foret de Laigue". Sheldrake Press. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ OCLC 29085264. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- S2CID 36919908.
- ^ OCLC 558333. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
Compiègne Forest.
- JSTOR 1781759.
- OCLC 220274784. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
flora of Compiègne Forest.
- ^ Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum i, book IV.
- ^ René Gast, La Picardie (Itinéraires de découvertes, éditions Ouest-France), 2003:111.
- OCLC 220404996. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ '"Beech and Linden Oils". Chemist and Druggist. 45. London: 145. July–December 1894. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- OCLC 46309553. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Compiègne Forest". Fondation Napoléon. 2008. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- OCLC 912797. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ISBN 0-7570-0158-0. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 0-521-77352-0. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-58648-772-0. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-906033-02-6. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 0-8281-0331-3. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 1-57488-741-6. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ^ Friedrich, Otto (4 September 1989). "Desperate Years". Time. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ^ ISBN 978-2-7469-2967-8. Retrieved 2010-12-30.