French submarine Le Héros
History | |
---|---|
France | |
Name | Le Héros |
Namesake | Hero, a person who faces danger or combats adversity with feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength. |
Operator | French Navy |
Builder | |
Laid down | 1 August 1929 |
Launched | 14 October 1932 |
Commissioned | 12 September 1934 |
Fate | Sunk 7 May 1942 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Redoutable-class submarine |
Displacement |
|
Length | 92.3 m (302 ft 10 in) |
Beam | 8.1 m (26 ft 7 in)[1] |
Draft | 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) (surfaced) |
Propulsion |
|
Speed |
|
Range |
|
Test depth | 80 m (262 ft) |
Complement |
|
Armament |
|
Le Héros was a French Navy Redoutable-class submarine of the M6 series commissioned in 1934. She participated in World War II on the side of the Allies until June 1940, and then in the naval forces of Vichy France until she was sunk in 1942.
Characteristics
Le Héros was part of a fairly homogeneous series of 31 deep-sea patrol submarines also called "1,500-tonners" because of their displacement. All entered service between 1931 and 1939.
The Redoutable-class submarines were 92.3 metres (302 ft 10 in) long and 8.1 metres (26 ft 7 in) in
Construction and commissioning
Le Héros was authorized under the 1929 naval program
Service history
World War II
When World War II began in September 1939, Le Héros was assigned to the 1st Submarine Division based at Toulon, France.[2][4][5] Her sister ships Le Conquérant, Le Glorieux, and Le Tonnant made up the rest of the division.[2][4][5]
In December 1939, Le Héros was sent in search of the German tanker Altmark in the mid-Atlantic Ocean with her sister ships Achéron, Agosta, Bévéziers, Fresnel, and Redoutable.[2][4][6] From 8 to 29 March 1940, she carried out a patrol in the South Atlantic Ocean between Fernando de Noronha and the coast of Brazil, without success.[4][7] In April 1940, the rest of the 1st Submarine Division was transferred to Bizerte in Tunisia, but Le Héros and Le Glorieux were based at Dakar in Senegal.
German ground forces advanced into France on 10 May 1940, beginning the
Vichy France
After France's surrender, Le Héros served in the naval forces of
On 7 July 1940, a British naval force arrived off Dakar and, as a part of
By 8 August 1940, Le Héros and Le Glorieux were at
Le Héros and Le Glorieux later proceeded to Toulon, where they were placed under guard and maintained in a disarmed and unfueled status under the terms of the 1940 armistice. On 1 June 1941 they began training for a deployment to Dakar and from there to
In October 1941, the British boarded and captured a
On 8 February 1942, Le Héros departed Diego-Suarez to escort the
On 2 May 1942, Le Héros departed Diego-Suarez to escort another cargo ship carrying supplies to Djibouti.[2][4] Fearing a Japanese attack on Madagascar, which would compromise India's security and supplies, the British invaded Madagascar, beginning with amphibious landings in Courrier Bay near Diego-Suarez at dawn on 5 May 1942.[2][4][13] In the Indian Ocean 500 nautical miles (926 km; 575 mi) north of Madagascar at the time, Le Héros accompanied the cargo ship she was escorting as it altered course to steer for the Comoro Islands.[2] After seeing the ship safely to the Comoros, Le Héros made for Diego-Suarez on the surface at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph).[2][4] Throughout the afternoon of 5 May, she received more and more alarming reports from Madagascar about British progress in the invasion.[4] She was still 250 nautical miles (463 km; 288 mi) from Diego-Suarez when a British aircraft forced her to dive at 15:00 on 6 May 1942.[2][4] By the time she resurfaced at 15:30, the weather had deteriorated, forcing her to reduce speed to 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph).[2][4] At 23:15 on 6 May 1942, she was 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) off Madagascar, near Cap d'Ambre (the northern tip of the island) and east-northeast of the Alizès Pass.[2][4]
Loss
At 03:10 on 7 May 1942, Le Héros passed around the northern tip of Madagascar,
Le Héros′s entire crew of 72 men was left drifting in rough seas, and those without
Notes
- ^ Operation Catapulton 8 July 1940, citing Huan, pp. 89 and 117. U-boote.fr and Sous-Marins Français Disparus & Accidents do not mention her presence at Dakar in April 1940, and both assert that she was in the 1st Submarine Division at Toulon on 25 June 1940, departed Toulon with Le Tonnant on 1 July 1940, and departed Dakar for operations against British forces on 4 July 1940. The physical impossibility of Le Héros reaching Dakar from Toulon so quickly in July 1940 suggests that u-boote.fr and Sous-Marins Français Disparus & Accidents both confuse her division's home port (Toulon) with her physical location (Dakar) on 25 June and 1 July 1940, although it is not clear what her supposed departure from Toulon on 1 July 1940 refers to. Citing Huan, p. 117, the French Wikipedia article states that Le Héros and Le Glorieux moved from Dakar to Toulon in 1940 sometime after the 8 July 1940 combat at Dakar, then resumed active service in June 1941.
- ^ Sous-Marins Français Disparus & Accidents enigmatically states "South, 3 November," without an explanation of what happened on that date. Possibilities for the reference to 3 November include an alternative date for their departure from Dakar or a date they detached from their convoy escort duties.
References
Footnotes
- ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "FR Ajax of the French Navy – French Submarine of the Redoutable class – Allied Warships of WWII". uboat.net. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "Le Héros". Sous-Marins Français Disparus & Accidents. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "FR Le Héros. Submarine of the L'Espoire class". uboat.net. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av "Sous-Marin Le Héros". u-boote.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ a b Huan, p. 49.
- ^ Picard, p. 38.
- ^ Picard, p. 37.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Le Glorieux". u-boote.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Huan, p. 89.
- ^ "Vengeur". u-boote.fr. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ Huan, p. 117.
- ^ a b Huan, p. 119.
- ^ Huan, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Huan, pp. 130–131.
Bibliography
- Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (Weapons and Warfare). Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 978-1-85367-623-9.]
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[verification needed - Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Huan, Claude (2004). Les Sous-marins français 1918–1945 (in French). Rennes: Marines Éditions. ISBN 9782915379075.
- Picard, Claude (2006). Les Sous-marins de 1 500 tonnes (in French). Rennes: Marines Éditions. ISBN 2-915379-55-6.