Góra Świętej Anny (hill)
Góra Świętej Anny | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 1,332 ft (406 m) |
Coordinates | 50°27′00″N 18°10′00″E / 50.45°N 18.166667°E |
Geography | |
Geology | |
Mountain type | Volcanic cone |
Historic Monument of Poland | |
Designated | 2004-04-14 |
Part of | Góra Świętej Anny – Composed Cultural and Natural Landscape |
Reference no. | Dz. U. z 2004 r. Nr 102, poz. 1061[1] |
Góra Świętej Anny (Polish pronunciation:
The Composed Cultural and Natural Landscape of Góra Świętej Anny was announced one of Poland's official
In 1921 it was the site of the
Geology
The Annaberg is a volcanic cone of Tertiary basalt, the easternmost end of the Silesian volcanic belt and the easternmost occurrence of basalt in Europe.[2][3][4] It is 406 metres (1,332 ft) high.[5][6]
History
The hill was a pagan shrine in pre-Christian times.[7][8]
It was formerly known as the Chelmberg; around 1100 a wooden chapel to St. George was built on the hill,
Count Melchior Ferdinand von Gaschin wanted to make the hill the seat of
After the
With the battle added to its existing role symbolising the Catholic identity of Silesia within predominantly Protestant Prussia, the Annaberg became a powerful symbol of German regional nationalism; it features in this role in the 1927 propaganda film Land unterm Kreuz.[16] It also had religious and cultural importance for Polish Silesians; it was the subject of a poem by Norbert Bonczyk; and after the 1921 battle, also became a political symbol for Poles.[17]
In 1934–1936, the Nazis built a Thingstätte on the site of a quarry at the base of the hill.[18] In 1936–1938, a mausoleum for 51 fallen members of the German Freikorps, designed by Robert Tischler, was erected overlooking this,[18] and a rest stop provided from which users of the new Reichsautobahn (today the Polish A4 autostrada) could take a 10-minute walk to visit the monument.[19] The intent was for the complex of mausoleum and theatre to be a counter to the monastery and "transform the Annaberg into the symbol of Upper Silesia and an appropriate site of religious and national celebration".[20] However, after its inauguration in May 1938, the theatre was not used again for ceremonies, while pilgrims continued to visit the monastery in ever increasing numbers.[20]
The mausoleum was dynamited in 1945 and in 1955 was replaced by a monument to the Silesian rebels, designed by Xawery Dunikowski.[21]
The monks have been expelled from the monastery three times, under Napoleon (in 1810; pilgrims brought their own priests with them and the Franciscans did not return until 1859),
On 14 April 2004, the Annaberg was declared a Polish historic monument.[28][29]
Monuments
Monastery
The monastery buildings, at the top of the hill, are
Outside the church is the Paradiesplatz (Paradise Square), a formal monastery garden laid out in 1804.
Amphitheatre
The Thingstätte or open-air theatre for
Mausoleum
In 1936–38, a mausoleum for the 51 Freikorps members who had died in the Battle of Annaberg was added at the top of the cliff above the amphitheatre. It was designed by Robert Tischler, chief architect for the German War Graves Commission, in military style, recalling a medieval fortress such as the Hohenstaufen Castel del Monte.[36] One writer at the time compared it to a gun turret.[37][38] It was circular, with heavy columns of rusticated sandstone surmounted by eternal flames, and a narrow entrance leading to an ambulatory lit only by narrow windows reminiscent of gun-slits, while on the other side a dark stairway suggestive of passage between worlds led down into the crypt cut out of the rock. Niches contained sarcophagi labelled with stages in the military history of Germany from 1914 to "1931/32: Deutschland erwache!" (Germany, awake!), and in the centre was a statue of a fallen warrior in green porphyry, by Fritz Schmoll known as Eisenwerth, which the sculptor and his assistants had created in place during construction of the monument because it would have been too large to bring through the entrance. A cupola admitted diffused light, and predominantly gold mosaics by Rössler of Dresden and Klemm of Munich depicted stylised German eagles and swastikas.[37][39] A 1938 description in a publication of the War Graves Commission described the dead there as "keep[ing] watch on the border and encourag[ing] the border region and its people to preserve German character and German faith" and pointed out the location midway between the Hindenburg monument at Tannenberg and the monuments in the Königsplatz in Munich.[40] The surroundings of the monument were made a nature preserve, and to complete their pilgrimage, visitors had to walk up from the level of the theatre through the natural environment.[41]
Tischler designed several monuments in a similar somewhat rustic style reminiscent both of medieval fortresses and of the Hindenburg monument.[42]
Monument to the uprising
The mausoleum was dynamited in 1945 and in 1955 a monument to the Silesian rebels (
Dunikowski had already sketched ideas for the monument in early 1946, and won a contest to design it, but he was less expert as an architect than as a sculptor and was under official pressure, and the building does not have the intended impressive effect.[44]
Gallery
-
18th-century depiction of theFranciscan monastery
-
Lourdes Grotto
-
Uprising seen from the Amphitheatre
References
- ^ a b Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 14 kwietnia 2004 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii, Dz. U. z 2004 r. Nr 102, poz. 1061
- ^ Review: "Dr. Partsch's 'Silesia,—A Geographical Study'", The Geographical Journal, Royal Geographical Society, 7 (1896) 417–20, p. 419: "the Annaberg (1350 feet), the most easterly cone of Tertiary basalt in Europe."
- ISBN 9780471813835, p. 260.
- OCLC 405809, p. 150: "The Annaberg, about 1300 feet high, situate[d] approximately ten miles southwest of Gross Strehlitz, contains beds of basalt, and it is a noteworthy fact that it is the most eastern point in Europe where basalt can be found."
- (in German)
- ^ ISBN 9783631571569, p. 87(in German)
- ISBN 9783447052979, pp. 347–62, p. 348(in German)
- (in German) says this is "probable".
- ^ a b c d Chmielus, p. 400.
- ISBN 9783895430213, p. 96(in German)
- ^ a b c Chmielus, p. 401.
- ^ a b c d Nieke, p. 88.
- ISBN 9781841761848, p. 32.
- ISBN 9780312231118, pp. 76–77.
- ISBN 9780231128193, p. 373.
- ^ Haubold, p. 349.
- ^ Haubold, p. 356.
- ^ ISBN 9783412147044, pp. 301–08, p. 304(in German)
- ISBN 9783922561125, pp. 155–92, pp. 169–70 (in German)
- ^ a b Haubold, p. 354: "Ausbau des Annaberges zum Wahrzeichen Oberschlesiens und zu einer würdigen religiösen und nationalen Feierstätte".
- ^ a b Dobesz, "Der Umgang mit dem Bau- und Kunsterbe", p. 305.
- ^ a b Politische Studien 41 (1990) p. 731 (in German)
- ^ ISBN 9781858288499, p. 582.
- ^ Christoph Gunkel, "Helmut Kohls Polen-Reise 1989: Problemfall Mauerfall", einestages, Der Spiegel, retrieved 23 May 2012 (in German)
- ISBN 9780374523589, pp. 54–55.
- ^ Haubold, p. 347.
- ^ Teichmann, p. 185.
- ^ Sankt Annaberg: Sanktuarium der hl. Anna Selbdritt Archived 2008-06-19 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
- ^ Pomnik historii Archived 2017-07-05 at the Wayback Machine, Góra Świętej Anny: Sanktuarium świętej Anny Samotrzeciej (in Polish)
- ^ Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau 32 (1992) p. 95 (in German)
- ISBN 9788301134785, p. 429(in Polish)
- ^ According to Nieke, p. 88, more chapels were added in 1760–64 and there were 42 in the 19th century.
- ^ Chmielus, p. 403.
- ^ Alma Mater (Jagiellonian University) 100 (2008) p. 25 (in Polish)
- ^ Radoslaw Dimitrov, "Amfiteatr na Górze Świętej Anny rozpada się", Nowa Trybuna Opolska, 9 September 2008 (in Polish)
- ISBN 9780884022602, pp. 215–56, p. 241.
- ^ ISBN 9783447050968, pp. 188–98, p. 192(in German)
- ISBN 9781861891617, p. 93, it was actually fortified.
- ^ Dobesz, "Der Umgang mit dem Bau- und Kunsterbe", pp. 304–05.
- ^ Quoted in Lurz, pp. 169–70; translation from Brands, p. 241.
- ^ Brands, p. 242.
- ISBN 9781861890252, pp. 102–04.
- ^ a b c Haubold, p. 361.
- ^ Dobesz, "Der Umgang mit dem Bau- und Kunsterbe", pp. 305–06.
Further reading
- Camillus Bolczyk. St. Annaberg—Kurze Geschichte des berühmten Wallfahrtsortes im Herzen Oberschlesiens. 2nd ed. Carlowitz-Breslau: Antonius, 1937. OCLC 174424578(in German)
- Lidia Chodyniecka. Bazalt z góry Świętej Anny. Prace Mineralogiczne 8. Polska Akademia Nauk. Komisja Nauk Mineralogicznych. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, 1967. OCLC 500910850(Polish, with Russian and English summaries)
- Wolfgang Plat. "Der Annaberg—Góra Świętej Anny". Österreichische Osthefte 33.1 (1991) pp. 5–26 (in German)
- OCLC 9783925103483(in German)
- Albert Lipnicki. Wokół Góry Św. Anny: krótka monografia gminy Leśnica / Um den Sankt Annaberg: eine kurze Monographie der Gemeinde Leschnitz / Around St. Anna's mountain: short monograph of the Leśnica Commune. Leśnica: Urząd Miasta w Leśnicy, 1996. ISBN 9788390462905.
External links
- Góra Świętej Anny: Sanktuarium świętej Anny Samotrzeciej Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
- Sankt Annaberg: Sanktuarium der hl. Anna Selbdritt Archived 2008-06-19 at the Wayback Machine (in German)