Hohenstaufen
Hohenstaufen Staufer | |
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Country |
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Founded | 1079 |
Founder | Frederick I, Duke of Swabia |
Final ruler | Conradin |
Titles |
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Dissolution | 1318[2] |
The Hohenstaufen dynasty (
Name
The name Hohenstaufen was first used in the 14th century to distinguish the 'high' (hohen) conical hill named Staufen in the Swabian Jura (in the district of Göppingen) from the village of the same name in the valley below. The new name was applied to the hill castle of Staufen by historians only in the 19th century to distinguish it from other castles of the same name. The name of the dynasty followed suit, but in recent decades, the trend in German historiography has been to prefer the name 'Staufer', which is closer to contemporary usage.[10][7]
The name 'Staufen' itself derives from Stauf (
Members of the family occasionally used the
In Italian historiography, the Staufer are known as the Svevi (Swabians).[10]
Origins
The origin remains unclear, however, Staufer counts are mentioned in a document of emperor Otto III in 987 as descendants of counts of the region of Riesgau near Nördlingen in the Duchy of Swabia, who were related to the Bavarian Sieghardinger family. A local count Frederick (d. about 1075) is mentioned as progenitor in a pedigree drawn up by Abbot Wibald of Stavelot at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1153. He held the office of a Swabian count palatine; his son Frederick of Büren (c. 1020–1053) married Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg (d. 1094/95), a niece of Pope Leo IX. Their son Frederick I was appointed Duke of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle by the Salian king Henry IV of Germany in 1079.[13][14][7]
At the same time, Duke Frederick I was engaged to the king's approximately seventeen-year-old daughter,
Upon Frederick's death, he was succeeded by his son, Duke Frederick II, in 1105. Frederick II remained a close ally of the Salians, he and his younger brother Conrad were named the king's representatives in Germany when the king was in Italy. Around 1120, Frederick II married Judith of Bavaria from the rival House of Welf.[13][16]
Ruling in Germany
When the last male member of the Salian dynasty, Emperor Henry V, died without heirs in 1125, a controversy arose about the succession. Duke Frederick II and Conrad, the two current male Staufers, by their mother Agnes, were grandsons of late Emperor Henry IV and nephews of Henry V. Frederick attempted to succeed to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor (formally known as the King of the Romans) through a customary election, but lost to the Saxon duke Lothair of Supplinburg. A civil war between Frederick's dynasty and Lothair's ended with Frederick's submission in 1134. After Lothair's death in 1137, Frederick's brother Conrad was elected King as Conrad III.[17]
Because the
Conrad's brother Duke Frederick II died in 1147, and was succeeded in Swabia by his son, Duke
Frederick Barbarossa
During Frederick's long stays in Italy, the German princes became stronger and began a successful colonization of Slavic lands. Offers of reduced taxes and manorial duties enticed many Germans to settle in the east in the course of the
Henry VI
Frederick died in 1190 while on the Third Crusade and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI. Elected king even before his father's death, Henry went to Rome to be crowned emperor. He married Princess Constance of Sicily, and deaths in his wife's family gave him claim of succession and possession of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1189 and 1194 respectively, a source of vast wealth. Henry failed to make royal and Imperial succession hereditary, but in 1196 he succeeded in gaining a pledge that his infant son Frederick would receive the German crown. Faced with difficulties in Italy and confident that he would realize his wishes in Germany at a later date, Henry returned to the south, where it appeared he might unify the peninsula under the Hohenstaufen name. After a series of military victories, however, he fell ill and died of natural causes in Sicily in 1197. His underage son Frederick could only succeed him in Sicily and Malta, while in the Empire the struggle between the House of Staufen and the House of Welf erupted once again.[20]
Philip of Swabia
Because the election of a three-year-old boy to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Duke
Philip changed the coat of arms from a black lion on a gold shield to three leopards,[21] probably derived from the arms of his Welf rival Otto IV.
Ruling in Italy
The conflict between the Staufer dynasty and the Welf had irrevocably weakened the Imperial authority and the Norman kingdom of Sicily became the base for Staufer rule.
Frederick II
By the 1226
By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, little centralized power remained in Germany. The Great
End of the Staufer dynasty
Conrad IV was succeeded as duke of Swabia by his only son, two-year-old
The last member of the dynasty was Manfred's son, Henry [Enrico], who died in captivity at Castel dell'Ovo on 31 October 1318.[b][26][2][27][28]
During the political decentralization of the late Staufer period, the population had grown from an estimated 8 million in 1200 to about 14 million in 1300, and the number of towns increased tenfold. The most heavily urbanized areas of Germany were in the south and the west. Towns often developed a degree of independence, but many were subordinate to local rulers if not immediate to the emperor. Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Teutonic Knights. German merchants also began trading extensively on the Baltic.
Legacy
The Kyffhäuser Monument was erected to commemorate Frederick I, and was inaugurated in 1896.
On October 29, 1968, the 700th anniversary of the death of Konradin, a society known as "Society for Staufer History" (de) was founded in Göppingen.
The Castel del Monte, Apulia which was built during the 1240s by the Emperor Frederick II was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1996.
The German artist, Hans Kloss, painted his Staufer-Rundbild depicting in great detail the history of the House of Hohenstaufen, in Lorch Monastery.[29]
From 2000 to 2018, the Committee of Staufer Friends (de) has built thirty-eight Staufer steles (de) in Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic and the Netherlands.[30]
Members of the Hohenstaufen family
Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of the Romans
- Conrad III, king 1138–1152
- Frederick Barbarossa, king 1152–1190, emperor after 1155
- Henry VI, king 1190–1197, emperor after 1191
- Philip of Swabia, king 1198–1208
- Frederick II, king 1208–1250, emperor after 1220
- Henry (VII), king 1220–1235 (under his father Emperor Frederick II)
- Conrad IV, king 1237–1254 (until 1250 under his father Emperor Frederick II)
The first ruling Hohenstaufen, Conrad III, like the last one, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. After a 20-year period (Great
Kings of Italy
Note: The following kings are already listed above as German Kings
- Conrad III 1128–1135
- Frederick I1154–1190
- Henry VI 1191–1197
Kings of Sicily
Note: Some of the following kings are already listed above as German Kings
- Henry VI 1194–1197
- Frederick 1198–1250
- Henry (VII) 1212–1217 (nominal king under his father)
- Conrad 1250–1254
- Conradin 1254–1258/1268
- Manfred1258–1266
- Constance II (Queen) 1282–1285
Dukes of Swabia
Note: Some of the following dukes are already listed above as German Kings
- Frederick I, Duke of Swabia (Friedrich) (r. 1079–1105)
- Frederick II, Duke of Swabia (r. 1105–1147)
- Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Frederick III of Swabia)(r. 1147–1152) King in 1152 and Holy Roman Emperorin 1155
- Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia (r. 1152–1167)
- Frederick V, Duke of Swabia (r. 1167–1170)
- Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (r. 1170–1191)
- Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (r. 1191–1196)
- Philip of Swabia (r. 1196–1208) King in 1198
- Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1212–1216) King in 1212 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1220
- Henry (VII) of Germany (r. 1216–1235), King 1220–1235
- Conrad IV (r. 1235–1254) King in 1237
- Conrad V (Conradin) (r. 1254–1268)
Family tree of the House of Hohenstaufen
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Notes: |
See also
- Dukes of Swabia family tree
- Guelphs and Ghibellines
Notes
- passant guardant).
- ^ Manfred of Sicily was himself a son of Frederick II born out of wedlock, who had been legitimised by the posterior marriage of his parents on his mother's deathbed (as referenced in the sources n. 27 and 28). Therefore, his son, Henry [Enrico], was the last Hohenstaufen who could have claimed full dynastic rights, albeit not being the last agnatic descendant of the family. In fact, the last patrilineal descendant was Henry's first cousin once removed, Giovanna di Stevia (1280 – 1352), a daughter of Conrad, and grand-daughter of Frederick of Antioch, also an illegitimate son of Frederick II (as referenced in source n. 26).
References
- ^ Albrecht Rieber; Karl Reutter (1974). Die Pfalzkapelle in Ulm (in German). p. 204.
- ^ a b Gregorovius, Ferdinand (2010) [1897]. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. 5, Part 2, Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "Hohenstaufen". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Hohenstaufen". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Hohenstaufen" (US) and "Hohenstaufen". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ "Hohenstaufen". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Thomas Oliver Schindler (20 February 2003). Die Staufer - Ursprung und Aufstieg eines Herrschergeschlechts. Grin. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
- ISBN 9781442210042.
- ^ rev, Droysen/Andrée; Th Lindner (1886), Deutsch: Mitteleuropa zur Zeit der StauferEnglish: Central Europe at the time of the Hohenstaufen, retrieved 2020-02-12
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (2005). "Hohenstaufen, famiglia". Enciclopedia fridericiana. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Translated by Maria Paola Arena
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b John B. Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 5–6.
- ^ Adelbert von Keller (1823). Ein Tag auf Hohenstaufen Oder die schwäbischen Pilger: Eine kleine dramatische Skizze für Familienkreise. Schwan. pp. 55–.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-406-62149-9.
- ^ "Sighardinger (Sieghardinger, Sigehardinger)". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ISBN 978-3-8288-5539-7.
- ISBN 978-3-17-035365-7.
- ^ "Hohenstaufen dynasty | German dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
- ^ Klaus Graf. "Der Mythos der Staufer - eine schwäbische Königsdynastie wird erinnert und instrumentalisiert". Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-134-68751-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-26911-7.
- ^ Stälin, Paul Friedrich (1882). Geschichte Württembergs Erster Band Erste Hälfte (bis 1268). Gotha. pp. 389–393.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ ISBN 978-3-17-018683-5.
- ISBN 978-0-19-508040-7.
- ^ Lukas Strehle (19 October 2011). SDie Hinrichtung Konradins von Hohenstaufen – Reaktionen der Zeitgenossen und Rezeption der Nachwelt. Grin. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-58642-181-6.
- ^ (Carrara, Mario. Gli Scaligeri, Varese, Dell'Oglio, 1966).
- ^ Matthew of Paris, Mon. Germ. Hist. Scriptores XXVIII pp. 360-361
- ^ Cronica Fratris Salimbene di Adam, Ordinis Minorem, MGH SS XXXII p. 349
- ^ "Staufer-Rundbild" (in German). Lorch: Kloster Lorch. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "Was ist eine Stauferstele?". Stauferstelen (in German).
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
External links
- Media related to Hohenstaufen Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons