Gaikoku bugyō
Gaikoku bugyō (外国奉行) were the commissioners or "magistrates of foreign affairs" appointed at the end of the
Historical background
The Gaikoku bugyō system began just prior to the negotiations which resulted in the
The office was often held concurrently with that of kanjō-bugyō or the office was held concurrently by those serving the shogunate as governor of one of the great ports (Nagasaki bugyō or Kanagawa bugyō).[3]
The Gaikoku bugyō system ended in 1869 when the new Meiji government was formed;[2] but some of the foundational work of this period proved useful to the nascent Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Some 70 Gaikoku bugyō commissioners were named during this significant period. Hotta succeeded Abe Masahiro, and in his years at the post had to address the issue of the Harris Treaty of 1858.
The genesis of the gaikoku-bugyō pre-dates the actual creation of the office.
Kaibō-gakari
The prefix kaibō-gakari meaning "in charge of maritime defense" was used with the titles of some shogunate officials after 1845. This term was used to designate those who bore a special responsibility for overseeing coastal waters, and by implication, for dealing with matters involving foreigners—for example, kaibō-gakari-ōmetsuke which later came to be superseded by the term gaikoku-gakari.[4]
Gaikoku-bōeki-torishirabe-gakari
Rōjū
List of gaikoku bugyō
The numbers of gaikoku bugyō varied throughout the Edo period:
- Iwase Tadanari (1858).[5]
- Tsutsui Masanori (1858).[6]
- Inoue Kiyonao (1858–1859, 1862–1863, 1864).[5]
- Nagai Naoyuki (1858–1859, 1865–1867).[7]
- Mizuno Tadanori (1858–1859, 1861–1862).[8]
- Hori Toshihiro (1858–1860)
- Watanabe Takatsuna (1859)
- Matsudaira Yasuhide (1859–1860, 1861–1863)
- Takemoto Masao (1859–1862, 1863–1864).[9]
- Sakai Tadayuki (1859–1860)
- Mizoguchi Naokiyo (1859–1860)
- Shinmi Masaoki (1859–1862)
- Matsudaira Yasunao (1860, 1861–1863).[10]
- Oguri Tadamasa (1860–1861).[7]
- Takeuchi Yasunori (1861–1864).[9]
- Okubo Ichio (1861–1862).[11]
- Abe Masatō (1862–1863).[12]
- Kawaji Toshiaki (1863).[13]
- Ikeda Nagaaki (1863–1864).[5]
- Kawazu Sukekuni (1863–1864).[13]
- Shibata Takenaka (1863–1868).
- Sasaki Akinori (1864)
- Tsuchiya Masanao (1864)
- Kinoshita Toshiyoshi (1865–1866)
- Kurimoto Joun (1865–1866, 1866–1867).[14]
- Yamaguchi Naoki (1865–1866, 1867)
- Asagara Masahiro (1865–1867)
- Gōhara Isaburo (1866)
- Hirayama Seisei (1866–1868).[15]
- Narushima Ryūhoku (1866).[16]
- Koide Hidezane (1866–1867)
- Tsukahara Masayoshi (1866–1867)
- Mukōyama Ippaku (1866–1868)
- Ishikawa Toshimasa (1867–1868)
- Hiraoka Jun (1867–1868)
- Narishima Hiroshi (1868)
See also
- Bugyō
- Late Tokugawa shogunate
- Hayashi Akira
- Foreign relations of Imperial China
- Hua-Yi distinction
Notes
- ^ Cullin, L. M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941, p. 185.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Gaikoku bugyō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 229, p. 229, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
- ^ a b c Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 322.
- ^ Beasley, p. 323.
- ^ a b c Beasley, p. 333.
- ^ Beasley, p. 26.
- ^ a b Beasley, p. 338.
- ^ Beasley, p. 337.
- ^ a b Beasley, p. 340.
- ^ Beasley, p. 336.
- ^ National Diet Library: Okubo Ichio, image
- ^ Beasley, p. 331.
- ^ a b Beasley, p. 334.
- ^ National Diet Library: Kurimoto Joun, image; Beasley, p. 335.
- ^ Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical Pursuits: Religion, Politics and Personal Cultivation in Nineteenth Century Japan, p. 194.
- ^ National Diet Library: Narushima Ryuhoku, image
References
- Beasley, W. G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2
- Cullen, L. M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-52918-2(paper)
- Doi, Ryōzō. (1997). Bakumatsu gonin no gaikoku bugyo: Kaikoku o jitsugensaseta bushi. Tokyo: Chuokoron-shinsha. ISBN 978-4-12-002707-9
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge:
- Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical Pursuits: Religion, Politics and Personal Cultivation in Nineteenth Century Japan. Honolulu: ISBN 978-0-8248-2752-6(cloth)
Tokugawa bureaucracy organization chart | |||
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This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner, responding to perceived needs. | |||
