Bugyō
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Bugyō (奉行) was a title assigned to , and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction.
Pre-Edo period
In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of bugyō would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called bugyō. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent basis. [1] Over time, there came to be 36 bugyō in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate.[2]
In 1434, Ashikaga Yoshinori established the Tosen-bugyō to regulate foreign affairs for the Ashikaga shogunate.[1]
In 1587, a Japanese invading army occupied Seoul; and one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's first acts was to create a bugyō for the city, replicating a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar setting.[3]
Edo period
During the Edo period, the number of bugyō reached its largest extent as the bureaucracy of the Tokugawa shogunate expanded on an ad hoc basis, responding to perceived needs and changing circumstances.
List
- Edo machi-bugyō (江戸町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Edo.[4]
- Kita-machi-bugyō (北町奉行) – North Edo magistrate.[5]
- Minami-machi-bugyō (南町奉行) – South Edo magistrate.[5]
- Fushin-bugyō (普請奉行) – Superintendents of Public Works.[6]
- Gaikoku-bugyō (外国奉行) – Commissioners in charge of trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries after 1858.[7]
- Gunkan-bugyō (軍鑑奉行) – Commissioners in charge of naval matters (post-1859).[7]
- Gusoku-bugyō (具足奉行) – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies.
- Bugu-bugyō(武具奉行) – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies (post-1863), replaced Gusoku-bugyō.
- Haneda bugyō (羽田奉行) – Overseers of the port of Haneda; commissioners of coastal defenses near Edo (post-1853).[8]
- Hyōgo (post-1864).[9]
- Jisha-bugyō (寺社奉行) – Ministers or administrators for religious affairs; overseers of the country's temples and shrines.[10]
- Jiwari-bugyō (地割奉行)- Commissioners of surveys and surveying.[11]
- Kanagawa (post-1859).[12]
- Kanjō-bugyō (勘定奉行) – Ministers or administrators for shogunal finance (post-1787).[13]
- Gundai (郡代)– Deputies.[6]
- Daikan (代官)- Deputies.[6]
- Kane-bugyō (金奉行) – Superintendents of the Treasury.
- Kura-bugyō (倉庫奉行) – Superintendents of Cereal Stores.[6]
- Ginza (銀座) – Silver za or monopoly office (post-1598).[14]
- Shuza (朱座) – Cinnabar za or monopoly office (post-1609).[16]
- Kanjō-ginmiyaku – Comptrollers of Finance.[6]
- Kantō gundai – Kantō deputies.[6]
- Kinzan-bugyō (金山奉行) – Commissioners of mines.[17]
- Kyoto shoshidai (京都所司代) -- Shogunal representatives at Kyoto.[18]
- Kyoto machi-bugyō (京都町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Kyoto.[19]
- Nara.[21]
- Nagasaki.[22]
- Niigata.
- Nikkō.[23]
- Osaka jōdai (大阪城代) – Overseers of Osaka Castle.[24]
- Osaka machi-bugyō (大阪町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators in shogunal cities like Osaka.[18]
- Sakai.[24]
- Rōya-bugyō (牢屋奉行) – Commissioners of the shogunal prison.[25]
- Sado bugyō (佐渡奉行) – Overseers of the island of Sado.[26]
- Sakuji-bugyō (作事奉行) – Commissioners of works (post-1632).[27]
- Shimoda bugyō (下田奉行) – Overseers of the port of Shimoda.[28]
- Sumo-bugyō (相撲奉行) – Ancestors of the function of gyōji. Officials during the Kamakura shogunate in charge of refereeing sumo matches at the imperial court.[29]
- Sunpu jōdai (駿府城代) – Overseers of Sunpu Castle.[24]
- Uraga bugyō (浦賀奉行) – Overseers of the port of Uraga.[30]
- Yamada bugyō (山田奉行) -- Representatives of the shogunate at Ise.[31]
- Zaimoku-ishi bugyō (材木石奉行) - Overseer of construction materials for the Shōgun's properties (from 1647)[32]
- Zen bugyō (膳奉行) – Overseer of victuals for the Shōgun's table[32]
Meiji period
In the early years of the
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Kinihara, Misako. The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用), Tokyo Woman's Christian University. Essays and S.tudies. Abstract.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank et al. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 436.
- ^ Cullin, Louis. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941, p. 27.
- ^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 243 n113.
- ^ a b Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 42.
- ^ a b c d e f Jansen, Marius. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan, p. 186, citing John Whitney Hall. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- ^ a b c Beasley, William. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 322.
- ^ Cullen, p. 170.
- ^ Beasley, p. 323.
- ^ Screech, p. 245 n35; Beasley, p. 323.
- ^ Naito, Akira et al. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo, p. 26.
- ^ Beasley, p. 324.
- ^ Screech, p. 19; Beasley, p. 324; Roberts, Luke Shepherd. (1998). Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th Century Tosa, p. 207.
- ^ a b c Jensen, p. 186; Schaede, Ulrike. (2000). Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan, p. 223.
- ^ Shimada, Ryuto. (2005). The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company, p. 51.
- ^ Takekoshi, Yosaburo. (1930). The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, p. 238.
- ^ Hall, John Whitney. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan, p. 201
- ^ a b c Beasley, p. 325.
- ^ Sasama Yoshihiko. (1995). Edo machi-bugyō jiten, p. 11; Screech, p. 19.
- ^ Murdoch, James. (1996) A History of Japan, p. 10; Jansen, Marius B. (1995). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration, p. 226.
- ^ Murdoch, p. 10;
- ^ Screech, p. 12; Beasley, p. 326.
- ^ Screech, p. 241 n69.
- ^ a b c Murdoch, p. 9.
- ^ Sasama, p. 152.
- ^ Cullen, p. 112.
- ^ Coaldrake, William H. (1996) Architecture and Authority in Japan, p. 178.
- ^ Beasley, p. 329.
- ISBN 9780834801455.
- ^ Cullen, p. 173; Beasley p. 330.
- ^ Murdoch, p. 334.
- ^ ISBN 0804809968.
- ^ Van de Polder, Léon. (1891). "Abridged History of the Copper Coins of Japan," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan p. 419-500.
References
- ISBN 978-1-873410-43-1(paper)
- ____________. (1955). Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2(cloth)]
- Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. London: Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Coaldrake, William H. (1996) Architecture and Authority in Japan. London: ISBN 978-0-415-10601-6(paper)
- ISBN 0-521-52918-2(paper)
- Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: ISBN 978-0-8048-3536-7(cloth)
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge:
- Hall, John Whitney. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- ISBN 0-231-10173-2
- ____________. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-48404-9
- Kinihara, Misako. The Establishment of the Tosen bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用), Tokyo Woman's Christian University. Essays and Studies. 44:2, 27–53.
- James Murdoch. (1926). A History of Japan. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. reprinted by ISBN 0-415-15417-0
- Naito, Akira, Kazuo Hozumi, and H. Mack Horto. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo. Tokyo: ISBN 4-7700-2757-5
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.R. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby-Fane Memorial.
- Roberts, Luke Shepherd. (1998). Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th Century Tosa. Cambridge: ISBN 0-521-89335-6
- Sasama Yoshihiko (1995). Edo Machi Bugyō Jiten. Tokyo: Kashiwa-shobo.
- Sato, Yasunobu. (2001). Commercial Dispute Processing and Japan. Amsterdam: ISBN 978-90-411-1668-0(cloth)
- ISBN 978-0-19-829718-5(cloth)
- ISBN 0-7007-1720-X
- Shimada, Ryuto. (2005). The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company. Leiden: ISBN 978-90-04-15092-8(cloth)
- Takekoshi, Yosaburo. (1930). The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan. New York: Macmillan.