Genoese Gazaria
Gazaria | |||||||||||
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Colony of Republic of Genoa | |||||||||||
1266–1475 | |||||||||||
Caffa | |||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||
• Coordinates | 45°2′N 35°22′E / 45.033°N 35.367°E | ||||||||||
Government | |||||||||||
Consul | |||||||||||
• 1266 | Alberto Spinola | ||||||||||
• 1471–1475 | Antoniotto da Cabella | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Transfer of Caffa from Golden Horde | 1266 | ||||||||||
• Conquest by the Ottoman forces | 1475 | ||||||||||
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Gazaria (also Cassaria, Cacsarea, and Gasaria) was the name given to the
The name Gazaria derives from
History
The political premise of the establishment of the Gazaria colonies had been the
In 1308, the Mongols of the
In 1341, the laws in force in the Genoese Gazaria were collected in the "Liber Gazarie", now kept in the State Archives of Genoa. The collection was subsequently updated in 1441 with the name"Statuta Gazarie".[2]
In 1347, the Golden Horde, this time led by Jani Beg, again besieged Caffa. An anonymous chronicle tells that the besiegers would launch the corpses of the dead defenders inside the city walls with catapults. These defenders had died of a disease that was spreading from the East, the Black Death. The inhabitants of Caffa would throw the bodies into the sea as soon as they could, but the plague spread regardless. Once in Caffa, the plague was introduced into the vast commercial network of the Genoese, which extended throughout the Mediterranean. On board the commercial ships that departed from Caffa in the autumn of 1347, the plague reached Constantinople, the first European city infected, and later arrived in Messina and spread throughout Europe.[4]
Gazaria's tax revenues had been assigned to the "compera di Gazaria", the association of state creditors that had advanced the expenses for the defence of the colony. In fact, the "compera" belonged to the Bank of Saint George, which therefore managed the taxation of Gazaria.[5]
After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Republic ceded the sovereignty over Gazaria to the Bank of Saint George, believing that it was the only entity capable of organizing resistance against the Turks. However, these domains were conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1474.[5]
Colonies
Crimea
- Caffa
- Cembalo
- Soldaia
- Vosporo
- Sarsona
- Capitanatu Gotia (territory of Theodoro)
West Black Sea
Aside from Crimea, Genoa possessed several castles on the western coast of
).Taman peninsula and Tanais
- Tana (Azov)
- Matrega (Tmutarakan)
- Copa (Slavyansk-na-Kubani)
- Mapa (Anapa)
- Batario (Novorossiysk)
- Costa and Layso (Sochi)
Abkhazia
- Chacari (Gagra)
- Santa Sophia (Alakhadzi)
- Pesonqa (Pitsunda)
- Cavo di Buxo (Gudauta)
- Niocoxia (New Athos)
- Sebastopolis (Sukhumi)
Ajara
- Lo Bati (Batumi)
See also
- Treaty of Nymphaeum (1261)
- Гавриленко О. А., Сівальньов О. М., Цибулькін В. В. Генуезька спадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 с. — ISBN 978-617-669-209-6
References
- ^ "Genova e il mare" (PDF). Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Forcheri, Giovanni. Navi e navigazione a Genova nel Trecento : il Liber Gazarie (in Italian). Istituto internazionale di Studi Liguri.
- ^ Pardessus, Jean-Marie. Collection de Lois Maritimes Anterieures Au Xviiie Siecle (in French). pp. 423–434.
- ^ "The Genoese Gazaria and the Golden Horde". e-anthropology.com. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ a b "La Casa delle Compere e dei Banchi di San Giorgio". 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
External links
- Elena A. Yarovaya. The Heraldry of the Genoese Crimea. The State Hermitage. SPb., 2010. 208 p. ISBN 978-5-93572-355-2