Georgia State Route 13

Route map:
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Atlanta
Major intersections
North end SR 369 in Gainesville
Location
CountryUnited States
StateGeorgia
CountiesFulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Hall
Highway system
  • Georgia State Highway System
SR 12
SR 14

State Route 13 (SR 13) is a 49.5-mile-long (79.7 km)

state highway in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia, that travels through portions of Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, and Hall
counties.

It begins at West

Freeing the Freeways
construction boom.

SR 13 ends at Jesse Jewell Parkway (SR 369) in Gainesville. The name changes from Buford Highway to Atlanta Highway at the northeast city limits of Buford.

SR 13 once continued northeast past Gainesville, roughly along present

]

Route description

Buford–Spring Connector

SR 13 begins at an

slip ramps
between the old and new freeways.

The portion of SR 13, from I-85 in the northwestern part of Atlanta to the I-285 interchange in Doraville, is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.[5]

Buford Highway

In the

Ethiopian. The DeKalb County Chamber of Commerce calls the area the "International Corridor."[8]

The interior of the Buford Highway Farmer's Market

The Buford Highway community is home to one of the highest concentration of foreign-born residents in the country, notably Mexican, Central American,

Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. The area attracted many Latino workers during the construction boom that preceded the 1996 Summer Olympics. Asian business owners were attracted to the stretch of highway by cheap leases and reliable traffic flow.[9]

Mercado del Pueblo Hispanic supermarket at Northeast Plaza
Market in Plaza Fiesta

Buford Highway is, in most places in the corridor, a seven-lane highway with no

crosswalks have been added between intersections
.

Most properties along the corridor are in the form of strip malls, retail businesses surrounded by large parking lots, and large apartment complexes. The largest strip malls are the 466,000-square-foot (43,300 m2) Northeast Plaza, 355,000-square-foot (33,000 m2) Plaza Fiesta and the Buford Highway Farmers Market complex.

Northeast of Atlanta, Buford Highway is an international community spanning multiple counties including Fulton, Dekalb, and Gwinnett. The area generally spans along, and on either side of, a stretch of SR 13 in DeKalb County. It begins just north of Midtown Atlanta, continues northeast through the towns of Brookhaven, Chamblee, and Doraville, and ends 1.3 miles (2.1 km) northeast of the Atlanta Bypass at the DeKalb–Gwinnett county line.

Atlanta Highway (Gainesville Connector)

Gainesville, GA.. This road is a corridor.

Extending north of Buford, the name changes from "Buford Highway" to "Atlanta Highway" and continues to SR 369 in Gainesville. It is also a short hispanic corridor between Chicopee and SR 369.[10]

History

1920s

SR 13 was established at least as early as 1919 from

US 270 was designated on the Lawrenceville–Gainesville segment. A portion of the highway in the south-southwest part of Gainesville had a "completed hard surface".[12][13] By October 1929, US 270 was decommissioned, with US 19 being designated on the Lawrenceville–Gainesville segment instead. Three segments of SR 13 had a completed hard surface: from south-southeast of Buford to Gainesville, from southwest of Baldwin to Cornelia, and the Stephens County portion of the Cornelia–Toccoa segment.[13][14]

1930s

By the middle of 1930, the portion from Lawrenceville to the northeastern part of Gainesville was completed.

SR 12 (Ponce de Leon Avenue) in the southern part of Midtown Atlanta. SR 13 traveled on Piedmont Avenue to the north-northeast and resumed its previous path.[25][26] Between September 1938 and July 1939, US 23 was shifted onto the path of SR 13 from Atlanta to Buford.[27][28]

1940s to 1980s

Between November 1946 and February 1948,

SR 365 Bus. northeast of the city. SR 365 was extended east-northeast from south-southeast of Demorest to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood.[45][46] In 1991, the northern terminus of SR 13 was truncated to an interchange with I-985/US 23/SR 365 northeast of Gainesville.[47][48] In 1997, the northern terminus was further truncated to its current point, with SR 369 extended along the former path in Gainesville.[49][50]

Buford Highway originated as a non-descript state roadway connecting Atlanta and points northeast, including the then-railroad towns of Chamblee and Doraville, as well as points farther north. The towns of Doraville, Chamblee, and Norcross had long been home to a blue collar, largely white, lower middle-class population. The highway was characterized by strip mall development, and apartment complexes sprouted up in the 1960s and 1970s.[6] In 1976, the first ethnic restaurant opened, the Havana Sandwich Shop. In the 1980s, immigrants settled in the area due to affordable housing, available public transportation, and proximity to construction jobs in growing Gwinnett County.[51] The area attracted many Latino workers during the construction boom that preceded the 1996 Olympic Games. Asian business owners were attracted to the stretch of highway by cheap leases and reliable traffic flow.[9]

During the 1996 Olympics, Chamblee embraced the growing international character of Buford Highway, while more conservative Doraville resisted it. As the Southern Foodways Alliance reported:

"'Why would we want to attract more immigrants when we got all we want?' asked Doraville mayor Lamar Lang to the press. 'That’s just not our way of life here,' agreed the city council. 'We’re basically Baptists and Methodists and Presbyterians.'"[51]

[citation needed]

Accidents

On July 22, 2010

Need to Know program portrayed the corridor as an example of a high-pedestrian area in suburban America that fails to meet increased demand for walkability due to changing demographics.[52] The program noted that in the previous ten years, 30 people had died and an additional 250 were injured while trying to cross Buford Highway, a rate three times higher than any other road in Georgia. Despite this, there were no plans to improve pedestrian safety in the unincorporated area of the corridor. Since then, improvements have been made, and the new city of Brookhaven
has incorporated from Buford Highway northward.

In 2017, the

Atlanta Fire Department
to fight the massive blaze. The connector partially reopened two days later, its four total lanes being the only parallel route to stand in for the ten or more lanes which are now missing from the new freeway while it is being replaced.

Public transportation

Buford Highway is served by MARTA bus route 39 (Lindbergh Center station to Doraville) as well as privately run "jitneys",[53] or minibuses.[54] Since 1992, the Doraville MARTA metro rail station is also a block away from Buford Highway at the end of the Gold Line. Originally the North and then Northeast Line, MARTA's 2009 change to a color-based system created controversy with the Asian community along the highway when it was to originally have become the Yellow Line.

In popular culture

The city of Chamblee, in which part of the Buford Highway community is located, is sometimes referred to as "Chambodia" due to its high Asian population and the concentration of Asian restaurants along Buford Highway in Chamblee. A chapter of Tom Wolfe's novel A Man in Full is titled "Chambodia".[55][56]

Major intersections

CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Downtown Atlanta
Southern terminus; freeway section begins.
0.420.68

US 19 north / SR 9 north (Peachtree Street) – Buckhead
Southbound exit and northbound entrance
1.382.22

SR 403) to I-75
Southbound exit and northbound entrance; I-85 exit 86
2.013.23Armour Drive / Monroe Drive to Piedmont Road south
2.183.51
Piedmont Road
)
Northbound exit and southbound entrance
2.874.62
SR 403) – Greenville
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; I-85 exit 86
3.175.10


Sidney Marcus Boulevard to
Piedmont Road) / SR 400
Northern end of freeway
DeKalbBrookhaven4.357.00

SR 42 south (North Druid Hills Road) to I-85
Northern terminus of SR 42
Clairmont Road) to I-85 – Decatur
Southern end of US 23 concurrency; northern terminus of SR 155
SR 13 Conn.
west (Motors Industrial Way)
Eastern terminus of SR 13 Conn.
10.5516.98
SR 407) to I-85
I-285 exit 32
GwinnettNorcross14.2722.97

SR 140 (Jimmy Carter Boulevard) to I-85 / SR 141 – Roswell, Tucker
15.7025.27

SR 378 east (Beaver Ruin Road) to I-85 – Lilburn
Western terminus of SR 378
Duluth18.3729.56
Pleasant Hill Road to I-85
Interchange
21.0433.86 SR 120 (Duluth Highway) / West Lawrenceville Street – Alpharetta, Lawrenceville
Suwanee27.1843.74

SR 317 south (Lawrenceville-Suwanee Road) to I-85
Northern terminus of SR 317
Northern end of US 23 concurrency
I-985
42.0867.72
HF Reed Industrial Parkway west to
I-985
/ Martin Road east
Eastern terminus of HF Reed Industrial Parkway; western terminus of Martin Road
Module:Jct error: Invalid "to" argument
44.5871.74

SR 332 south (Poplar Springs Road) to SR 60 – Talmo
Northern terminus of SR 332
45.1972.73
SR 419
)
I-985 exit 17
Gainesville49.5379.71 SR 369 (Browns Bridge Road)Northern terminus; no left turn onto SR 369 west from SR 13
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Special routes

Doraville connector route

State Route 13 Connector marker

State Route 13 Connector

LocationDoraville
Length1.1 mi[57] (1.8 km)
Existed1971[58][59]–present

State Route 13 Connector (SR 13 Conn.) is a 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km)

Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) in Doraville, within DeKalb County. The entire route travels along Motors Industrial Way, a four-lane divided highway with a grassy median. The highway is separated from the inner lanes of Interstate 285 (I-285) by a Jersey barrier
.

SR 13 Conn. is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.[5]

The roadway that would eventually become SR 13 Conn. was established between February 1948 and April 1949 as part of

SR 13W on its current path.[30][60] In 1971, this portion of SR 13W was redesignated as SR 13 Conn.[58][59]

The entire route is in Doraville, DeKalb County.

mi[57]kmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 US 23 / SR 13 (Buford Highway NE)Southern terminus
1.01.6
SR 407
/ Atlanta Bypass)
No access to I-285 west from SR 13 Conn. and no access from I-285 to SR 13 Conn.
1.11.8
Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) – Chamblee, Norcross
Northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Buford spur route

State Route 13 Spur marker

State Route 13 Spur

LocationBuford
Existed1946[61][29]–1964[62][63]

State Route 13 Spur (SR 13 Spur) was a

SR 13 Loop.[62][63]

The entire route was in Gwinnett County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Buford
US 23 / SR 13 / SR 20 east
Southern terminus; south end of SR 20 concurrency

SR 20 west
North end of SR 20 concurrency
US 23 / SR 13Northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Buford loop route

State Route 13 Loop marker

State Route 13 Loop

LocationBuford
Existed1964[62][63]–1990[46][47]

State Route 13 Loop (SR 13 Loop) was a

SR 13 Spur, from an intersection with US 23/SR 13 in the southern part of Buford. It traveled to the north-northwest, concurrent with SR 20 for a short distance until they split, with SR 20 heading southwest and SR 13 Spur heading northeast. The spur route curved to the north-northeast and left the city limits of Buford. It curved to the east-southeast, with a southeastern bend, until it reached its northern terminus, another intersection with US 23/SR 13 just southwest of Rest Haven.[61][29] Between the beginning of 1951 and the beginning of 1965, the spur route was redesignated as SR 13 Loop.[62][63] Between September 1953 and June 1954, SR 20 was rerouted through the Sugar Hill–Buford area and off of SR 13 Loop.[64][65] In 1990, the loop route was decommissioned.[46][47]

The entire route was in Gwinnett County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Buford SR 13Southern terminus

SR 20 Spur
west
Eastern terminus of SR 20 Spur
SR 13Northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Hall County connector route

State Route 13 Connector marker

State Route 13 Connector

LocationHall County
Existed1970[34][58]–1980[37][38]

State Route 13 Connector (SR 13 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 13 that existed in rural parts of Hall County, south of the Gainesville area. In 1970, the connector was established from SR 13 east-northeast of Flowery Branch to SR 53 north-northwest of Chestnut Mountain.[34][58] In 1980, this highway was decommissioned.[37][38]

The entire route was in Hall County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
SR 13Western terminus
SR 53Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Gainesville connector route

State Route 13 Connector marker

State Route 13 Connector

LocationGainesville
Existed1963[66][67]–1969[33][34]

State Route 13 Connector (SR 13 Conn.) was a short-lived

SR 11 Conn.[33][34]

The entire route was in Gainesville, Hall County.

mikmDestinationsNotes
US 23 / SR 13 (Peachtree Road)Southern terminus
US 129 / SR 11 (Athens Road)
US 23 / SR 13 (Broad Street / East Spring Street)
US 129 / SR 11 (Morningside Drive)Northern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Stephens County connector route

State Route 13 Connector marker

State Route 13 Connector

LocationStephens County
Existed1986[42][43]–1991[47][48]

State Route 13 Connector (SR 13 Conn.) was a

US 123/SR 13/SR 184 just northeast of Boydville to SR 17 east-southeast of Toccoa.[41][42] The next year, it was actually established on this proposed path.[42][43] In 1991, the path of SR 17 was shifted southward, replacing SR 13 Conn.[47][48]

The entire route was in Stephens County.

LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
US 123 / SR 13 / SR 184
Western terminus
SR 63 / SR 106
SR 145
SR 17Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

References

  1. ^ Google (January 6, 2017). "Overview map of SR 13" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  2. ^ Peebles, Jennifer (March 31, 2017). "Last inspection on I-85 bridge that collapsed given high marks". WSB-TV. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  3. ^ Google (July 12, 2011). "SR 13 to Peachtree Street via SR 13" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  4. ^ Google (July 12, 2011). "SR 13 to Peachtree Street via exit" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  5. ^ a b National Highway System: Atlanta, GA (PDF) (Map). Federal Highway Administration. May 9, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  6. ^ a b "What Is Buford Highway?". Buford Highway Project. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  7. ^ "Buford Highway" (PDF). Creative Loafing Ultimate Neighborhood Guide. 39 (48). Atlanta, Georgia: Creative Loafing Atlanta. March 31 – April 6, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21.
  8. ^ "Visitor Information". DeKalb County Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Moreno Gonzales, John (March 10, 2009). "Immigrants along Buford Highway face mixed signals". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  10. ^ "Businesses along Atlanta Highway roll with the times". www.gainesvilletimes.com. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  11. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (1920). System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  12. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (1921). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  13. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1926). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  14. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1929). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  15. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (June 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  16. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  17. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  18. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (February 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  19. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  20. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1933). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  21. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  22. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  23. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  24. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  25. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  26. OCLC 5673161
    . Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  27. . Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  28. . Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  29. ^ . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to November 7, 1946.)
  30. ^ . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to February 28, 1948.)
  31. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  32. ^ State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1968). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  33. ^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1969). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  34. ^ a b c d e State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1970). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  35. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  36. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1978). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  37. ^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1980). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  38. ^ a b c d Georgia Department of Transportation (1981). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1981–1982 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  39. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (1982). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  40. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (1983). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1983–1984 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  41. ^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  42. ^ a b c d e Georgia Department of Transportation (1986). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1986–1987 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  43. ^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1987). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1987–1988 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  44. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (1988). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1988–1989 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  45. ^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1989). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1989–1990 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  46. ^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1990). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1990–1991 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  47. ^ a b c d e Georgia Department of Transportation (1991). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1991–1992 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  48. ^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1992). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1992–1993 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  49. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (1997). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1997–1998 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  50. ^ Georgia Department of Transportation (1998). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1998–1999 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  51. ^ a b "City Guide Atlanta/Buford Highway" (PDF). Southern Foodways Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  52. ^ Larson, John (Correspondent), Moore, Fae (Producer) (July 22, 2010). Dangerous Crossing. PBS. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  53. ^ "A dummy's guide to jitney buses". August 11, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
  54. ^ ""Response to Recent Conversation", '"Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 26, 2013". Ajc.com. August 26, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  55. ^ "Neal Becton, "Atlanta's 'Chambodia,' a 'Burb With a Global Flavor", Washington Post, April 18, 1999". Washingtonpost.com. 1999-04-18. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  56. ^ "Cliff Bostock, We heart Chambodia", Creative Loafing, January 8, 2004". Clatl.com. 2004-01-08. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  57. ^ a b Google (January 6, 2017). "Overview map of SR 13 Conn" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  58. ^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1971). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  59. ^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1972). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  60. OCLC 5673161
    . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to April 1, 1949.)
  61. ^ . Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  62. ^
    GDOT
    Maps.
  63. ^
    GDOT
    Maps.
  64. . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to September 1, 1953.)
  65. . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1954.)
  66. ^ . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1960.)
  67. ^ . Retrieved May 29, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1963.)

External links

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