Hồ Quý Ly

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Hồ Quý Ly
胡季犛
Ái Châu, Thanh Đô town, Đại Việt
Died22 October 1407(1407-10-22) (aged 70–71)
SpouseHuy Ninh, daughter of Trần Minh Tông
IssueHồ Nguyên Trừng, unknown who is the mother
Hồ Hán Thương, son of Princess Huy Ninh
Princess Thánh Ngâu, daughter of Princess Huy Ninh; later as Empress Khâm Thánh of Trần Thuận Tông
Names
Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛), later Hồ Quý Ly (胡季犛)
Era dates
Thánh Nguyên (聖元)
HouseHồ
FatherLê Quốc Mạo
MotherLady Phạm

Hồ Quý Ly (

thirteenth province of Ming Empire.[1]

Biography

Early career

Hồ Quý Ly was born in 1336 at Đại Lại village,

Ái Châu, Thanh Đô town with aristocracy's standing. His birth name was Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛), courtesy name Lý Nguyên (理元) or Nhất Nguyên (一元), as he was adopted by Lê Huan, after whom he took the family name. Descended from a Chinese family named Hu who had migrated from modern Zhejiang (China) to Dien Chau (modern-day Thanh Hóa) in the tenth century, he adopted the Vietnamese surname Lê to appeal to the local elite.[2][3][4]
Two of Quý Ly's paternal aunts first came to the court of king
Tran Minh Tong after finishing a commission of the king.[5]

Rise to power

At the time, power in

Tran Due Tong (r. 1373–1377) called the army for a counterattack. Quý Ly was responsible for transporting supplies and army from Nghe An, Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa, while general Do Tu Binh commanded the army. The campaign became disastrous in January 1377 as king Due Tong was killed in battle and prince Tran Huc was captured; only Do Tu Binh and Le Quý Ly were able to flee.[7] Le Quý Ly disappeared from politics for two years. Following the victory in Vijaya, Che Bong Nga's army rapidly advanced into the Red River Delta and sacked Hanoi, gaining control of vast territories including Thanh Hoa and Nghe An.[8]

In 1380, Quý Ly joined Do Tu Binh in fending off a Cham attack in Thanh Hoa. In 1382, Che Bong Nga launched another northward assault into Thanh Hoa by both land and sea. A local general named Nguyen Da Phuong, put aside Quý Ly's orders and left his position to attack, inflicting a series of defeats on the Cham forces and forcing them to withdraw back to the south. In early 1383, a large fleet of Quý Ly was cancelled[

Son Tay from the west. King Nghe Tong ordered troops to stop and repulse the Cham advances, but they were routed and a Vietnamese commander was captured. The king once again fled north across the Red River while Cham troops sacked Hanoi, occupying it for six months before their departure.[9]

As a chief minister

In March 1387, Nghe Tong returned to the capital and Quý Ly was appointed chief minister. By September, anti-Quy Ly faction began emerging in the court. Le A Phu, an official, had warned Prince Ngac about Quý Ly and secretly sent an offer to

Tran Thuan Tong
(r. 1389–1398). Quý Ly promptly married his eldest daughter to Thuan Tong while continued placing his own men to the government.

In mid-1389, chaos and revolts against Quý Ly occurred in Thanh Hoa. Take advantage,

Bac Ninh. As the same time, troops were rallied to put down the rebellion while the Cham forces remained themselves in southern Delta. In February 1390, the Vietnamese inflicted a heavy defeat on the Chams that ended the war. The great Cham king was killed and his general La Ngai fled to the south, proclaimed as Jaya Simhavarman VI.[12]Book of Documents

In 1392, through manipulating Nghe Tong, Quý Ly removed Tran Nhat Chuong, a member of the royal family for plotting to assassinate him.

Thanh Hoa. He renamed the old capital Hanoi to Dong Do, while his new capital is called Tay Do.[16]

In early 1398, Quý Ly manipulated king Thuan Tong into abdicating. He appointed the two-year-old Prince An as king

Tran Thieu De (r. 1398–1400). In 1399 Quý Ly moved the abdicated Thuan Tong into isolation.[17]

Reign and exile

Further information: Hồ dynasty

In 1400, Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần emperor and declared himself emperor, establishing his clan in royal positions and renaming the kingdom from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. Encountering a failed coup by the Trần, Quý Ly suppressed dissenters by executing 370 dissidents, seizing their possessions, enslaving their female relatives, and burying alive or drowning males of all ages.[18][19]

In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son

Quảng Nam and northern Quảng Ngãi to Dai Viet.[19]

In 1407, he was captured by Ming forces in Thiên Cầm cave and was exiled to China.[20] He was forced to enlist in the Ming army as a common soldier. It is not clear when he died. His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Hồ Nhuế, also died in Chinese exile.

Family

  • Forefather : Hồ Hưng Dật
  • Father : Hồ Quốc Mạo
  • Mother : Phạm Thị Mỗ
  • Brothers : Hồ Quý Đôn, Hồ Quý Uông, Hồ Quý Mỗ, Hồ Quý Hàm, Hồ Quý Tì
  • Spouses : Huy Ninh Princess, Thái Từ Empress, Nguyễn Thị Mỗ
  • Children : Hồ Nguyên Trừng (general), Hồ Hán Thương (second emperor), Hồ Thánh Ngâu (Trần dynasty's empress)
  • Grandchildren : Hồ Nhuế (crown prince), Hồ Ngũ Lang, Hồ Vô Cữu, Hồ Tử Chương, Hồ Tử Việp, Trần Thiếu Đế

Works

  • Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa (國語詩義)
  • Minh đạo lục (明道錄)

Speech

You inquire about the state of affairs in Annan.
Annan's customs are simple and pure.
Moreover, official clothing is according to the Tang system.
The rites and music that control intercourse between the ruler
and the officials
are those of the Han.
The jade brush unfolds new laws.
The gold sword slices the scales of armor.
Every year in the second or third month
Peach and plum seeds are planted in spring.[21]

— Hồ Quý Ly describing his country to a Ming dynasty envoy through a poem

Legacy

Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some scholars value his radical thoughts and reformation, while others regard him as a usurper.[

list of World Heritage Sites
.

References

  1. ^ Hoang 2007, p. 18.
  2. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 13.
  3. ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 523.
  4. ^ Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001). "The Price of Glory". Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. p. 179.
    ISBN 9780295981093
    . Retrieved 5 March 2024. Champa's invasions, coupled with natural disasters and political intrigues, ultimately induced the usurper Le Qui-ly (1335–1407) to topple the Tran regime. In 1400 Le established the Ho dynasty (Le's Chinese name was Ho Nhat-nguyen, or Hu Yiyuan) with a new capital called Tay-do (Chinese: Xidu), or the Western Capital, in Thanh-hoa [...].
  5. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 12.
  6. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 16.
  7. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 17–18.
  8. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 18–19.
  9. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 21–23.
  10. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 27.
  11. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 28.
  12. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 30–31.
  13. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 33.
  14. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 34–35.
  15. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 40–43.
  16. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 45–46.
  17. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 52.
  18. ^ Whitmore 1985, p. 53.
  19. ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 193.
  20. ^ Kiernan 2019, p. 194.
  21. ^ Dutton 2012, p. 72.

Further reading

Hồ Quý Ly
Hồ dynasty
Preceded byas Emperor of the Trần dynasty
Emperor of Đại Ngu

1400–1401 		Succeeded by
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