HMS Terror (I03)

Coordinates: 32°59′N 22°32′E / 32.983°N 22.533°E / 32.983; 22.533
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other ships with the same name, see
HMS Terror
.

HMS Terror underway in Plymouth Sound, October 1933
History
United Kingdom
NameTerror
Operator Royal Navy
BuilderHarland & Wolff, Belfast
Yard number493
Laid down26 October 1915
Launched18 May 1916
Completed6 August 1916
Commissioned22 July 1916
Fate
Scuttled
24 February 1941
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeErebus-class monitor
Displacement8,450 long tons (8,586 t)
Length
  • 380 ft (115.8 m) (p/p)
  • 405 ft (123.4 m) (o/a)
Beam88 ft 2 in (26.9 m)
Draught11 ft 8 in (3.6 m)
Installed power
  • 4 ×
    Babcock & Wilcox boilers
  • 6,000 
    kW
    )
Propulsion2 ×
triple-expansion steam engines
Speed12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) (service)
Range2,480 nmi (4,590 km; 2,850 mi)
Complement204
Armament
  • 1 × twin 15 in (381 mm) guns
  • 1 × single 3 in (76 mm)
    AA gun
  • 2 × single 12 pdr, 3 in (76 mm) guns
Armour
General characteristics (1939 refit)
Armament
  • 1 × twin 15 in (381 mm) guns
  • 6 × single 4 in (102 mm) guns
  • 2 × quadruple 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns

HMS Terror was an

Zeebrugge raid and provided gunnery support for the Fifth Battle of Ypres
in September of the same year.

After the war the monitor was attached to HMS Excellent, the Royal Navy's gunnery school in Portsmouth and participated in gunnery trials in the 1920s. In January 1934 Terror became the base ship at Sembawang Naval Base in Singapore where she remained for the rest of the decade. From May 1939 to the end of the year she underwent an extensive refit in Singapore's dockyards.

After the outbreak of the Second World War and the completion of her refit, Terror was ordered home to Europe in January 1940. From early March, she served in the

scuttled off the coast of Libya in the early hours of 24 February. The crew were evacuated to the minesweeper Fareham and corvette Salvia
before she sank.

Background

During the First World War, the Royal Navy developed several classes of ships which were designed to give close support to troops ashore through the use of

yard numbers 492 and 493. However, all four were cancelled in June when it was realised that there were insufficient gun turrets to complete both the battleship, Royal Oak, and the monitors before 1917.[3]

By August 1915,

Admiralty began the design of a replacement class on 6 September, which incorporated lessons learned from all of the previous classes of monitor commissioned during the war. Some of the main modifications were an increase in the power supply to guarantee a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) and a change to the angles and lines of the hull to improve steering. Another significant change was to raise the top of the anti-torpedo bulge above the waterline and reduce its width; both changes would improve the stability and maneuverability of the ship at sea. The bulge was fitted along each side of the ship and was intended to absorb the impact of any explosions. To maintain protection while reducing the bulge's width, its inner compartment was made water tight and filled with 70 steel tubes, rather than leaving the inner compartment open to the sea as in previous designs.[6][7]

Design and construction

Monitor HMS Terror, before 1920

The new design, which would later be named the Erebus-class, was for a vessel 405 

kW). The monitors would have an operational range of 2,480 nmi (4,590 km; 2,850 mi) at a speed of 12 knots.[9]

The ships would be armoured to a similar standard to the Abercrombie class, which were launched in April 1915.[9] Deck armour would range from 1 in (25 mm) on the forecastle, through 2 in (51 mm) on the upper deck and 4 in (102 mm) over the magazine and belt.[10] With the main 15 in guns being originally intended for use on a battleship, the armour for the turret was substantially thicker than elsewhere in the design; with 13 in (330 mm) on the front, 11 in (279 mm) on the other sides and 5 in (127 mm) on the roof.[10][9] The main gun's barbette would be protected by 8 in (203 mm) of armour.[11] The conning tower was protected by 6 in (152 mm) of armour on the sides and 2.5 in (64 mm) on the roof.[12] Each anti-torpedo bulge was 13 ft (4 m) wide with an outer air-filled compartment 9 ft (2.7 m) wide and an inner compartment 4 ft (1.2 m) wide containing the steel tubes.[7]

Orders for two vessels of the new design were placed with Harland and Wolff on 29 September with reinstated yard numbers 492 and 493, which were renamed respectively

laid down at Harland and Wolff's shipyard in Belfast on 26 October 1915 and launched on 18 May 1916.[13]

The ship's main armament consisted of two

BL 15 in Mk I naval guns in a single forward turret. Terror's turret had previously been installed on Marshal Ney, which had been rearmed with smaller guns following its poor sea trials.[14][ii] Learning from the earlier experience with Ney, the turrets were adjusted to increase elevation to 30 degrees, which would add greater firing range.[13] Unlike her sister, Terror was launched with a minimal secondary armament of one 3 in (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun and two "12-pounder" 3-inch (76 mm) guns.[iii][16][15]

Terror was commissioned on 22 July 1916 before conducting sea trials, during which the ship was slower than her sister at 13.1 knots (24.3 km/h; 15.1 mph) compared to 14.1 knots (26.1 km/h; 16.2 mph) for Erebus. However, under service conditions the maximum speed that could be achieved for both vessels was 13 kn (24 km/h; 15 mph) with a clean hull or 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) with a fouled hull. Terror was recorded as officially completed on 6 August.[17]

Modifications

Within a few months of launch, Terror's armament was supplemented by two QF 6-inch naval guns with a second 3 in gun following soon after. Additional guns were fitted while her bow was being repaired from October 1917; two more 6 in guns and two 2 pdr (40 mm) "pom-poms", which fired 2 lb (0.91 kg) projectiles. In the summer of 1918 the 6 in guns were replaced with eight BL 4 in Mk IX naval guns.[16][15] During the early 1920s, the monitor's armaments were modified temporarily while the ship took part in gunnery trials to test new types of shells and armour.[18]

The 12 pdr and 2 pdr guns were removed during Terror's 1933 refit while the ship's capacity for oil and ammunition reserves were increased for her journey to Singapore. During the monitor's 1939 refit her eight 4-inch guns were replaced with six QF 4-in Mk V high-angle anti-aircraft guns and the 3 in anti-aircraft guns were replaced by eight Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in two quadruple mounts. At the same time, her ageing 15 in gun barrels were replaced by partly worn barrels from the old battleship Revenge.[19] At Malta in 1940 Terror had a further refit to increase her armour to 4 in on the upper and main deck along with additional plating on her sides.[20]

Service history

First World War

The turret and main armament of Terror, 1915

On completion, Terror immediately departed Belfast and joined the Dover Patrol on 8 August.[21] In August and September she joined with other members of the patrol to bombard minor targets in occupied Belgium. However, the new monitor only fired a small number of shots, as it was felt wiser to conserve her guns for more important targets. On 24 September the ship made an attempt to bombard the port of Zeebrugge but this was soon aborted when the weather conditions prevented the accurate observation of the fall of shot and any subsequent correction of trajectory. Poor weather conditions continued for the rest of 1916 and the patrol made no further attempts that year to bombard the Belgian coast. During the winter of 1916 and 1917, Terror acted as a guard ship for merchant vessels anchored at The Downs, following a spate of attacks by German destroyers.[22]

In early 1917, Terror and the rest of the patrol made several aborted attempts to bombard the

spotting aircraft meant that the fall of shot couldn't be fully observed or their trajectories corrected. The German shore battery began to return fire but ceased after four rounds due to the same poor visibility, enhanced by a British smoke screen. The British bombardment was called off at 06:00 due to a change in the wind direction clearing their smoke screen and making their ships visible from the shore. The flotilla withdrew to Dover, in the mistaken belief that their bombardment had been successful. Subsequent aerial reconnaissance revealed damage to the surrounding area but the lock gates, the primary targets, were untouched.[23][24]

A bombardment of Ostend on 5 June by Erebus and Terror was more successful, destroying or damaging several vessels and damaging the dockyard.[25][iv] The port's floating docks were not affected by the June attack and remained operational until a subsequent bombardment by Terror on 22 September caused severe damage to both the dockyard and the floating docks.[26]

On 19 October, in an encounter with three German coastal torpedo boats (A59, A60 and A61)[22] off Dunkirk, Terror was hit by three 17.7 in (450 mm) torpedoes. Two impacted towards the front of the ship on the starboard side, where the anti-torpedo bulge curved inwards towards the bow, blowing away a large proportion of the first 50 ft (15 m) of the bow below the waterline.[26][22] The third torpedo hit the main section of the anti-torpedo bulge further aft, which absorbed the damage.[6][v] There were no casualties and the ship was beached before being refloated and towed into Dunkirk harbour for temporary repairs.[26][22] Interrupted by German air raids and the rising tide, the repair crew opted to leave the holes in the bow substantially open and focused instead on reinforcing the bulkheads.[26][22]

The refloating and repairs were overseen by John Iron, a civilian

tug boats to tow the ship bow-first. The monitor departed Dover on the evening of 23 October but encountered rough seas off Hastings at around midnight; the bow began to take on water and the ability to steer deteriorated. Bruton ordered the tugs to turn Terror around so the stern would face into the waves but the manoeuvre failed and the monitor was left wallowing with its broadside to the waves. As the ship continued to take on water, the pressure on the tow lines increased, causing one to snap at around 03:00. With the monitor now being held by a line to a single tug boat and continuing to sink, Bruton ordered the crew to evacuate.[26][22]

By 08:00 the weather had calmed. The crew were able to reboard Terror and brought the monitor back into Dover harbour. During the second attempt to reach Portsmouth on 27 October, Bruton again refused to sail the ship backwards but changed his mind after Iron threatened to leave the ship.[28][vi] She was then towed backwards to Portsmouth, where it took until early January to repair the damage.[28] A Court of Inquiry was called into the 23 October abandonment but focused on events during the journey rather than the initial decision to sail bow-first. Bacon supported Bruton's decision to leave the vessel and Iron was not called to give evidence. The inquiry absolved Bruton and his officers of any blame over the incident.[22]

A painting by John Lavery of Terror's guns at Dover in 1918

On the morning of 21 March 1918 the monitor helped foil a German raid on Dunkirk by nine destroyers and ten torpedo boats, which had been intended to support the

Truculent, and Manly.[31]

In September, in preparation for a further offensive, Terror had her 15 in gun barrels replaced. Having fired around 340 rounds, it was felt they had become worn and were in no condition to support a prolonged battle.[22] On 27 September, Terror and Erebus provided gunnery support for the Fifth Battle of Ypres; their objective being to bombard positions around Zeebrugge and Ostend, with the aim of diverting German attention from other fronts.[32]

Inter-war years

After the war Terror was attached to HMS Excellent, the Royal Navy gunnery school at Portsmouth, from January 1919 until at least December 1920.[33][34]

In 1919 and the early 1920s, she was used for gunnery trials against several old warships including SMS Baden and HMS Superb. This included the test firing of over thirty new types of 15 in shells in 1921 and testing the amount of damage caused to new types of armour plating in 1922.[35][36] For many of these trials Terror was temporarily fitted with new guns of varying sizes, including a BL 6 in Mk XII naval gun. From May 1924 until 1933 the monitor was again attached to Excellent, this time in the role of turret drill ship.[18]

As a result of increased tensions in the Pacific Ocean, following Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations, Terror was overhauled and recommissioned with new armaments before being dispatched to Singapore in 1933. Her role was to assist in the development of the Sembawang Naval Base and act initially as a moored battery until the base's own 15 in guns were completed.[37][38]

She departed

Sabang in Sumatra to allow it to limp the short distance to Singapore. Terror also had an adventure while passing through the Suez Canal; a tow rope was cast off too soon, causing the ship to swing broadside across the channel with the bow and stern touching either bank. However, no damage was caused and she was quickly refloated to resume her journey.[39]

Terror arrived at Singapore on the evening of 14 January 1934 along with the

China Station, destroyers Veteran and Wren and the aircraft carrier Eagle.[40] A local paper described the monitor's journey from England with Fastnet as a "waddle," pointing out that two destroyers had passed them at Gibraltar and arrived in Singapore in November.[39]

In May 1935, to celebrate the silver jubilee of King George V, Terror was opened to the public of Singapore to host a charity ball.[41]

In 1937 the monitor participated in gunnery trials alongside Singapore's newly completed 15 in guns, in order to develop the shore defences' capabilities with indirect fire. Both Terror and the shore batteries practised against a target towed at high speed by the heavy cruiser Berwick.[18] In January and March 1939 Terror participated in live fire drills off the coast of Singapore,[42][43] before entering drydock in May for an extensive refit.[44]

In May 1939 the

Admiralty declined the request, as a floating battery would not be able to offer the required protection and would itself be at considerable risk of submarine attack. They instead ordered a review of Trinidad's naval defence requirements.[45] Alternative postings for Terror at Aden or Trincomalee were also considered.[46]

Second World War

At the outbreak of war on 3 September 1939, Terror was continuing her refit at Singapore, under the command of

Mediterranean fleet.[46]

At the end of the month she left the Royal Navy base at

defend Malta from daily air attacks until the arrival of additional anti-aircraft guns allowed a refit of her armour to begin on 4 September.[46]

On 9 November Terror sailed from Malta to the Royal Navy's refuelling base at Souda Bay in Crete to again provide anti-aircraft support.[50][19] She was stationed in the bay on 3 December when two Italian aircraft dropped torpedoes into the harbour, one of which hit and badly damaged the stern of the light cruiser Glasgow.[51]

Operation Compass

Area of operations December 1940 to February 1941 (click to enlarge)

Terror later moved to

Italian Tenth Army in Libya. The monitor shelled Italian positions at Maktila in Egypt on the night of 8 December, as part of the Battle of Sidi Barrani, before coming under the command of Captain Hector Waller's Inshore Squadron off Libya on 13 December.[52][50] During the successful advance by the Western Desert Force Terror bombarded Italian land forces and fortifications, amongst others the fortified port of Bardia in eastern Libya on 16 December.[53] After the Bardia bombardment concern was raised about the condition of the 15 in gun barrels which had been fitted, having been previously used, in 1939. The barrels were inspected by Vice Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham and the order was given for Terror to reduce the amount of cordite used when firing the main guns, in an attempt to extend the weapons' useful life.[54]

In a further attempt to conserve the monitor's main guns, her duties were changed to concentrate on providing anti-aircraft cover for the rest of the squadron and to ferry supplies from Alexandria.[55] The ship also served as a water carrier for the advancing British and Commonwealth army.[56]

On the morning of 3 January 1941, she participated in a

Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers that were attacking Terror nine miles to the north east of Bardia. Three of the bombers were shot down or crashed and a fourth was damaged.[57] The battleships, the destroyers and their fighter cover were withdrawn in the afternoon leaving the monitor to continue the bombardment with the gunboats Aphis and Ladybird. Bardia was captured the following day.[58]

Along with the flotilla leader Stuart, the gunboat Gnat and the destroyers Vampire and Voyager, Terror supported the assault on Tobruk on 21 January by the 6th Australian Division with the port being secured on 22nd.[59] By this point the monitor's main gun barrels had each fired over 600 rounds of ammunition and the rifling had been worn away. While the main guns could still be fired, the shots would rarely land accurately and frequently exploded in mid-air.[55] Terror was now relegated solely to the role of a mobile anti-aircraft platform and her armaments were supplemented by eight 20 mm (0.79 in) anti-aircraft guns that had been captured from the Italians.[60][viii]

Benghazi and sinking

In early February the British and Commonwealth forces captured the port of

magnetic mines into the harbours.[61]

A painting by Rowland Langmaid of Terror's last fight.

The minesweeper Peony cleared a safe channel into Benghazi harbour before the arrival of Terror on 17 February and a supply convoy the day after.[62] While Peony made steady progress in clearing the harbour, work was slow due to the shallow waters reducing the effectiveness of her degaussing equipment. As part of this work, a team from Peony safely detonated a mine close to Terror's mooring.[63] Despite the monitor's efforts to protect the harbour using her anti-aircraft guns, the convoy was unable to offload the majority of its cargo due to the frequent air attacks and sailed on to Tobruk on 20 February. Terror remained in port together with the minesweeper Fareham and corvette Salvia to protect the naval parties clearing the harbour.[64]

Terror was subjected to continued bombing attacks while in harbour and a near miss early on 22 February caused significant damage and flooding of the decks. Haynes protested the lack of air support to Cunningham along with the dangers of remaining at anchor, stating that it was only a matter of time before Terror received a direct hit. Accepting this assessment, Cunningham ordered the ship to sail for Tobruk on the evening tide with Fareham and Salvia.

depth charges on the morning of 24 February, 25 miles (40 km) to the north west of Derna. The remaining crew were evacuated successfully.[68][ix]

Following the sinking, Commander Haynes was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in August 1941 for "courage, skill and devotion to duty in operations off the Libyan Coast." A number of the other officers and crew were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal or mentioned in dispatches for the same reason.[69]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Official figures for displacement on completion were not recorded for either vessel of the Erebus-class, leading to historians estimating the true displacement from the completed design and manifest. Buxton suggests a figure of 8,450 long tons for loaded displacement at completion.[8] An alternative figure of 7,200 long tons (7,316 t) was officially recorded for Terror's 1933 refit, though Buxton reports that this figure appears to be a mistake as it does not align with the ship's recorded loaded displacement for that period.[9]
  2. ^ There is some confusion in the sources as to the fate of Marshall Ney's turret. Jane's Fighting Ships (1919) states that it was fitted to Erebus.[15] However Buxton (2008) and Crossley (2013) both agree that Ney's turret was fitted to Terror in Belfast while Erebus received at Clydebank a gun originally intended as a spare for Furious.
  3. ^ Sources are unclear on the type of 12-pdr guns installed on Terror, but two models commonly used by the Royal Navy at the time were the QF 12-pdr, 12 cwt and QF 12-pdr, 18 cwt naval guns.
  4. ^ Crossley (2013) makes the claim that U-boat UC.70 was destroyed in the 5 June attack. However, Dunn (2017) observes that UC.70 was not destroyed until 1918 and he can find no corresponding record of a U-boat being destroyed on that day. Buxton (2008) clarifies that the U-boat was sunk in the attack but subsequently refloated and repaired.[22]
  5. ^ Brown, D. K. credits the anti-torpedo bulges as being responsible for protecting Terror from more severe damage to the main hull.[27] However, Crossly observes that the bulges only protected the ship from the hit further aft and it was the watertight doors that saved the ship by restricting flood water to the forward compartments only.[26]
  6. ^ Dunn (2017) says that Iron departed the ship before Bruton changed his mind. Buxton (2008) disagrees and says that Bruton changed his mind after Iron ordered a tug boat to come alongside and take him off. According to Buxton, Iron remained onboard and in control during the voyage to Portsmouth.
  7. ^ Fastnet was a former fishing vessel that was abandoned after crashing into the rocks off Iceland. She was sold to the Royal Navy as scrap but refloated and put to a useful purpose. Sandgate was a barrage vessel, designed and launched without an engine in 1917; she would require to be towed in order to move locations.
  8. Breda Model 35 and the 20 mm Scotti
    . It is unclear which model was installed on Terror or if a mixture of the two was used.
  9. ^ Bechthold (2017) gives the date of the sinking as 26 February, however Brown (2013), Crossley (2013) and Buxton (2008) agree that her final damage was taken on the evening of 23 February and she was scuttled during the night. Buxton gives 04:20 on 24 February as the precise time of her sinking.

References

  1. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 1; Buxton 2008, c. 1
  2. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 2, para. 24
  3. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 8.1
  4. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 2, para. 25
  5. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 4.2, para. 3
  6. ^ a b Brown 1999, p. 148
  7. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.2
  8. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.3 para. 2
  9. ^ a b c d Buxton 2008, c. 8.9
  10. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.2, para. 4
  11. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 2.2, para. 1
  12. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 2.11
  13. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.3
  14. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 2, para. 29
  15. ^ a b c Parkes & Prendergast 1919, p. 90
  16. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.8, para. 1
  17. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 8.3, para. 3 & c. 8.9
  18. ^ a b c d Buxton 2008, c. 8.5, para. 9-10
  19. ^ a b c d Crossley 2013, c. 7, para. 2
  20. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 8.8, para. 3-5
  21. ^ Prince 2012, p. 36
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Buxton 2008, c. 8.4
  23. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 4.3
  24. ^ Dunn 2017, c. 14, sec. "The bombardment of Zeebrugge, 12 May 1917"
  25. ^ Dunn 2017, c. 17, sec. "The bombardment of Ostend, 5 June 1957"
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Crossley 2013, c. 5, para. 39-42
  27. ^ Brown 1999, p. 164
  28. ^ a b c d Dunn 2017, c. 13, sec. "New monitors"
  29. ^ Dunn 2017, c. 17, sec. "HMS Botha, 21 March 1918"
  30. ^ Lake 2002, c. 6
  31. ^ Warner 1978, sec. "Vessels taking part."
  32. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 5, para. 72
  33. His Majesty's Stationery Office. January 1919. p. 16
    . Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  34. His Majesty's Stationery Office. January 1921. p. 704
    . Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  35. ^ Brown 2000, p. 19
  36. ^ Buxton 2008, c. 8.5, para. 5-7
  37. ^ Murfett 2011, p.165
  38. ^ Clements 2016, p. 113
  39. ^ a b "Naval Curiosities At Singapore; The Terror and the Fastnet". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. Singapore. 26 January 1934. p. 3. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Admiral Dreyer". The Straits Times. Singapore. 15 January 1934. p. 11. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Jubilee Ball On Terror". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. Singapore. 6 March 1935. p. 7. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  42. ^ "Firing practice for monitor Terror". The Straits Times. Singapore. 3 January 1939. p. 15. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  43. ^ "H.M.S. Terror gun practice". The Straits Times. Singapore. 7 March 1939. p. 12. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  44. ^ "Terror undergoing refit". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser. Singapore. 23 May 1939. p. 3. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  45. ^ Spence 2015, p. 30
  46. ^ a b c d Buxton 2008, c. 8.6, para. 1-2
  47. His Majesty's Stationery Office. September 1939. pp. 247
    , 337. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
  48. ^ Jacobs 2016, pp. 13–15
  49. ^ Thomas 1999, p. 22
  50. ^ a b Lind & Payne 1976, pp. 62–63
  51. ^ Otter 2001, c. 7
  52. ^ Brown 2013, p.33; Latimer 2013
  53. ^ Lind & Payne 1976, pp. 63–65
  54. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 7, para. 6
  55. ^ a b Buxton 2008, c. 8.6, para. 5-7
  56. ^ Latimer 2013
  57. ^ Wynn 2015, p. 2034
  58. ^ Lind & Payne 1976, pp. 64–65
  59. ^ Lind & Payne 1976, p. 65
  60. ^ Crossley 2013, c. 7, para. 8
  61. ^ Raugh 2013, p. 123; Playfair 1956 p. 12
  62. ^ Brown 2013, p. 63
  63. ^ Parker 2013, p. 215
  64. ^ Bechthold 2017, pp. 128–129; Playfair 1956 p. 12; Brown 2013, p. 64
  65. ^ Brown 2013, p. 64
  66. ^ Bechthold 2017, p. 129
  67. ^ Smith 2011, pp. 267–268
  68. ^ Bechthold 2017, p. 129; Brown 2013, p. 64; Crossley 2013, c. 7, para. 8
  69. ^ "No. 35248". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 15 August 1941. pp. 4781–4782.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Terror (ship, 1916).

32°59′N 22°32′E / 32.983°N 22.533°E / 32.983; 22.533

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Terror_(I03)&oldid=1209796213"