Hagrold
Hagrold (
Context
Following the assassination of
Attestation
According to the Annales and Historiae, Hagrold captured Louis in 945, after which Hugh eventually secured the king's release through negotiations.[3] The fact that Hagrold is described as in charge of Bayeux in these accounts suggests that he led the successful defence of the town in the preceding year.[4] He was clearly a considerably powerful figure to have not only gained power but withstand Frankish aggression.[5] At this point in history, even before William's assassination, Norman comital power encompassed little more than the outskirts of Rouen.[6] Hagrold—apparently a pagan[7] from Scandinavia[8]—seems to have ruled Bayeaux as his personal domain, and apparently stood independent from both the Franks and Normans.[9] The political disarray in Denmark at about this time would have likely contributed to such settlement in Normandy, and could account from Hagrold's presence there.[10] The successive waves of Scandinavian settlers into Lower Normandy during this period likely contributed to the lack of comital power.[11]
On one hand, it is possible that, following William's death, Hagrold seized control of parts of the
What came of Hagrold is uncertain. One possibility is that he and his family removed to the Irish Sea region, and that his descendants were the Meic Arailt, a family that contested control of this region with the Meic Amlaíb branch of the Uí Ímair.[18] On the other hand, the evidence concerning the Meic Arailt seems to indicate that this family—represented in the second generation by Gofraid mac Arailt and Maccus mac Arailt—was merely a branch of the Uí Ímair itself.[19]
Later interpretations
Whilst the historical accounts of Flodoard are generally reliable, the same cannot be said of the treatment of the tenth century by
Citations
- ^ McNair (2015) p. 313; Hagger (2013) p. 430.
- ^ Herrick (2007) pp. 90, 196 n. 62; Herrick (2005) p. 19, 19 n. 26; Herrick (2003) p. 146; Hoffmann (2000) pp. 128–129 §§ 42–43; Lauer (1905) pp. 90–95.
- ^ Lake (2013) pp. 123–127; Herrick (2005) p. 19 n. 26; Herrick (2003) p. 147 n. 65; Hoffmann (2000) pp. 132–133 §§ 47–48; van Houts, E (2000) p. 51; Lauer (1905) pp. 95–100.
- ^ Herrick (2005) p. 19 n. 26.
- ^ Hudson (2005) p. 66.
- ^ Hagger (2012) p. 21; Herrick (2007) p. 90; Herrick (2003) p. 146.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 91; Hudson (2005) p. 66; Herrick (2003) p. 147.
- ^ McNair (2015) p. 325; Hudson (2005) p. 66; Herrick (2003) p. 147.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 90.
- ^ Hudson (2005) pp. 66–67.
- ^ Hagger (2012) p. 21.
- ^ Crouch (2002) p. 15.
- ^ Abrams (2013) p. 60; Dunbabin (2006) p. 385.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 90; Herrick (2005) p. 19 n. 26; Herrick (2003) p. 147 n. 65.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 91; Herrick (2003) p. 147; Lauer (1905) pp. 86–90.
- ^ Hagger (2012) p. 21; Herrick (2007) p. 91; Herrick (2005) pp. 19–20; Herrick (2003) p. 147.
- ^ Hagger (2012) p. 21; Hudson (2005) pp. 65–66; Waitz (1881) p. 89.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Abrams (2013) p. 60 n. 89; Beougher (2007) pp. 91–92, 92 n. 150; Downham (2007) p. 186; Woolf (2007) p. 207; Hudson (2005) pp. 67–70, 130 fig. 4.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Downham (2007) pp. 186–192, 193 fig. 12.
- ^ Hagger (2013) p. 431.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 92; Hudson (2005) p. 65; vant Houts, EMC (1993); Dolley; Yvon (1971) p. 16; Shetelig (1940) pp. 130–131 n. 16; Lair (1865) p. 240 § 85.
- ^ Herrick (2007) p. 92.
- ^ vant Houts, EMC (1993); van Houts (1984) p. 117, 117 n. 60; Marx (1914) pp. 41 bk. 3 ch. 9, 53–55 bk. 4 ch. 7, 56–57 bk. 4 ch. 9, 65–66 bk. 4 ch. 16, 225 bk. 3 ch. 9, 226 bk. 4 ch. 7, 227 § bk. 4 ch. 9, 228 bk. 4 ch. 16.
- ^ van Houts (1984) p. 117, 117 n. 62.
References
Primary sources
- Hoffmann, H, ed. (2000). Richer von Saint-Remi Historiae. ISSN 0343-2157.
- Lair, J, ed. (1865). De Moribus et Actis Primorum Normanniæ Ducum. Caen: F. Le Blanc-Hardel.
- Lauer, P, ed. (1905). Les Annales de Flodoard. Paris: Alphonse Picard et Fils.
- Marx, J, ed. (1914). Gesta Normannorum Ducum. Rouen: A. Lestringant.
- van Houts, E, ed. (2000). The Normans in Europe. Manchester Medieval Sources Series. Manchester: ISBN 0-7190-4750-1.
- ISSN 0343-2157.
Secondary sources
- Abrams, L (2013). "Early Normandy". In ISSN 0954-9927.
- Beougher, DB (2007). Brian Boru: King, High-King, and Emperor of the Irish (PhD thesis). Pennsylvania State University.
- ISBN 1-85285-387-5.
- Dolley, M; Yvon, J (1971). "A Group of Tenth-Century Coins Found at Mont-Saint-Michel" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 40: 1–16.
- Downham, C (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
- ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
- Hagger, M (2012). "How the West was Won: The Norman Dukes and the Cotentin, c.987–1087". S2CID 153906062.
- Hagger, M (2013). "Confrontation and Unification: Approaches to the Political History of Normandy, 911–1035". eISSN 1478-0542.
- Herrick, SK (2003). "Reshaping the Past on the Early Norman Frontier: The Vita Vigoris". In Morillo, S (ed.). The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History. Vol. 12. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 133–150. ISSN 0963-4959.
- Herrick, SK (2005). "Heirs to the Apostles: Saintly Power and Ducal Authority in Hagiography of Early Normandy". In Berkhofer, RF; Cooper, A; Kosto, AJ (eds.). The Experience of Power in Medieval Europe, 950–1350. Aldershot: ISBN 0-7546-5106-1.
- Herrick, SK (2007). Imagining the Sacred Past: Hagiography and Power in Early Normandy. Cambridge, MA: ISBN 978-0-674-02443-4.
- ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0.
- Lake, J (2013). Richer of Saint-Rémi: The Methods and Mentality of a Tenth-Century History. Washington, DC: ISBN 9780813221250.
- McGuigan, N (2015). Neither Scotland nor England: Middle Britain, c.850–1150 (PhD thesis). hdl:10023/7829.
- McNair, F (2015). "The Politics of Being Norman in the Reign of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy (r. 942–996)". eISSN 1468-0254.
- OL 5835374M.
- van Houts, EMC (1984). "Scandinavian Influence in Norman Literature of the Eleventh Century". In Brown, RA (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies. Vol. 6. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 107–122. ISBN 0-85115-197-3.
- van Houts, EMC (1993). "Norman Literature, Scandinavian Influence on". In Pulsiano, P; Wolf, K; Acker, P; Fry, DK (eds.). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. New York: ISBN 0-8240-4787-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-1233-8.