Richard I of Normandy
Richard I | |
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Count of Rouen | |
Reign | 17 December 942 – 20 November 996 |
Predecessor | William Longsword |
Successor | Richard II |
Born | 28 August 932 Fécamp, Duchy of Normandy |
Died | 20 November 996 (aged 64) Fécamp, Duchy of Normandy |
Spouses |
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Issue more... |
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House | House of Normandy |
Father | William Longsword |
Mother | Sprota |
Richard I (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French: Richard Sans-Peur;
Birth
Richard was born to
Life
With the death of Richard's father in 942,
In 946, at the age of 14, Richard allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders in France and with men sent by Harold of Denmark. A battle was fought after which Louis IV was captured. Hostages were taken and held until King Louis recognised Richard as Duke, returning Normandy to him.[9]: 37–41 Richard agreed to "commend" himself to Hugh, the Count of Paris, Hugh resolved to form a permanent alliance with Richard and promised his daughter Emma, who was little more than a girl, as a bride; the marriage would take place in 960.[9]: 41–2
Louis, working with Arnulf, persuaded
In 962, Theobald I, Count of Blois, attempted a renewed invasion of Rouen, Richard's stronghold, but his troops were summarily routed by Normans under Richard's command, and forced to retreat before ever having crossed the Seine river.[17][18] Lothair, the king of the West Franks, was fearful that Richard's retaliation could destabilize a large part of West Francia so he stepped in to prevent any further war between the two.[19] In 987, Hugh Capet became King of the Franks.
For the last 30 years of his reign, Richard concentrated on Normandy itself, and participated less in Frankish politics and its petty wars. In lieu of building up the Norman Empire by expansion, he stabilized the realm and reunited the Normans, forging the reclaimed Duchy of his father and grandfather into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable principality.[20]
Richard died of natural causes in Fécamp on 20 November 996.[21] He was buried at Fécamp Abbey, which he had founded.[22] However, in 2016, what was believed to be his tomb was opened by Norwegian researchers who discovered that the interred remains could not have been those of Richard, as testing revealed that they were much older.[23][24] Although it is not in doubt that Richard was buried in the Abbey in 996, it is known that his remains were moved within the Abbey several times after his burial.[24]
Relationships with France, England and the Church
Richard used marriage to build strong alliances. His marriage to
His daughters forged valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts as well as to the king of
Richard also built on his relationship with the church, undertaking acts of piety,[26]: lv restoring their lands and ensuring the great monasteries flourished in Normandy. His further reign was marked by an extended period of peace and tranquility.[25][27]
Marriages and issue
Richard's first marriage in 960 was to
According to
- Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy[1]
- Mauger, Count of Corbeil[1]
- another son[29]
- Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England, mother of two kings of England, and step-mother of another two kings of England[1]
- Odo II of Blois, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres[1]
- Hawise of Normandy m. Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany[1]
Illegitimate children
Richard was known to have had several other mistresses and had children with many of them. Known children are:
- Geoffrey, Count of Eu[1][30]
- William, Count of Eu (c. 972 – 26 January 1057 or 58),[30]m. Lasceline de Turqueville (d. 26 January 1057 or 1058).
- Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montivilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne[1] (d.1030 (divorced)
Possible children
- Guimara (Wimarc(a)) (b. ca. 986), died Montivilliers Abbey, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, wife of Ansfred (Ansfroi) II "le Dane" le Goz, vicomte of Exmes and Falaise, mother of Robert FitzWimarc[31]
- Papia
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Notes
- ^ See the article by Todd A. Farmerie: Robert de Torigny and the family of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy .
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 125–6
- ^ For different meanings of Latin word dux (pl. duces).
- ^ Emily Zack Tabuteau, 'Ownership and Tenure in Eleventh-Century Normandy', The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 2, (April 1977), p. 99
- ^ The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32
- ^ The Normans in Europe, edited and translated by Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester University Press, 2000), page 47 n. 77
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 95
- ^ Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1989), Tafel 694A
- ^ a b c d e Duncan, Jonathan (1839). The Dukes of Normandy from the time of King Rollo to the expulsion of King John. Joseph Rickerby and Harvey & Darton.
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993) pp. 262–3
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 80
- ^ a b The History of the Norman People: Wace's Roman de Rou. Boydell and Brewer Incorporated. 2006.
- ^ Dudo,Historia Normannorum
- ^ The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vatalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. I, ed. & trans. Elisabeth M.C. van Houts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992) pp. 103, 105
- ^ Flodoard, Annales, s.a. 943, p. 88.
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 85–6
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 86
- ^ The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 66
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), p. 265
- ^ Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 89
- ^ François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 74
- ISBN 978-1-84383-329-1.
- ^ "Skeletal shock for Norwegian researchers at Viking hunting". 23 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Fécamp : recherches sur la descendance de Rollon, «une désagréable surprise»". Le Courrier Cauchois. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ a b c A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Elisabeth Van Houts (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007), p. 27
- ^ Stapleton, Thomas (1840). Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ.
- ^ François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), pp. 73. 74
- ^ a b Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 10
- ^ a b Elisabeth van Houts, The Normans in Europe, p. 191
- ^ a b David Douglas, 'The Earliest Norman Counts', The English Historical Review, Vol.61, No. 240 (May 1946), p. 140
- ^ K.S.B. , Keats-Rohan. Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents 1066–1166 vol I. Boydell Press , 1999.
External links
- The Henry Project: Richard I of Normandy
- Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the Dukes of Normandy". Genealogy.EU.