Maccus mac Arailt
Maccus mac Arailt | |
---|---|
King of the Isles | |
Successor | Gofraid mac Arailt |
Dynasty | Uí Ímair (probably) |
Father | Aralt mac Sitriuc (probably) |
Maccus mac Arailt (
The Meic Arailt violence during this period could account for Maccus' participation in a royal assembly convened by
Family
Maccus was a member of the Meic Arailt kindred,
Maccus appears to have been an elder
There is uncertainty surrounding Maccus' name.
Irruption into the Irish Sea region
The Meic Arailt first appear on record in the Irish Sea in the 970s.
According to the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century
Amongst an assembly of kings
There is evidence indicating that Maccus was amongst the assembled kings who are
Whilst one of the named kings appears to have been Maccus himself,
The precise reasons for Edgar's assembly are uncertain.
The fact that Brenhinedd y Saesson reports that Gofraid subdued Anglesey and placed it under tribute could indicate that the Meic Arailt were attempting to establish themselves in Britain, and could indicate that the Meic Arailt participated in the assembly in this context.[81] If Maccus was in possession of Mann in the 970s the record of Edgar's assembled fleet could have been a response to the perceived threat that Maccus posed.[82] As such, the episode could well be an example of tenth-century gunboat diplomacy.[83] Other royal attendees of the summit meeting appear to have been Dyfnwal ab Owain,[84] and Dyfnwal's son Máel Coluim,[85] men who represented the Cumbrian Kingdom of Strathclyde.[86][note 6] It is probable that the power of the Meic Arailt posed a serious threat to the rulers of this northern British realm, and may explain their own part in the assembly.[86] One possible result of the conference is that Edgar recognised Maccus' lordship in the Isles in return for his acceptance of English overlordship.[88] Although Maccus appears as a witness in two alleged royal charters of Edgar,[89] these appear to be forgeries.[90]
Later career
Whatever the reasons behind the assembly, the Meic Arailt violence in the region was temporarily abated—perhaps as a consequence of the conference[92]—and the kindred turned its attention westwards towards Ireland.[93]
In 974, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century
It is possible that Ímar was in control of Limerick in 969, and may have controlled the town in 972,
The record of Maccus' attack is the second such notice of lagmainn in the Isles. Earlier in 962, the Annals of the Four Masters reports that the lagmainn and the Meic Amlaíb[109]—seemingly the descendants of Amlaíb mac Gofraid[110]—attacked several sites in Ireland.[109] Such lawmen appear to have been elective representatives from the Hebrides,[111] and these annal-entries could be evidence that leading figures in the Irish Sea region received formal support from the Hebrides.[112][note 8] Following Maccus' campaigning against Ímar, nothing is recorded of the Meic Arailt until the 980s.[101] In 984, the Annals of Inisfallen reports that the Meic Arailt contracted an alliance with Brian's family, and exchanged hostages with them in an apparent agreement pertaining to military cooperation against the Kingdom of Dublin.[114] This compact seems to indicate that Brian's family sought to align the Vikings of the Isles against those of Dublin.[115]
Maccus' brother eventually resumed the Meic Arailt attacks upon the Welsh. According to the Peniarth version of Brut y Tywysogyon, a certain Gwrmid—a man who may be identical to Gofraid—ravaged
In 980, Amlaíb Cúarán was utterly defeated by
Maccus' brother is the first
Notes
- Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway.[32]
- ^ Maccus' name is rendered "Marc uab herald" by the Red Book of Hergest version of Brut y Tywysogyon, and "madoc ap harald" by the Peniarth version.[45]
- ^ Early mediaeval burials uncovered at Llanbedrgoch on could be evidence of Manx-based Viking activity on Anglesey.[49]
- ^ The "C" version of Annales Cambriæ merely reports a great gathering of ships at Chester by Edgar.[55]
- Domnall ua Néill, King of Tara.[87]
- ^ Scattery Island was an ecclesiastical site, and the records of Ímar's defeats on the island appear to indicate that it served as a refuge of the kings of Limerick in times of political upheaval.[105]
- ^ The Gaelic term lagmainn is derived from the Old Norse lǫgmenn ("lawmen").[113]
- ^ If Eiríkr Haraldsson was indeed a member of the Uí Ímair, one possibility is that the sword-emblem represents the "Sword of Carlus", an apparent part of Dublin's royal regalia.[117]
- ^ The disappearance of Maccus from the historical record in the 980s could indicate that he had either died or left the region.[124] One possibility is that Maccus succumbed to plague.[120] Two livestock epidemics are attested by Irish sources in the tenth century: one in 909, another in 987.[125]
- Rhinns. If correct, this record could also be evidence of the extent of Amlaíb Cúarán's realm.[137]
Citations
- ^ Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.).
- ^ Clarkson (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013); Downham (2008); Downham (2007); Etchingham (2007); Hewish (2007); Jayakumar (2002); Etchingham (2001); Williams, A (1999).
- ^ a b Williams, A (2004).
- ^ Williams, A (2014).
- ^ Downham (2007).
- ^ Sheehan (2010).
- ^ a b Hudson (1994).
- ^ Redknap (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Hudson (2005); Carr (1982).
- ^ Sheehan; Stummann Hansen; Ó Corráin (2001); Ó Corráin (1998a); Ó Corráin (1998b).
- ^ Omand (2004).
- ^ Duffy (2013) ch. 3.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 171; McGuigan (2015b) p. 107; Wadden (2015) pp. 27, 29; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 539, 539 n. 12, 540–541; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Downham (2007) pp. 186–192, 193 fig. 12, 263; Etchingham (2007) p. 157; Hudson (2005) p. 65; Etchingham (2001) pp. 172, 187; Thornton (2001) p. 73; Sellar (2000) p. 190 tab. i; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Jennings, A (1994) pp. 212–213; Meaney (1970) p. 130 n. 161.
- ^ Jennings, A (2015); Wadden (2015) p. 27; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 539, 539 n. 12, 540–541; Jennings, AP (2001).
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Abrams (2013) p. 60 n. 89; Beougher (2007) pp. 91–92, 92 n. 150; Downham (2007) pp. 186–191; Woolf (2007a) p. 207; Hudson (2005) pp. 68–69, 77, 130 fig. 4.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Hudson (2005) p. 65; Sellar (2000) p. 189 n. 9.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218.
- ^ Jennings, A (2015); Wadden (2015) p. 27; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Downham (2007) p. 192; Woolf (2007a) pp. 206, 298; Macniven (2006) p. 68; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Hudson (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Woolf (2004) p. 99; Etchingham (2001) p. 171; Thornton (2001) p. 73; Sellar (2000) p. 190 tab. i.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 216 n. 54.
- ^ Hudson (2005) p. 61.
- ^ Hudson (2005) p. 61; Dobbs (1931) pp. 189, 228.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 120 n. 74; Woolf (2004) p. 99.
- ^ Naismith (2017) p. 281; Jakobsson (2016) p. 173; McGuigan (2015a) p. 31, 31 n. 48; Downham (2013); Downham (2007) pp. 115–120, 120 n. 74; Woolf (2007a) pp. 187–188; Woolf (2002) p. 39.
- ^ a b Naismith (2017) pp. 281, 300–301; McGuigan (2015a) p. 31, 31 n. 48; Downham (2013); Downham (2007) pp. 119–120, 120 n. 74; Woolf (2002) p. 39.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 940.1; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 940.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 190 n. 27.
- ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 972.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 972.13; Thornton (2001) p. 72 n. 95; Thornton (1997) pp. 76–77.
- ^ Thornton (1997) p. 73.
- ^ Thornton (1997) p. 77.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 190 n. 26; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Sellar (2000) p. 189 n. 8; Fellows-Jensen (1989–1990) p. 47.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 29; Downham (2013a) p. 205; Downham (2007) p. 186; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Williams, DGE (1997) pp. 141–142; Thornton (1997); Fellows-Jensen (1989–1990) p. 47.
- ^ Insley (1979) p. 58.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 546; Davies, W (2011); Clarke (1981b) pp. 304–305; Anglesey (1960) pp. 121, 123, pls. 180–181.
- ^ a b Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 546.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 546; Davies, W (2011); Clarke (1981a) p. 191.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 107; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Woolf (2007a) p. 298.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 171; Wadden (2015) p. 27; Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 540–541; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Oram (2000) p. 10.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Oram (2000) p. 10.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 540–541.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 526.
- ^ a b Downham (2007) p. 222.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 43 § b993.1; Williams, A (2014); Downham (2007) pp. 124–125, 221; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Williams, A (2004); Etchingham (2001) pp. 171–172; Davidson (2002) p. 151; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Jennings, A (1994) p. 215.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 539; Downham (2007) pp. 124–125, 221; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Williams, A (2004); Etchingham (2001) pp. 171–172; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Davies, JR (1997) p. 399; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Jennings, A (1994) p. 215; Maund (1993) p. 157; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 539; Downham (2007) pp. 124–125, 221; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Davies, JR (1997) p. 399; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Maund (1993) p. 157; Jones; Williams (1870) p. 658.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 539 n. 11; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Williams, A (2004) n. 50; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Thornton (1997) pp. 85–86; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25; NLW MS. Peniarth 20 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.).
- ^ Jennings, A (2015); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 539, 546; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Etchingham (2001) pp. 171–172; Ó Corráin (2001) p. 100; Davies, JR (1997) p. 399; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Carr (1982) p. 13.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 221–222, 221 n. 132; Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Redknap (2006) p. 33 n. 77; Jennings, A (1994) p. 215; Maund (1993) p. 157; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 24–25.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 221–222; Maund (1993) p. 157; Jones; Williams (1870) p. 658.
- ^ Redknap (2006) pp. 26–28, 33.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 192, 221.
- ^ O'Keeffe (2001) p. 81; Whitelock (1996) p. 230; Thorpe (1861) p. 226; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).
- ^ a b Jennings, A (2015); Wadden (2015) pp. 27–28; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 543; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 31; Aird (2009) p. 309; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Downham (2008) p. 346; Wilson (2008) p. 385; Breeze (2007) p. 155; Downham (2007) pp. 124–125, 167, 222; Matthews (2007) p. 25; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 146, 151; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Etchingham (2001) p. 172; Thornton (2001) p. 72; Oram (2000) p. 10; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Williams, A (1999) p. 116; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Jennings, A (1994) pp. 213–214; Williams; Smyth (1991) p. 124; Meaney (1970) p. 130, 130 n. 161; Stenton (1963) p. 364.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) pp. 143–144, 144 n. 466; Molyneaux (2015) p. 34; Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶¶ 9–11, 7 n. 11; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66, 69, 88; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 10; Woolf (2007a) pp. 207–208; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Irvine (2004) p. 59; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 138, 140, 140 n. 140, 144; Thornton (2001) p. 50; Baker (2000) pp. 83–84; Williams, A (1999) pp. 88, 116, 191 n. 50; Whitelock (1996) pp. 229–230; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Stenton (1963) p. 364; Anderson (1908) pp. 75–76; Stevenson, WH (1898); Thorpe (1861) pp. 225–227.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 61 n. 94; McGuigan (2015b) pp. 143–144; Edmonds (2014) p. 206, 206 n. 60; Williams, A (2014); Molyneaux (2011) p. 67; Breeze (2007) p. 154; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 10; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 140–141, 141 n. 145, 145; Thornton (2001) p. 51; Williams, A (1999) pp. 191 n. 50, 203 n. 71; Hudson (1994) pp. 97–98; Jennings, A (1994) pp. 213–214; Anderson (1922) p. 479 n. 1; Stevenson, WH (1898); Skeat (1881) pp. 468–469.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 22 § c297.1; Williams, A (2014); Williams, A (1999) p. 116; Anderson (1922) p. 478.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) pp. 143–144, 144 n. 466; Clarkson (2014) chs. 7 ¶¶ 11–12; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66–67; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 11; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 13, 134, 134 n. 111, 142, 145; Etchingham (2001) p. 172; Thornton (2001) pp. 57–58; Oram (2000) p. 10; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Williams, A (1999) pp. 116, 191 n. 50; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Whitelock (1996) pp. 230 n. 1; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Jennings, A (1994) pp. 213–214; Meaney (1970) p. 130; Stenton (1963) p. 364; Anderson (1908) pp. 76–77; Stevenson, WH (1898); Forester (1854) pp. 104–105; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 247–248; Thorpe (1848) pp. 142–143.
- ^ Edmonds (2015) p. 61 n. 94; McGuigan (2015b) p. 144, 144 n. 466; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 543–544; Molyneaux (2011) pp. 66–67; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) pp. 10–11; Karkov (2004) p. 108, 108 n. 123; Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 145; Thornton (2001) pp. 59–60; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Hudson (1994) p. 97; Anderson (1908) p. 77 n. 1; Stevenson, WH (1898); Giles (1847) p. 147 bk. 2 ch. 8; Hardy (1840) p. 236 bk. 2 ch. 148.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 144, 144 n. 469; Davidson (2002) p. 142, 142 n. 149, 145; Thornton (2001) pp. 60–61; Anderson (1908) p. 76 n. 2; Arnold (1885) p. 372.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 60; Luard (1872) pp. 466–467.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 60; Giles (1849) pp. 263–264; Coxe (1841) p. 415.
- ^ Luard (2012) p. 513; Thornton (2001) p. 60; Yonge (1853) p. 484.
- ^ Cassell's History of England (1909) p. 53.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 544; Breeze (2007) p. 156; Downham (2007) pp. 125 n. 10, 222; Matthews (2007) p. 25; Davidson (2002) pp. 143, 146, 151; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Thornton (2001) p. 73.
- ^ Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 543; Matthews (2007) p. 10; Karkov (2004) p. 108, 108 n. 123; Williams, A (2004); Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Anderson (1908) p. 77 n. 1; Giles (1847) p. 147 bk. 2 ch. 8; Hardy (1840) p. 236 bk. 2 ch. 148.
- ^ Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 543; Breeze (2007) p. 153; Downham (2007) p. 124; Matthews (2007) p. 11; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Karkov (2004) p. 108; Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) p. 134, 134 n. 111, 142; Etchingham (2001) p. 172; Thornton (2001) pp. 57–58, 71–72; Oram (2000) p. 10; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Whitelock (1996) pp. 230 n. 1; Jennings, A (1994) pp. 213–214; Stenton (1963) p. 364; Anderson (1908) p. 76; Forester (1854) p. 105; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 247; Thorpe (1848) p. 142.
- ^ McGuigan (2015b) p. 144, 144 n. 469; Davidson (2002) p. 142, 142 n. 149; Thornton (2001) p. 60; Anderson (1908) p. 76 n. 2; Arnold (1885) p. 372.
- ^ Sellar (2000) pp. 189–190; Anderson (1922) p. 478; Stevenson, J (1856) p. 100; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 34.
- ^ Davidson (2002) p. 134, 134 n. 111, 142; Etchingham (2001) p. 172; Sellar (2000) pp. 189–190, 190 n. 12; Anderson (1908) p. 69; Forester (1854) p. 97; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 242; Thorpe (1848) p. 132.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 125.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 545; Downham (2007) pp. 126–127; Keynes (2006) pp. 481–482; Davidson (2002) pp. 135–136.
- ^ a b Downham (2007) p. 126.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 167.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 206; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218.
- ^ Williams, A (2014); Woolf (2009) p. 259; Downham (2007) p. 126.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 126, 194.
- ^ Downham (2008) p. 346.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 545; Davidson (2002) p. 147.
- ^ a b Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 545.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 545; Woolf (2004) p. 99.
- ^ Davidson (2002) p. 142 n. 149; Arnold (1885) p. 372; Cotton MS Domitian A VIII (n.d.).
- ^ Matthews (2007) p. 25; Jones; Williams (1870) p. 658.
- ^ Jennings, A (1994) p. 215.
- ^ Davidson (2002) p. 151.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 543–544; Oram (2011) ch. 2; Woolf (2009) p. 259; Breeze (2007) pp. 154–155; Downham (2007) pp. 124, 167; Woolf (2007a) p. 208; Macquarrie (2004); Davidson (2002) p. 143; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Thornton (2001) pp. 54–55, 67; Stenton (1963) p. 324.
- ^ Clarkson (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 12; Edmonds (2014) p. 206; Williams, A (2014); Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 543–544; Walker (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 30; Minard (2012); Aird (2009) p. 309; Breeze (2007) pp. 154–155; Downham (2007) p. 167; Minard (2006); Macquarrie (2004); Williams, A (2004); Davidson (2002) pp. 142–143; Jayakumar (2002) p. 34; Thornton (2001) pp. 66–67; Williams, A (1999) p. 116; Hudson (1994) p. 174 n. 9; Jennings, A (1994) p. 215; Stenton (1963) p. 324.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007a) p. 208.
- ^ Davidson (2002) pp. 146–147.
- ^ Etchingham (2007) p. 160; Etchingham (2001) p. 179.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 192 n. 93; Thornton (2001) p. 61, 61 n. 42; O'Brien (1995) pp. 7–8, 8 n. 31; Hudson (1994) pp. 99–100; Thorpe (1865) pp. 245–247 § 971; Kemble (1840) pp. 412–413 § 519; S 808 (n.d.); S 783 (n.d.).
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 192 n. 93; Hudson (2005) p. 72; Barrow (2001) p. 88 n. 38; Thornton (2001); O'Brien (1995) pp. 7–8; S 808 (n.d.); S 783 (n.d.).
- ^ Sheehan (2010) p. 24 fig. 2.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 194, 223; Woolf (2007a) p. 208.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 223; Woolf (2007a) pp. 208, 212.
- ^ Wadden (2015) pp. 28–29; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 974.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 974.2; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Downham (2007) pp. 54, 190, 223, 263; Woolf (2007a) p. 212; Davidson (2002) p. 151, 151 n. 183; Sheehan; Stummann Hansen; Ó Corráin (2001) p. 112; Abrams (1998) p. 21, 21 n. 143; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 16, n. 57; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 309, 309 n. 59; Jennings, A (1994) p. 212.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 972.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 972.13; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Abrams (2007) p. 181; Downham (2007) pp. 54, 190, 223, 260, 263; Etchingham (2007) p. 157; Woolf (2007a) pp. 212, 299; Woolf (2007b) pp. 164–165; Macniven (2006) p. 68; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 218; Rekdal (2003–2004) p. 262; Jayakumar (2002) p. 32 n. 87; Etchingham (2001) p. 172; Sheehan; Stummann Hansen; Ó Corráin (2001) p. 112; Thornton (2001) pp. 72–73; Abrams (1998) p. 21, 21 n. 143; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 16, n. 57; Ó Corráin (1998b) p. 309, 309 n. 59; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141; Thornton (1997) p. 76; Jennings, A (1994) p. 97; Meaney (1970) p. 130 n. 161; Anderson (1922) pp. 479–480.
- ^ Thornton (2001) p. 73.
- ^ Etchingham (2007) p. 157; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 141.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 28; Thornton (2001) p. 73.
- ^ a b Etchingham (2001) p. 173.
- ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 969.9; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 969.9; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 972.1; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 972.1; Downham (2007) p. 54; Etchingham (2001) p. 173; Jaski (1995) p. 343.
- ^ a b Woolf (2007a) p. 214.
- ^ Downham (2013b) p. 86; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Downham (2007) pp. 54–55.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 975.2; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 975.2.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 977.2; Wadden (2015) p. 28; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 975.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 975.8; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 977; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 977.2; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 977; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 977.2; Beougher (2007) p. 59; Downham (2007) pp. 55, 194–195, 244, 251, 260; Woolf (2007a) p. 214; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 977.2; Sheehan; Stummann Hansen; Ó Corráin (2001) pp. 112–113; Anderson (1922) p. 480 n. 1; Murphy (1896) p. 158.
- ^ Downham (2014) p. 17; Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Sheehan; Stummann Hansen; Ó Corráin (2001) p. 112.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 967.5; Wadden (2015) p. 28; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 965.14; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 965.14; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 967.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 967.2; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 967.5; Beougher (2007) pp. 31, 62–63; Downham (2007) p. 53; Jaski (1995) pp. 342–343.
- ^ Wadden (2015) p. 28; Todd (1867) pp. 86–89.
- ^ Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 23 § c310.1.
- ^ a b Abrams (2007) p. 181; Downham (2007) pp. 184, 263, 265; Woolf (2007a) pp. 213, 299; Woolf (2007b) pp. 164–165; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 960.14; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 960.14; Ó Corráin (1998a) § 16, n. 56; Ó Corráin (1998b) pp. 308–309, 309 n. 58.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 539–540; Downham (2007) pp. 185, 219.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 540; Downham (2007) p. 185; Woolf (2007a) pp. 213, 299–300; Woolf (2001).
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 185; Woolf (2007a) p. 213; Woolf (2007b) p. 165.
- ^ Sheehan (2010) p. 25; Downham (2007) p. 49; Etchingham (2001) p. 172.
- ^ Downham (2011) pp. 197–198; Wadden (2015) pp. 17, 28–29; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 527; Downham (2013b) p. 86; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 984.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 984.2; Beougher (2007) p. 88; Woolf (2007a) pp. 216–217; Hudson (2005) p. 62.
- ^ Downham (2007) pp. 198–199.
- ^ Downham (2013a) pp. 202–203; Downham (2007) pp. 119–120.
- ^ Naismith (2017) pp. 300–301.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 546; Downham (2007) p. 223; Maund (1993) pp. 55, 157; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 26–27.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 223; Etchingham (2007) p. 157; Woolf (2007a) p. 217; Jennings, A (1994) p. 216; Maund (1993) pp. 55, 158; Rhŷs; Evans (1890) p. 262; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Hudson (2005) p. 62.
- ^ Jennings, A (1994) p. 216 n. 33.
- ^ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 527; Jennings, A (1994) p. 216 n. 33.
- ^ Etchingham (2007) p. 158; Hudson (2005) p. 62; Etchingham (2001) p. 176.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 172.
- ^ Ó Corráin (2008) p. 576.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 222; Etchingham (2007) p. 157.
- ^ Etchingham (2007) p. 157; Hudson (2005) p. 65; Etchingham (2001) pp. 173–175.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 223.
- ^ Etchingham (2001) pp. 174–175.
- ^ The Annals of Tigernach (2016) § 989.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 989.3; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 172; Woolf (2007a) pp. 219, 298.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 989.4; Clancy (2008) p. 26; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 989.4; Woolf (2007a) pp. 219, 298; Woolf (2007b) p. 165; Sellar (2000) p. 189; Anderson (1922) p. 494.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) pp. 219, 298.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) pp. 219, 298–300; Woolf (2007b) pp. 164–165.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 219.
- ^ Woolf (2007a) p. 298.
- ^ Wadden (2016) p. 171; Gleeson; MacAirt (1957–1959) p. 171 § 290.
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External links
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