Halictidae
Halictidae | |
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MHNT
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Clade: | Anthophila |
Family: | Halictidae Thomson, 1869, nom. protect. |
Subfamilies | |
Halictidae is the second-largest family of
Ecology
Most halictids
]Eusociality
Many species in the Halictidae are eusocial at least in part, such as Lasioglossum malachurum, with fairly well-defined queen and worker castes (though not the same as the caste system in honey bees), and certain manifestations of their social behavior appear to be facultative in various lineages.[7] The first group of offspring continues to build and protect the nest as well as gather food for a new brood of larvae. An impressive variety of social and nesting behaviors are exhibited by halictids including solitary, communal, semi-social and primitively eusocial.[4] Different biotic and abiotic factors can even affect these behaviors such as floral resources, location, altitude, season, and climate.[4]
Those species which do not have a permanent, rigid, division of labor, such as Lasioglossum zephyrus or Halictus rubicundus, are considered primitively eusocial.[8] Another example of a primitive eusocial bee species from this family is Halictus ligatus, for which aggression is one of the most influential behavioral attitudes for establishing hierarchy and social organization within the colony.[9] Primitively eusocial species such as these provide insight into the early evolution of eusociality.[9] Halictus sexcinctus, which exhibits social, communal, and eusocial organization, provides insight into the evolutionary reversal of eusociality. Phylogenetic data from this species suggests that a communal strategy serves as a transitional step between eusociality and a reversion back to solitary nesting.[10]
Kleptoparasitism
Several genera and species of halictids are
"Nocturnal" species
Halictidae is one of the four bee families that contain some
Economic importance
Some Halictids are important in the pollination of crops. Among these are the
Stinging
Only females have the ability to deliver a sting.[16] Due to their non-aggressive nature, they are only likely to sting if disturbed; the sting is minor.[5] The most common instances of stinging occur from swatting at or accidentally making contact with a halictid trying to get a lick of one's sweat, seeking the dissolved electrolytes.[17]
Phylogeny
Halictidae belongs to the hymenopteran subclade
-
Agapostemon sp.
Classification
Subfamily Rophitinae:
- Ceblurgus
- Conanthalictus
- Dufourea
- Goeletapis
- Micralictoides
- Morawitzella
- Morawitzia
- Penapis
- Protodufourea
- Rophites
- Sphecodosoma
- Systropha
- Xeralictus
Subfamily Nomiinae:
- Dieunomia
- Halictonomia
- Lipotriches
- Mellitidia
- Nomia
- Pseudapis
- Ptilonomia
- Reepenia
- Spatunomia
- Sphegocephala
- Steganomus
Subfamily Nomioidinae:
Subfamily Halictinae:
Tribe Halictini
- Agapostemon
- Caenohalictus
- Dinagapostemon
- Echthralictus
- Eupetersia
- Glossodialictus
- Habralictus
- Halictus
- Homalictus
- Lasioglossum
- Mexalictus
- Microsphecodes
- Nesosphecodes
- Paragapostemon
- Patellapis
- Pseudagapostemon
- Ptilocleptis
- Rhinetula
- Ruizantheda
- Sphecodes
- Thrincohalictus
- Urohalictus
Tribe Thrinchostomini
Tribe Augochlorini
- Andinaugochlora
- Ariphanarthra
- Augochlora
- Augochlorella
- Augochlorodes
- Augochloropsis
- Caenaugochlora
- Chlerogas
- Chlerogella
- Chlerogelloides
- Corynura
- Halictillus
- Ischnomelissa
- Megalopta
- Megaloptidia
- Megaloptilla
- Megommation
- Micrommation
- Neocorynura
- Paroxystoglossa
- Pseudaugochlora
- Rhectomia
- Rhinocorynura
- Temnosoma
- Thectochlora
- Xenochlora
Unplaced fossil halictines:
References
- PMID 22934982.
- ^ a b c "Bee Diversity". Museum of the Earth. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ "Sweat Bees". Missouri Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ^ a b c d e "Sweat bees". Florida Wildflower Foundation. 2017-08-15. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Hauze, Deena. "Halictidae (halictid bees, sweat bees)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ "sweat bees, halictid bees". Featured Creatures. University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Department. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
- S2CID 44934383.
- ^ Batra, Suzanne W. T. (1966). "The life cycle and behavior of the primitively social bee Lasioglossum zephyrum (Halictidae)". Univisty of Kansas Science Bulletin. 46: 359–423.
- ^ S2CID 20773517.
- S2CID 38716600.
- S2CID 2155166.
- ^ "A native ground nesting bee, Nomia melanderi, sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape)". United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service.
- ^ Kuehn, F. (2015). "Farming for native bees: Final report". SARE - Sustainable agriculture research & education.
- ^ Adamson, N. L. (2011). An assessment of non-Apis bees as fruit and vegetable crop pollinators in southwest Virginia (PDF) (PhD). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
- ^ "Halictid Bees". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
- ^ "StackPath". www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
- ^ "No Need To Sweat Non-Aggressive Sweat Bees Or Lookalike Hover Flies". Forest Preserve District of Will County. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
- S2CID 54053341.
- JSTOR 25010174.
- S2CID 85810077.
- S2CID 23828602.
External links
- Family Halictidae Large format diagnostic photos, information.
- Everything About the Sweat Bee - Description and photo of the sweat bee.
- Image Gallery from Gembloux Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- BugGuide – Search: Halictidae (North American species only).
- Online identification guides for eastern North American Halictidae
- Halictidae on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site